Gravity wave generation in the lower stratosphere due to passage of the typhoon 9426 (Orchid) observed by the MU radar at Shigaraki (34.85°N, 136.10°E)

Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres

Volumn 108, Issue 19, 2003, Pages

  Dhaka, S K ^a,b   Takahashi, M ^a   Shibagaki, Y ^c   Yamanaka, M D ^d   Fukao, S ^e  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TOKYO   (Japan)

^b UNIVERSITY OF DELHI   (India)

^c OSAKA ELECTRO COMMUNICATION UNIVERSITY   (Japan)

^d KOBE UNIVERSITY   (Japan)

^e KYOTO UNIVERSITY   (Japan)

Author keywords

Convective updrafts; Gravity waves; Lower stratosphere; Troposphere

Indexed keywords

CONVECTION; GRAVITY WAVE; RADAR IMAGERY; STRATOSPHERE; TYPHOON; WAVE PROPAGATION;

EID: 0345801058     PISSN: 01480227     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1029/2003jd003489     Document Type: Article

References (51)

1. Alexander, M. J., and J. R. Holton, A model study of zonal forcing in the equatorial stratosphere by convectively induced gravity waves, J. Atmos. Sci., 54, 408-419, 1997.
2. Alexander, M. J., and L. Pfister. Gravity wave momentum flux in the lower stratosphere over convection. Geophys. Res. Lett., 22, 2029-2032. 1995.
3. Alexander, M. J., J. R. Holton, and D. R. Durran, The gravity wave response above deep convection in a squall line simulation, J. Atmos. Sci., 52, 2212-2232, 1995.
4. Allen, S. J., and R. A. Vincent, Gravity wave activity in the lower atmosphere: Seasonal and latitudnal variations. J. Geophys. Res., 100, 1327-1350, 1995.
5. Baik, J.-J., and J. S. Pack, Relationship between vertical wind shear and Typhoon intensity change and development of three-predictor intensity prediction model, J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn., 79, 695-700, 2001.
6. Baik, J.-J., H.-S. Hwang, and H.-Y. Chun, Transient critical level effect for internal gravity waves in a stably stratified flow with thermal forcing, Phys. Fluids, 11, 238-240, 1999a.
7. Baik, J.-J., H.-S. Hwang, and H.-Y. Chun, Transient, linear dynamics of a stably stratified shear flow with thermal forcing and a critical level. J. Atmos. Sci., 56, 483-499, 1999b.
8. Beres, J. H., M. J. Alexander, and J. R. Holton, Effects of tropospheric wind shear on the spectrum of convectively generated gravity waves. J. Atmos. Sci., 59, 1805-1824, 2002.
9. Bergman, J. W., and M. L. Salby, Equatorial wave activity derived from fluctuations in observed convection, J. Atmos. Sci., 51, 3791-3806, 1994.
10. Chu, Y.-H., and J.-S. Song, Observations of precipitation associated with a cold front using a VHF wind profiler and ground -based optical rain guage, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 401-411, 1998.
11. Chun, H.-Y., Enhanced response of a stably stratified two-layer atmosphere to low-level heating, J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn., 73, 685-696, 1995.
12. Chun, H.-Y., and J.-J. Baik, Momentum flux by thermally induced internal gravity waves and its approximation for large-scale models, J. Atmos. Sci., 55, 3299-3310, 1998.
13. Chun, H.-Y., and J.-J. Baik, An updated parameterization of convectively forced gravity wave drag for use in large-scale models, J. Atmos. Sci., 59, 1006-1017, 2002.
14. Chun, H.-Y., J.-H. Jung, J.-W. Kim, and J.-H. Oh, Effects of mountain-induced gravity wave drag on atmospheric general circulation, J. Korean Meteorol. Soc., 32, 581-592, 1996.
15. Clark, T. L., T. Hauf, and J. P. Kuettner, Convectively forced internal gravity waves: Results from two-dimensional numerical experiments, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 112, 899-925, 1986.
16. Dewan, E. M., et al., MSX satellite observations of thunderstorm-generated gravity waves in mid-wave infrared images of the upper stratosphere, Geophys. Res. Lett., 25, 939-942, 1998.
17. Dhaka, S. K., A. Kumar, and O. P. Nagpal, Some studies of tropical/equatorial waves over Indian tropical middle atmosphere: Results of the tropical wave campaign, Meteorol. Atmos. Phys., 51, 25-39, 1993.
18. Dhaka, S. K., P. K. Devrajan, Y. Shibagaki, R. K. Choudhary, and S. Fukao, Indian MST radar observations of gravity wave activities associated with tropical convection, J. Atmos. Sol. Terr. Phys., 63, 1631-1642, 2001.
19. Dhaka, S. K., R. K. Choudhary, S. Malik, Y. Shibagaki, M. D. Yamanaka, and S. Fukao, Observable signature of a convectively generated wave field over the tropics using MST radar at Gadanki (13.5°N. 79.2°E). Geophys. Res. Lett., 29, 1872-1875, 2002.
20. Dhaka, S. K., M. Takahashi, Y. Kawatani, S. Malik, Y. Shibagaki, and S. Fukao, Observations of deep convective updrafts in tropical convection and their role in the generation of gravity waves, J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn. in press, 2003.
21. Eckermann, S. D., I. Hirota, and W. K. Hocking, Gravity wave and equatorial wave morphology of the stratosphere derived from long term rocket soundings. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 121, 149-186, 1995.
22. Fovell, R., D. Durran, and J. R. Holton, Numerical simulations of convectively generated gravity waves, J. Atmos. Sci., 49, 1427-1442, 1992.
23. Fukao, S., T. Tsuda, T. Sato, S. Kato, K. Wakasugi, and T. Makhira, The MU radar with an active phase array system: 1. Antenna and power amplifiers, Radio Sci., 20, 1155-1168, 1985a.
24. Fukao, S., T. Tsuda, T. Sato, S. Kato, K. Wakasugi, and T. Makhira. The MU radar with an active phase array system: 2. In-house equipment, Radio Sci., 20, 1169-1176, 1985b.
25. Fukao, S., K. Wakasugi, T. Sato, S. Morimoto, T. Tsuda, I. Hirota, I. Kimura, and S. Kato, Direct measurement of air and precipitation particle motion by very high frequency Doppler radar, Nature, 316, 712-714, 1985c.
26. Garcia, R. R., The role of equatorial waves in the semiannual oscillation of the middle atmosphere, in Atmospheric Science Across the Stratopause, Geophys, Monogr, Ser., vol. 123, edited by D. E. Siskind, S. D. Eckermann, and M. E. Summers, pp. 161-176, AGU, Washington, D. C., 2000.
27. Holton, J. R., J. H. Beres, and X. Zhou, On the vertical scale of gravity waves excited by localized thermal forcing, J. Atmos. Sci., 59, 2019-2023, 2002.
28. Houze, R. A., Jr., Mesoscale Convective Systems, in Cloud Dynamics, pp. 384-394, Academic, San Diego, Calif., 1993.
29. Karoly, D. J., G. L. Roff, and M. J. Reeder, Gravity wave activity associated with tropical convection detected in TOGA COARE sounding data, Geophys, Res. Lett., 23, 261-264, 1996.
30. Kershaw, R., Parameterization of momentum transport by convectively generated gravity waves, Q. J. R. Meteorol, Soc., 121, 1023-1040, 1995.
31. Kim, Y.-S, S. D. Eckermann, and H.-Y. Chun, An overview of the past, present and future of gravity -wave drag parameterization for numerical climate and weather prediction model, Atmos. Ocean, 41, 65-98, 2003.
32. Kuettner, J. P., P. A. Hilderbrand, and T. L. Clark, Convection waves: Observations of gravity wave systems over convectively active boundary layers, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 113, 445-467, 1987.
33. Lane, T. P., and M. J. Reeder, Modeling the generation of the gravity waves by a maritime continent thunderstorm, Q. J. R. Meteorol, Soc., 127, 2705-2724, 2001.
34. Lane, T. P., M. J. Reeder, and T. L. Clark, Numerical modeling of gravity wave generation by deep tropical convection, J. Atmos. Sci., 58, 1249-1274, 2001.
35. Ogino, S., M. D. Yamanaka, and S. Fukao, Meridional variation of lower stratospheric gravity wave activity: A quick look at Hakuho-Maru J -COARE Cruise rawinsonde data, J. Meteorol, Soc. Jpn., 73, 407-413, 1995.
36. Pfister, L., S. Scott, M. Loewenstein, S. Bowen, and M. Legg, Mesoscale disturbances in the tropical stratosphere excited with convection: Observations and effects on the stratospheric momentum budget, J. Atmos. Sci., 50, 1058-1075, 1993.
37. Piani, C., and D. R. Durran, A numerical study stratospheric gravity waves triggered by squall lines observed during TOGA COARE and COPT-81 experiments, J. Atmos. Sci., 58, 3706-3723, 2001.
38. Piani, C., D. R. Durran, M. J. Alexander, and J. R. Holton, A numerical study of three dimensional gravity waves triggered by deep tropical convection and their role in the dynamics of the QBO, J. Atmos. Sci., 57, 3689-3702, 2000.
39. Salby, M. L., and R. R. Garcia, Transient-response to localized episodic heating in the tropics: 1. excitation and short-time near-field behavior, J. Atmos. Sci., 44, 458-498, 1987.
40. Sato, K., Small-scale wind disturbances observed with the MU radar during the passage of typhoon Kelly, J. Atmos. Sci., 50, 518-537, 1993.
41. Šauli, P., and J. Boška, Tropospheric events and possible related gravity wave activity effects on the ionosphere, J. Atmos. Sol. Terr. Phys., 63, 945-950, 2001.
42. Shibagaki, Y., M. D. Yamanaka, H. Hashiguchi, A. Watanabe, H. Uyeda. Y. Maekawa, and S. Fukao, Hierarchical structures of vertical velocity variations near the Baiu front observed by the MU radar, J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn., 75, 569-596, 1997.
43. Shibagaki, Y., M. D. Yamanaka, M. K. Fukase, H. Hasiguchi, Y. Maekawa, and S. Fukao, Meso-alpha-scale wind field and precipitating clouds in typhoon 9426 (Orchid) observed by the MU radar, J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn., 81, 211-228, 2003.
44. Song, I.-S., H.-Y. Chun, and T. P. Lane, Generation mechanism of convectively forced internal gravity waves and their propagation to the stratosphere, J. Atmos. Sci., in press, 2003.
45. Takahashi, M., Simulation of the quasi-biennial oscillation in a general circulation model, Geophys. Res. Lett., 26, 1307-1310, 1999.
46. Takahashi, M., and B. A. Boville, A three dimensional simulation of the equatorial quasi-biennial oscillation, J. Atmos. Sci., 49, 1020-1035, 1992.
47. Tsuda, T., Y. Murayama, H. Wiryosumarto, S. Harijono, and S. Kato, Radiosonde observations of equatorial dynamics over Indonesia: 2. Characteristics of gravity waves, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 10,507-10,516, 1994.
48. Vincent, R. A., and M. J. Alexander, Gravity waves in the tropical lower stratosphere: An observational study of seasonal and interannual variability, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 17, 971-17,982, 2000.
49. Wakasugi, K., A. Mizutani, M. Matsuo, S. Fukao, and S. Kato, A direct method for deriving the drop size distribution and vertical air velocities from VHF Doppler radar spectra, J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 3, 623-629, 1986.
50. Wakasugi, K., A. Mizutani, M. Matsuo, S. Fukao, and S. Kato, Further discussion on deriving drop size distribution and vertical air velocities from VHF Doppler radar spectra, J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 4, 170-179, 1987.
51. Zangvil, A., On the presentation and interpretation of spectra of long scale disturbances, Mon. Weather Rev., 105, 1469-1472, 1977.