Differences between Public Relations and Corporate Social Responsibility: An Analysis

Public Relations Review

Volumn 26, Issue 3, 2000, Pages 363-380

  Clark, Cynthia E ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0345795284     PISSN: 03638111     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0363-8111(00)00053-9     Document Type: Article

References (90)

1. R. Edward Freeman, Strategic Management: A Stakeholder Approach (Boston: Pitman/Ballinger, 1984).
2. Donna J. Wood, "Social Issues in Management: Theory and Research in Corporate Social Performance," Journal of Management 17 (1991), pp. 383-406.
3. L. E. Preston and James E. Post, Private Management and Public Policy: The Principle of Public Responsibility (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall 1975.); William C. Frederick, "From CSR1 to CSR2: The Maturing of Business and Society Thought," working paper, Katz Graduate School of Business, University of Pittsburgh, 1978; Archie B. Carroll, "A Three-dimensional Conceptual Model of Corporate Social Performance," Academy of Management Review 4 (1979), pp. 497-505; S. L. Wartick and Phil L. Cochran, "The Evolution of the Corporate Social Performance Model," Academy of Management Review 10 (1985), pp. 758-769; Wood, op. cit., pp. 383-406.
4. L. E. Preston and James E. Post, Private Management and Public Policy: The Principle of Public Responsibility (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall 1975.); William C. Frederick, "From CSR1 to CSR2: The Maturing of Business and Society Thought," working paper, Katz Graduate School of Business, University of Pittsburgh, 1978; Archie B. Carroll, "A Three-dimensional Conceptual Model of Corporate Social Performance," Academy of Management Review 4 (1979), pp. 497-505; S. L. Wartick and Phil L. Cochran, "The Evolution of the Corporate Social Performance Model," Academy of Management Review 10 (1985), pp. 758-769; Wood, op. cit., pp. 383-406.
5. L. E. Preston and James E. Post, Private Management and Public Policy: The Principle of Public Responsibility (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall 1975.); William C. Frederick, "From CSR1 to CSR2: The Maturing of Business and Society Thought," working paper, Katz Graduate School of Business, University of Pittsburgh, 1978; Archie B. Carroll, "A Three-dimensional Conceptual Model of Corporate Social Performance," Academy of Management Review 4 (1979), pp. 497-505; S. L. Wartick and Phil L. Cochran, "The Evolution of the Corporate Social Performance Model," Academy of Management Review 10 (1985), pp. 758-769; Wood, op. cit., pp. 383-406.
6. L. E. Preston and James E. Post, Private Management and Public Policy: The Principle of Public Responsibility (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall 1975.); William C. Frederick, "From CSR1 to CSR2: The Maturing of Business and Society Thought," working paper, Katz Graduate School of Business, University of Pittsburgh, 1978; Archie B. Carroll, "A Three-dimensional Conceptual Model of Corporate Social Performance," Academy of Management Review 4 (1979), pp. 497-505; S. L. Wartick and Phil L. Cochran, "The Evolution of the Corporate Social Performance Model," Academy of Management Review 10 (1985), pp. 758-769; Wood, op. cit., pp. 383-406.
7. L. E. Preston and James E. Post, Private Management and Public Policy: The Principle of Public Responsibility (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall 1975.); William C. Frederick, "From CSR1 to CSR2: The Maturing of Business and Society Thought," working paper, Katz Graduate School of Business, University of Pittsburgh, 1978; Archie B. Carroll, "A Three-dimensional Conceptual Model of Corporate Social Performance," Academy of Management Review 4 (1979), pp. 497-505; S. L. Wartick and Phil L. Cochran, "The Evolution of the Corporate Social Performance Model," Academy of Management Review 10 (1985), pp. 758-769; Wood, op. cit., pp. 383-406.
8. Doug Newsome, Judy VanSlyke Turk, and Dean Kruckeberg, This Is PR: The Realities of Public Relations (7th ed.). (CA: Wadsworth, Thomson Learning, 2000).
9. L. L. Golden, Only by Public Consent: American Corporations Search for Favorable Opinion (NY: Hawthorne Books, 1968).
10. G. Griswold, "How AT&T Public Relations Policies Developed," Public Relations Quarterly 12 (1967), pp. 7-16.
11. Doug Newsome, op. cit., p. 44.
12. L. L. Golden, op. cit., p. 386.
13. Charles S. Steinberg, The Creation of Consent (New York: Hastings House, 1975), p. 27.
14. Newsome, op. cit., p. 49.
15. Edward L. Bernays, The Engineering of Consent (Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press, 1955).
16. Robert L. Heath, "Corporate Issues Management: Theoretical Underpinnings and Research Foundations, " Public Relations Research Annual 2 (1990), pp. 29-65.
17. James E. Post, William C. Frederick, Anne T. Lawrence and James Weber, Business and Society: Corporate Strategy. Public Policy, Ethics (8th ed.). (New York: McGraw-Hill Inc., 1996).
18. Ibid., p. 41.
19. F. W. Abrams, "Management's Responsibilities in a Complex World," Harvard Business Review May (1951), pp. 29-34; H. R. Bowen, Social Responsibilities of the Businessman (New York: Harper, 1953); R. Eells, The Meaning of Modern Business (NY: Columbia University Press, 1960).
20. F. W. Abrams, "Management's Responsibilities in a Complex World," Harvard Business Review May (1951), pp. 29-34; H. R. Bowen, Social Responsibilities of the Businessman (New York: Harper, 1953); R. Eells, The Meaning of Modern Business (NY: Columbia University Press, 1960).
21. F. W. Abrams, "Management's Responsibilities in a Complex World," Harvard Business Review May (1951), pp. 29-34; H. R. Bowen, Social Responsibilities of the Businessman (New York: Harper, 1953); R. Eells, The Meaning of Modern Business (NY: Columbia University Press, 1960).
22. Donna J. Wood, op. cit., p. 383.
23. Ibid., p. 384.
24. Ibid., p. 384.
25. Scott M. Cutlip and Allen H. Center, Effective Public Relations (5th ed.). (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1978), pp. 316-317.
26. Scott M. Cutlip, Allen H. Center, and Glen M. Broom, Effective Public Relations (7th ed.). (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1994).
27. John E. Marston, Modern Public Relations (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1979), pp. 185-203.
28. James E. Grunig and Todd T. Hunt, Managing Public Relations (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich College Publishers, 1984).
29. Ibid., p. 23.
30. James E. Grunig (ed.), Excellence in Public Relations and Communications Management (Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Earlbaum Associates, 1992).
31. Dean Kruckeburg and Kenneth Starck, Public Relations and Community: A Reconstructed Theory (New York: Praeger, 1988), pp. 17-21.
32. Harold Burson, "The Public Relations Function in the Socially Responsible Corporation," in A. Ashen (ed.), Managing the Socially Responsible Corporation (New York: Macmillan, 1974), pp. 224, 227.
33. James E. Grunig and Todd T. Hunt, op. cit.
34. Stephen D. Bruning and John A. Ledingham, "Relationships Between Organizations and Publics, Development of a Multi-Dimensional Organization-Public Relationship Scale," Public Relations Review 25 (1999), pp. 158.
35. Public Relations Society of America adopted a definition of public relations in 1987, which read, "public relations is the management function that establishes and maintains mutually beneficial relationships between an organization and the publics on whom its success or failure depends."
36. Max B. E. Clarkson, "A Stakeholder Framework for Analyzing and Evaluating Corporate Social Performance," in M.B.E. Clarkson (ed.), The Corporation and its Stakeholders: Classic and Contemporary Reading (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1995), pp. 243-274.
37. Ibid., p. 244.
38. L. E. Preston and James E. Post, 1975., op. cit., p. 10.
39. William C. Frederick, op. cit., p. 10.
40. Archie B. Carroll, op. cit., pp. 497, 505.
41. S. L. Wartick and Phil Cochran, op. cit., p. 758.
42. Robert H. Miles, Managing the Corporate Social Environment (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1987), p. 28-30.
43. Donna J. Wood, op. cit., pp. 388, 389.
44. Scott M. Cutlip, Allen H. Center and Glen M. Broom, op. cit., pp. 201-203.
45. Ibid., p. 323.
46. Ibid., p. 324.
47. Otto Lerbinger, "Corporate Uses of Research in Public Relations," Public Relations Review 3 (1977), pp. 11-19.
48. David M. Dozier, "The Innovation of Research in Public Relations Practice: Review of a Program of Studies," Public Relations Research Annual 2 (1990), pp. 3-28.
49. Scott M. Cutlip, Allen H. Center, and Glen M. Broom, op. cit., p. 349.
50. Donna J. Wood, op. cit. p. 392.
51. Scott M. Cutlip, Allen H. Center, and Glen M. Broom, op. cit., p. 387.
52. S. L. Wartick and R. E. Rude, "Issues Management: Corporate Fad or Corporate Function?" California Management Review 29 (1986), pp. 124-140.
53. Robert L. Heath, op. cit., p. 33. See also W. H. Chase "Issues Management Conference - A Special Report," Corporate Public Issues and Their Management 7 (1982), pp. 1-2; S. Prakash Sethi, Advocacy Advertising and Large Corporations: Social Conflict, Big Business Image, the News Media, and Public Policy (Lexington, MA: D.C. Heath, 1977); S. Prakash Sethi, Handbook of Advocacy Advertising: Concepts, Strategies, and Applications (Cambridge, MA: Ballinger, 1987); L. E. Preston and James E. Post, op. cit., p. 10; James E. Post, E. A. Murray, R B. Dickie, and John F. Mahon, "The Public Affairs Function," California Management Review 36 (1983), pp. 135-150.
54. Robert L. Heath, op. cit., p. 33. See also W. H. Chase "Issues Management Conference - A Special Report," Corporate Public Issues and Their Management 7 (1982), pp. 1-2; S. Prakash Sethi, Advocacy Advertising and Large Corporations: Social Conflict, Big Business Image, the News Media, and Public Policy (Lexington, MA: D.C. Heath, 1977); S. Prakash Sethi, Handbook of Advocacy Advertising: Concepts, Strategies, and Applications (Cambridge, MA: Ballinger, 1987); L. E. Preston and James E. Post, op. cit., p. 10; James E. Post, E. A. Murray, R B. Dickie, and John F. Mahon, "The Public Affairs Function," California Management Review 36 (1983), pp. 135-150.
55. Robert L. Heath, op. cit., p. 33. See also W. H. Chase "Issues Management Conference - A Special Report," Corporate Public Issues and Their Management 7 (1982), pp. 1-2; S. Prakash Sethi, Advocacy Advertising and Large Corporations: Social Conflict, Big Business Image, the News Media, and Public Policy (Lexington, MA: D.C. Heath, 1977); S. Prakash Sethi, Handbook of Advocacy Advertising: Concepts, Strategies, and Applications (Cambridge, MA: Ballinger, 1987); L. E. Preston and James E. Post, op. cit., p. 10; James E. Post, E. A. Murray, R B. Dickie, and John F. Mahon, "The Public Affairs Function," California Management Review 36 (1983), pp. 135-150.
56. Robert L. Heath, op. cit., p. 33. See also W. H. Chase "Issues Management Conference - A Special Report," Corporate Public Issues and Their Management 7 (1982), pp. 1-2; S. Prakash Sethi, Advocacy Advertising and Large Corporations: Social Conflict, Big Business Image, the News Media, and Public Policy (Lexington, MA: D.C. Heath, 1977); S. Prakash Sethi, Handbook of Advocacy Advertising: Concepts, Strategies, and Applications (Cambridge, MA: Ballinger, 1987); L. E. Preston and James E. Post, op. cit., p. 10; James E. Post, E. A. Murray, R B. Dickie, and John F. Mahon, "The Public Affairs Function," California Management Review 36 (1983), pp. 135-150.
57. Robert L. Heath, op. cit., p. 33. See also W. H. Chase "Issues Management Conference - A Special Report," Corporate Public Issues and Their Management 7 (1982), pp. 1-2; S. Prakash Sethi, Advocacy Advertising and Large Corporations: Social Conflict, Big Business Image, the News Media, and Public Policy (Lexington, MA: D.C. Heath, 1977); S. Prakash Sethi, Handbook of Advocacy Advertising: Concepts, Strategies, and Applications (Cambridge, MA: Ballinger, 1987); L. E. Preston and James E. Post, op. cit., p. 10; James E. Post, E. A. Murray, R B. Dickie, and John F. Mahon, "The Public Affairs Function," California Management Review 36 (1983), pp. 135-150.
58. Robert L. Heath, op. cit., p. 33. See also W. H. Chase "Issues Management Conference - A Special Report," Corporate Public Issues and Their Management 7 (1982), pp. 1-2; S. Prakash Sethi, Advocacy Advertising and Large Corporations: Social Conflict, Big Business Image, the News Media, and Public Policy (Lexington, MA: D.C. Heath, 1977); S. Prakash Sethi, Handbook of Advocacy Advertising: Concepts, Strategies, and Applications (Cambridge, MA: Ballinger, 1987); L. E. Preston and James E. Post, op. cit., p. 10; James E. Post, E. A. Murray, R B. Dickie, and John F. Mahon, "The Public Affairs Function," California Management Review 36 (1983), pp. 135-150.
59. James E. Grunig, "The Message-Attitude-Behavior Relationship: Communication Behaviors of Organizations" Communication Research 9 pp. 163-200; Glen M. Broom and David M. Dozier, "An Overview: Evaluation Research in Public Relations" Public Relations Quarterly 28 (3), pp. 5-8.
60. James E. Grunig, "The Message-Attitude-Behavior Relationship: Communication Behaviors of Organizations" Communication Research 9 pp. 163-200; Glen M. Broom and David M. Dozier, "An Overview: Evaluation Research in Public Relations" Public Relations Quarterly 28 (3), pp. 5-8.
61. Glen M. Broom, "Coorientational Measurement of Public Issues" Public Relations Review 3 (4) (1977), pp. 110-119; Glen M. Broom and David M. Dozier, Using Research in Public Relations: Applications to Program Management (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1990).
62. Glen M. Broom, "Coorientational Measurement of Public Issues" Public Relations Review 3 (4) (1977), pp. 110-119; Glen M. Broom and David M. Dozier, Using Research in Public Relations: Applications to Program Management (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1990).
63. Glen M. Broom, op. cit., p. 111.
64. Ibid., p. 111.
65. James E. Post, op. cit.; William C. Freeman, op. cit.; Robert H. Miles, op. cit.
66. James E. Post, op. cit.; William C. Freeman, op. cit.; Robert H. Miles, op. cit.
67. James E. Post, op. cit.; William C. Freeman, op. cit.; Robert H. Miles, op. cit.
68. David M. Dozier and William P. Ehling, "Evaluation of Public Relations Programs: What the Literature Tells Us About Their Effects," in James E. Grunig (ed.), Excellence in Public Relations and Communications Management (Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Earlbaum Associates, 1992), pp. 159-181.
69. James E. Grunig, "A New Measure of Public Opinions on Corporate Social Responsibility" Academy of Management Journal 22 (4), pp. 738-764; Jarol B. Manheim and Cornelius B. Pratt, "Communicating Corporate Social Responsibility," Public Relations Review Summer (1986), pp. 9-18; John A. Ledingham and Stephen D. Bruning (1999), op. cit., p. 160-162.
70. James E. Grunig, "A New Measure of Public Opinions on Corporate Social Responsibility" Academy of Management Journal 22 (4), pp. 738-764; Jarol B. Manheim and Cornelius B. Pratt, "Communicating Corporate Social Responsibility," Public Relations Review Summer (1986), pp. 9-18; John A. Ledingham and Stephen D. Bruning (1999), op. cit., p. 160-162.
71. James E. Grunig, "A New Measure of Public Opinions on Corporate Social Responsibility" Academy of Management Journal 22 (4), pp. 738-764; Jarol B. Manheim and Cornelius B. Pratt, "Communicating Corporate Social Responsibility," Public Relations Review Summer (1986), pp. 9-18; John A. Ledingham and Stephen D. Bruning (1999), op. cit., p. 160-162.
72. Otto Lerbinger, "The Social Functions of Public Relations," in O. Lerberger and J. A. Sullivan (ed.), Information Influence and Communication (New York: Basic Books, 1965), pp. 53-60; James E. Grunig 91979), op.cit., pp. 739-741; James E. Grunig and Todd T. Hunt, op. cit., pp. 56-57.
73. Otto Lerbinger, "The Social Functions of Public Relations," in O. Lerberger and J. A. Sullivan (ed.), Information Influence and Communication (New York: Basic Books, 1965), pp. 53-60; James E. Grunig 91979), op.cit., pp. 739-741; James E. Grunig and Todd T. Hunt, op. cit., pp. 56-57.
74. Otto Lerbinger, "The Social Functions of Public Relations," in O. Lerberger and J. A. Sullivan (ed.), Information Influence and Communication (New York: Basic Books, 1965), pp. 53-60; James E. Grunig 91979), op.cit., pp. 739-741; James E. Grunig and Todd T. Hunt, op. cit., pp. 56-57.
75. Charles Fombrun, Reputation: Realizing Value from the Corporate Image (Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 1990), pp. 9-11.
76. Charles Fombrun and Mark Shanley, "What's In a Name: Reputation Building and Corporate Strategy," Academy of Management Journal 33 (1990), pp. 233-258; Samuel B. Graves and Sandra A. Waddock, "Institutional Owners and Corporate Social Performance," Academy of Management Journal 37 (1994), pp. 1034-1046; J. J. Griffin and John F. Mahon, "The Corporate Social Performance and Corporate Financial Performance Debate," Business and Society March (1997), pp. 5-31; A. Thomas and R. Simerly, "The Chief Executive Officer and Corporate Social Performance: An Interdisciplinary Investigation," Journal of Business Ethics 13 (1994), pp. 959-968; J. A. McQuire, A. Sundgren, and T. Schneeweiss, "Corporate Social Responsibility and Firm Financial Performance," Academy of Management Journal 31 (1988), pp. 854-872.
77. Charles Fombrun and Mark Shanley, "What's In a Name: Reputation Building and Corporate Strategy," Academy of Management Journal 33 (1990), pp. 233-258; Samuel B. Graves and Sandra A. Waddock, "Institutional Owners and Corporate Social Performance," Academy of Management Journal 37 (1994), pp. 1034-1046; J. J. Griffin and John F. Mahon, "The Corporate Social Performance and Corporate Financial Performance Debate," Business and Society March (1997), pp. 5-31; A. Thomas and R. Simerly, "The Chief Executive Officer and Corporate Social Performance: An Interdisciplinary Investigation," Journal of Business Ethics 13 (1994), pp. 959-968; J. A. McQuire, A. Sundgren, and T. Schneeweiss, "Corporate Social Responsibility and Firm Financial Performance," Academy of Management Journal 31 (1988), pp. 854-872.
78. Charles Fombrun and Mark Shanley, "What's In a Name: Reputation Building and Corporate Strategy," Academy of Management Journal 33 (1990), pp. 233-258; Samuel B. Graves and Sandra A. Waddock, "Institutional Owners and Corporate Social Performance," Academy of Management Journal 37 (1994), pp. 1034-1046; J. J. Griffin and John F. Mahon, "The Corporate Social Performance and Corporate Financial Performance Debate," Business and Society March (1997), pp. 5-31; A. Thomas and R. Simerly, "The Chief Executive Officer and Corporate Social Performance: An Interdisciplinary Investigation," Journal of Business Ethics 13 (1994), pp. 959-968; J. A. McQuire, A. Sundgren, and T. Schneeweiss, "Corporate Social Responsibility and Firm Financial Performance," Academy of Management Journal 31 (1988), pp. 854-872.
79. Charles Fombrun and Mark Shanley, "What's In a Name: Reputation Building and Corporate Strategy," Academy of Management Journal 33 (1990), pp. 233-258; Samuel B. Graves and Sandra A. Waddock, "Institutional Owners and Corporate Social Performance," Academy of Management Journal 37 (1994), pp. 1034-1046; J. J. Griffin and John F. Mahon, "The Corporate Social Performance and Corporate Financial Performance Debate," Business and Society March (1997), pp. 5-31; A. Thomas and R. Simerly, "The Chief Executive Officer and Corporate Social Performance: An Interdisciplinary Investigation," Journal of Business Ethics 13 (1994), pp. 959-968; J. A. McQuire, A. Sundgren, and T. Schneeweiss, "Corporate Social Responsibility and Firm Financial Performance," Academy of Management Journal 31 (1988), pp. 854-872.
80. Charles Fombrun and Mark Shanley, "What's In a Name: Reputation Building and Corporate Strategy," Academy of Management Journal 33 (1990), pp. 233-258; Samuel B. Graves and Sandra A. Waddock, "Institutional Owners and Corporate Social Performance," Academy of Management Journal 37 (1994), pp. 1034-1046; J. J. Griffin and John F. Mahon, "The Corporate Social Performance and Corporate Financial Performance Debate," Business and Society March (1997), pp. 5-31; A. Thomas and R. Simerly, "The Chief Executive Officer and Corporate Social Performance: An Interdisciplinary Investigation," Journal of Business Ethics 13 (1994), pp. 959-968; J. A. McQuire, A. Sundgren, and T. Schneeweiss, "Corporate Social Responsibility and Firm Financial Performance," Academy of Management Journal 31 (1988), pp. 854-872.
81. Kenneth Aupperle, Archie B. Carroll, and J. A. Hatfield, "An Empirical Examination of the Relationship between Corporate Social Responsibility and Profitability" Acad-emy of Management Journal 28 (1985), pp. 446-463.
82. Ronald Alsop, "The Best Corporations in America," The Wall Street Journal (September 23, 1999), p. B1.
83. James E. Grunig, "Teaching Public Relations in the Future," Public Relations Review 15 (1990), pp. 12-23; Judy Van Slyke Turk, "Management Skills Need to be Taught in Public Relations," Public Relations Review 15 (1) (1989), pp. 38-44.
84. James E. Grunig, "Teaching Public Relations in the Future," Public Relations Review 15 (1990), pp. 12-23; Judy Van Slyke Turk, "Management Skills Need to be Taught in Public Relations," Public Relations Review 15 (1) (1989), pp. 38-44.
85. Donna J. Wood, op. cit., p. 398.
86. James. E. Grunig, 1979., op. cit., p. 739.
87. Ibid., p. 740-741.
88. James E. Grunig, Larissa A. Grunig, and William P. Ehling, "What is an Effective Organization," in J. E. Grunig (ed.), Excellence in Public Relations and Communications Management (Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Earlbaum Associates, 1992), pp. 65-90.
89. John A. Ledingham and Stephen D. Bruning, 1998., op. cit., p. 61.
90. James E. Grunig, 1979., op. cit., p. 741.