Something mysterious: Sex education, victorian morality, and Durkheim's comparative sociology

Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences

Volumn 34, Issue 2, 1998, Pages 135-151

  Pedersen, Jean Elisabeth ^a  

^a NONE

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[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 0345770185     PISSN: 00225061     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1520-6696(199821)34:2<135::aid-jhbs2>3.0.co;2-r     Document Type: Article

References (147)

1. For the proceedings of the debate, see "L'éducation sexuelle," Bulletin de la Société française de philosophie 11 (28 February 1911): 29-52. For a partial English translation by H. L. Sutcliffe, see, "A Discussion on Sex Education," in Durkheim: Essays on Morals and Education, W. S. F. Pickering, Ed. (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1979), 140-148. Further references will be based on my own English translations.
2. For the proceedings of the debate, see "L'éducation sexuelle," Bulletin de la Société française de philosophie 11 (28 February 1911): 29-52. For a partial English translation by H. L. Sutcliffe, see, "A Discussion on Sex Education," in Durkheim: Essays on Morals and Education, W. S. F. Pickering, Ed. (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1979), 140-148. Further references will be based on my own English translations.
3. Steven Lukes, Emile Durkheim: His Life and Work, a Historical and Critical Study (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1985), 533.
4. For the former position, see Eugen Weber, France: Fin-de-Siècle (Cambridge, MA: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1986): for one example of the latter, see Robert A. Nye, Crime, Madness, and Politics in Modern France: The Medical Concept of National Decline (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1984). For a discussion of the relative merits of the two, see Debora L. Silverman, Art Nouveau in Fin-de-Siècle France: Politics, Psychology, and Style (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1989).
5. For the former position, see Eugen Weber, France: Fin-de-Siècle (Cambridge, MA: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1986): for one example of the latter, see Robert A. Nye, Crime, Madness, and Politics in Modern France: The Medical Concept of National Decline (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1984). For a discussion of the relative merits of the two, see Debora L. Silverman, Art Nouveau in Fin-de-Siècle France: Politics, Psychology, and Style (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1989).
6. For the former position, see Eugen Weber, France: Fin-de-Siècle (Cambridge, MA: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1986): for one example of the latter, see Robert A. Nye, Crime, Madness, and Politics in Modern France: The Medical Concept of National Decline (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1984). For a discussion of the relative merits of the two, see Debora L. Silverman, Art Nouveau in Fin-de-Siècle France: Politics, Psychology, and Style (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1989).
7. Lewis Coser, preface to The Sociological Domain: The Durkheimians and the Founding of French Sociology, Philippe Besnard, Ed. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983), x.
8. See, for example, Terry N. Clark, Prophets and Patrons: The French University and the Emergence of the Social Sciences (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1973);
9. Phyllis Stock-Morton, Moral Education for a Secular Society: The Development of Morale Laïque in Nineteenth Century France (Albany: State University of New York, 1988);
10. and Sociological Domain, Besnard, Ed.
11. Philippe Besnard has pointed out that sociology emerged as a result of boundary disputes with an impressive range of competing disciplines including "philosophy, psychology, history, archaeology, human geography, economics, legal scholarship, religious studies, folklore studies, etc." See Besnard, introduction to his Sociological Domain, 2. Much of the work on the particular relationship between sociology and philosophy has appeared in the previous pages of the Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences. See, for example, W. Paul Vogt, "Political Connections, Professional Advancement, and Moral Education in Durkheimian Sociology," Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences 27 (1991): 56-75; and Warren Schmaus' special issue on "Durkheimian Sociology," Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences 32 (1996).
12. Philippe Besnard has pointed out that sociology emerged as a result of boundary disputes with an impressive range of competing disciplines including "philosophy, psychology, history, archaeology, human geography, economics, legal scholarship, religious studies, folklore studies, etc." See Besnard, introduction to his Sociological Domain, 2. Much of the work on the particular relationship between sociology and philosophy has appeared in the previous pages of the Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences. See, for example, W. Paul Vogt, "Political Connections, Professional Advancement, and Moral Education in Durkheimian Sociology," Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences 27 (1991): 56-75; and Warren Schmaus' special issue on "Durkheimian Sociology," Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences 32 (1996).
13. Philippe Besnard has pointed out that sociology emerged as a result of boundary disputes with an impressive range of competing disciplines including "philosophy, psychology, history, archaeology, human geography, economics, legal scholarship, religious studies, folklore studies, etc." See Besnard, introduction to his Sociological Domain, 2. Much of the work on the particular relationship between sociology and philosophy has appeared in the previous pages of the Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences. See, for example, W. Paul Vogt, "Political Connections, Professional Advancement, and Moral Education in Durkheimian Sociology," Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences 27 (1991): 56-75; and Warren Schmaus' special issue on "Durkheimian Sociology," Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences 32 (1996).
14. Philippe Besnard has pointed out that sociology emerged as a result of boundary disputes with an impressive range of competing disciplines including "philosophy, psychology, history, archaeology, human geography, economics, legal scholarship, religious studies, folklore studies, etc." See Besnard, introduction to his Sociological Domain, 2. Much of the work on the particular relationship between sociology and philosophy has appeared in the previous pages of the Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences. See, for example, W. Paul Vogt, "Political Connections, Professional Advancement, and Moral Education in Durkheimian Sociology," Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences 27 (1991): 56-75; and Warren Schmaus' special issue on "Durkheimian Sociology," Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences 32 (1996).
15. Talcott Parsons' influential work on Durkheim appeared as The Structure of Social Action (New York: The Free Press, 1937). Alvin Gouldner attacked Durkheim and Parsons alike for the conservative tenor of their common structural-functionalism in The Coming Crisis of Western Sociology (New York: Basic Books, 1970). Some of the more recent works which have explored Durkheim's political opinions and his moral concerns include "Relire Durkheim," a special issue of Archives de sciences sociales des religions 69 (1990); The Radical Sociology of Durkheim and Mauss, Mike Gane, Ed. (London: Routledge, 1992); Individualism and Human Rights in the Durkheimian Tradition, W. S. F. Pickering and W. Watts Miller, Eds. (Oxford: Centre for Durkheimian Studies, 1993); Emile Durkheim: Sociologist and Moralist, Stephen Turner, Ed. (London: Routledge, 1993); Debating Durkheim, W. S. F. Pickering and H. Martins, Eds. (London: Routledge, 1994); and W. Watts Miller, Durkheim, Morals, and Modernity (London: UCL Press, 1996).
16. Talcott Parsons' influential work on Durkheim appeared as The Structure of Social Action (New York: The Free Press, 1937). Alvin Gouldner attacked Durkheim and Parsons alike for the conservative tenor of their common structural-functionalism in The Coming Crisis of Western Sociology (New York: Basic Books, 1970). Some of the more recent works which have explored Durkheim's political opinions and his moral concerns include "Relire Durkheim," a special issue of Archives de sciences sociales des religions 69 (1990); The Radical Sociology of Durkheim and Mauss, Mike Gane, Ed. (London: Routledge, 1992); Individualism and Human Rights in the Durkheimian Tradition, W. S. F. Pickering and W. Watts Miller, Eds. (Oxford: Centre for Durkheimian Studies, 1993); Emile Durkheim: Sociologist and Moralist, Stephen Turner, Ed. (London: Routledge, 1993); Debating Durkheim, W. S. F. Pickering and H. Martins, Eds. (London: Routledge, 1994); and W. Watts Miller, Durkheim, Morals, and Modernity (London: UCL Press, 1996).
17. Talcott Parsons' influential work on Durkheim appeared as The Structure of Social Action (New York: The Free Press, 1937). Alvin Gouldner attacked Durkheim and Parsons alike for the conservative tenor of their common structural-functionalism in The Coming Crisis of Western Sociology (New York: Basic Books, 1970). Some of the more recent works which have explored Durkheim's political opinions and his moral concerns include "Relire Durkheim," a special issue of Archives de sciences sociales des religions 69 (1990); The Radical Sociology of Durkheim and Mauss, Mike Gane, Ed. (London: Routledge, 1992); Individualism and Human Rights in the Durkheimian Tradition, W. S. F. Pickering and W. Watts Miller, Eds. (Oxford: Centre for Durkheimian Studies, 1993); Emile Durkheim: Sociologist and Moralist, Stephen Turner, Ed. (London: Routledge, 1993); Debating Durkheim, W. S. F. Pickering and H. Martins, Eds. (London: Routledge, 1994); and W. Watts Miller, Durkheim, Morals, and Modernity (London: UCL Press, 1996).
18. Talcott Parsons' influential work on Durkheim appeared as The Structure of Social Action (New York: The Free Press, 1937). Alvin Gouldner attacked Durkheim and Parsons alike for the conservative tenor of their common structural-functionalism in The Coming Crisis of Western Sociology (New York: Basic Books, 1970). Some of the more recent works which have explored Durkheim's political opinions and his moral concerns include "Relire Durkheim," a special issue of Archives de sciences sociales des religions 69 (1990); The Radical Sociology of Durkheim and Mauss, Mike Gane, Ed. (London: Routledge, 1992); Individualism and Human Rights in the Durkheimian Tradition, W. S. F. Pickering and W. Watts Miller, Eds. (Oxford: Centre for Durkheimian Studies, 1993); Emile Durkheim: Sociologist and Moralist, Stephen Turner, Ed. (London: Routledge, 1993); Debating Durkheim, W. S. F. Pickering and H. Martins, Eds. (London: Routledge, 1994); and W. Watts Miller, Durkheim, Morals, and Modernity (London: UCL Press, 1996).
19. Talcott Parsons' influential work on Durkheim appeared as The Structure of Social Action (New York: The Free Press, 1937). Alvin Gouldner attacked Durkheim and Parsons alike for the conservative tenor of their common structural-functionalism in The Coming Crisis of Western Sociology (New York: Basic Books, 1970). Some of the more recent works which have explored Durkheim's political opinions and his moral concerns include "Relire Durkheim," a special issue of Archives de sciences sociales des religions 69 (1990); The Radical Sociology of Durkheim and Mauss, Mike Gane, Ed. (London: Routledge, 1992); Individualism and Human Rights in the Durkheimian Tradition, W. S. F. Pickering and W. Watts Miller, Eds. (Oxford: Centre for Durkheimian Studies, 1993); Emile Durkheim: Sociologist and Moralist, Stephen Turner, Ed. (London: Routledge, 1993); Debating Durkheim, W. S. F. Pickering and H. Martins, Eds. (London: Routledge, 1994); and W. Watts Miller, Durkheim, Morals, and Modernity (London: UCL Press, 1996).
20. Talcott Parsons' influential work on Durkheim appeared as The Structure of Social Action (New York: The Free Press, 1937). Alvin Gouldner attacked Durkheim and Parsons alike for the conservative tenor of their common structural-functionalism in The Coming Crisis of Western Sociology (New York: Basic Books, 1970). Some of the more recent works which have explored Durkheim's political opinions and his moral concerns include "Relire Durkheim," a special issue of Archives de sciences sociales des religions 69 (1990); The Radical Sociology of Durkheim and Mauss, Mike Gane, Ed. (London: Routledge, 1992); Individualism and Human Rights in the Durkheimian Tradition, W. S. F. Pickering and W. Watts Miller, Eds. (Oxford: Centre for Durkheimian Studies, 1993); Emile Durkheim: Sociologist and Moralist, Stephen Turner, Ed. (London: Routledge, 1993); Debating Durkheim, W. S. F. Pickering and H. Martins, Eds. (London: Routledge, 1994); and W. Watts Miller, Durkheim, Morals, and Modernity (London: UCL Press, 1996).
21. Talcott Parsons' influential work on Durkheim appeared as The Structure of Social Action (New York: The Free Press, 1937). Alvin Gouldner attacked Durkheim and Parsons alike for the conservative tenor of their common structural-functionalism in The Coming Crisis of Western Sociology (New York: Basic Books, 1970). Some of the more recent works which have explored Durkheim's political opinions and his moral concerns include "Relire Durkheim," a special issue of Archives de sciences sociales des religions 69 (1990); The Radical Sociology of Durkheim and Mauss, Mike Gane, Ed. (London: Routledge, 1992); Individualism and Human Rights in the Durkheimian Tradition, W. S. F. Pickering and W. Watts Miller, Eds. (Oxford: Centre for Durkheimian Studies, 1993); Emile Durkheim: Sociologist and Moralist, Stephen Turner, Ed. (London: Routledge, 1993); Debating Durkheim, W. S. F. Pickering and H. Martins, Eds. (London: Routledge, 1994); and W. Watts Miller, Durkheim, Morals, and Modernity (London: UCL Press, 1996).
22. Talcott Parsons' influential work on Durkheim appeared as The Structure of Social Action (New York: The Free Press, 1937). Alvin Gouldner attacked Durkheim and Parsons alike for the conservative tenor of their common structural-functionalism in The Coming Crisis of Western Sociology (New York: Basic Books, 1970). Some of the more recent works which have explored Durkheim's political opinions and his moral concerns include "Relire Durkheim," a special issue of Archives de sciences sociales des religions 69 (1990); The Radical Sociology of Durkheim and Mauss, Mike Gane, Ed. (London: Routledge, 1992); Individualism and Human Rights in the Durkheimian Tradition, W. S. F. Pickering and W. Watts Miller, Eds. (Oxford: Centre for Durkheimian Studies, 1993); Emile Durkheim: Sociologist and Moralist, Stephen Turner, Ed. (London: Routledge, 1993); Debating Durkheim, W. S. F. Pickering and H. Martins, Eds. (London: Routledge, 1994); and W. Watts Miller, Durkheim, Morals, and Modernity (London: UCL Press, 1996).
23. See R. A. Sydie, Natural Women, Cultured Men: A Feminist Perspective on Sociological Theory (New York: New York University Press, 1987); Mike Gane, "Emile Durkheim: Woman as Outsider," in his Harmless Lovers? Gender, Theory, and Personal Relationships (London: Routledge, 1993), 21-58; and Jennifer M. Lehmann, Durkheim and Women (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1994).
24. See R. A. Sydie, Natural Women, Cultured Men: A Feminist Perspective on Sociological Theory (New York: New York University Press, 1987); Mike Gane, "Emile Durkheim: Woman as Outsider," in his Harmless Lovers? Gender, Theory, and Personal Relationships (London: Routledge, 1993), 21-58; and Jennifer M. Lehmann, Durkheim and Women (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1994).
25. See R. A. Sydie, Natural Women, Cultured Men: A Feminist Perspective on Sociological Theory (New York: New York University Press, 1987); Mike Gane, "Emile Durkheim: Woman as Outsider," in his Harmless Lovers? Gender, Theory, and Personal Relationships (London: Routledge, 1993), 21-58; and Jennifer M. Lehmann, Durkheim and Women (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1994).
26. In addition to Lukes, see Pickering, "Sex Education," in Durkheim, Pickering, Ed., 120-122; and Larry Portis, "Sexe, moralité, et ordre social dans l'oeuvre d'Émile Durkheim," L'homme et la société 99-100 (1991): 67-77. See also Jean-Claude Filloux, "Personne et sacré chez Durkheim," Archives de sciences sociales des religions 69 (1990): 41-53; and passing references in Miller, Durkheim, Morals, and Modernity, 100-101; Gane, "Emile Durkheim: Woman as Outsider," 52; and W. S. F. Pickering, Durkheim's Sociology of Religion: Themes and Theories (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1988), 427-428. These latter references mention Durkheim's own ideas, but not those of Doléris or the other philosophers with whom Doléris and Durkheim both disagreed.
27. In addition to Lukes, see Pickering, "Sex Education," in Durkheim, Pickering, Ed., 120-122; and Larry Portis, "Sexe, moralité, et ordre social dans l'oeuvre d'Émile Durkheim," L'homme et la société 99-100 (1991): 67-77. See also Jean-Claude Filloux, "Personne et sacré chez Durkheim," Archives de sciences sociales des religions 69 (1990): 41-53; and passing references in Miller, Durkheim, Morals, and Modernity, 100-101; Gane, "Emile Durkheim: Woman as Outsider," 52; and W. S. F. Pickering, Durkheim's Sociology of Religion: Themes and Theories (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1988), 427-428. These latter references mention Durkheim's own ideas, but not those of Doléris or the other philosophers with whom Doléris and Durkheim both disagreed.
28. In addition to Lukes, see Pickering, "Sex Education," in Durkheim, Pickering, Ed., 120-122; and Larry Portis, "Sexe, moralité, et ordre social dans l'oeuvre d'Émile Durkheim," L'homme et la société 99-100 (1991): 67-77. See also Jean-Claude Filloux, "Personne et sacré chez Durkheim," Archives de sciences sociales des religions 69 (1990): 41-53; and passing references in Miller, Durkheim, Morals, and Modernity, 100-101; Gane, "Emile Durkheim: Woman as Outsider," 52; and W. S. F. Pickering, Durkheim's Sociology of Religion: Themes and Theories (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1988), 427-428. These latter references mention Durkheim's own ideas, but not those of Doléris or the other philosophers with whom Doléris and Durkheim both disagreed.
29. In addition to Lukes, see Pickering, "Sex Education," in Durkheim, Pickering, Ed., 120-122; and Larry Portis, "Sexe, moralité, et ordre social dans l'oeuvre d'Émile Durkheim," L'homme et la société 99-100 (1991): 67-77. See also Jean-Claude Filloux, "Personne et sacré chez Durkheim," Archives de sciences sociales des religions 69 (1990): 41-53; and passing references in Miller, Durkheim, Morals, and Modernity, 100-101; Gane, "Emile Durkheim: Woman as Outsider," 52; and W. S. F. Pickering, Durkheim's Sociology of Religion: Themes and Theories (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1988), 427-428. These latter references mention Durkheim's own ideas, but not those of Doléris or the other philosophers with whom Doléris and Durkheim both disagreed.
30. In addition to Lukes, see Pickering, "Sex Education," in Durkheim, Pickering, Ed., 120-122; and Larry Portis, "Sexe, moralité, et ordre social dans l'oeuvre d'Émile Durkheim," L'homme et la société 99-100 (1991): 67-77. See also Jean-Claude Filloux, "Personne et sacré chez Durkheim," Archives de sciences sociales des religions 69 (1990): 41-53; and passing references in Miller, Durkheim, Morals, and Modernity, 100-101; Gane, "Emile Durkheim: Woman as Outsider," 52; and W. S. F. Pickering, Durkheim's Sociology of Religion: Themes and Theories (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1988), 427-428. These latter references mention Durkheim's own ideas, but not those of Doléris or the other philosophers with whom Doléris and Durkheim both disagreed.
31. In addition to Lukes, see Pickering, "Sex Education," in Durkheim, Pickering, Ed., 120-122; and Larry Portis, "Sexe, moralité, et ordre social dans l'oeuvre d'Émile Durkheim," L'homme et la société 99-100 (1991): 67-77. See also Jean-Claude Filloux, "Personne et sacré chez Durkheim," Archives de sciences sociales des religions 69 (1990): 41-53; and passing references in Miller, Durkheim, Morals, and Modernity, 100-101; Gane, "Emile Durkheim: Woman as Outsider," 52; and W. S. F. Pickering, Durkheim's Sociology of Religion: Themes and Theories (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1988), 427-428. These latter references mention Durkheim's own ideas, but not those of Doléris or the other philosophers with whom Doléris and Durkheim both disagreed.
32. Durkheim, Pickering, Ed., 99, 121.
33. Portis, "Sexe, moralité, et ordre social," 76-77. For Portis' larger argument about Durkheim's social and sexual conservatism, see his "Les fondements politico-idéologiques de la sociologie durkheimienne," L'homme et la société 84 (1987): 95-110.
34. Portis, "Sexe, moralité, et ordre social," 76-77. For Portis' larger argument about Durkheim's social and sexual conservatism, see his "Les fondements politico-idéologiques de la sociologie durkheimienne," L'homme et la société 84 (1987): 95-110.
35. Jean-Pierre Bardet and Hervé Le Bras, "La chute de la fécondité," in Histoire de la population française, Jacques Dupâquier, Ed. (Paris: Presses universitaires de France, 1988), 3:351-402; Philippe Ariès, Histoire des populations françaises et de leurs attitudes devant la vie depuis le XVIIIe siècle (Paris: Editions du Seuil, 1971).
36. Jean-Pierre Bardet and Hervé Le Bras, "La chute de la fécondité," in Histoire de la population française, Jacques Dupâquier, Ed. (Paris: Presses universitaires de France, 1988), 3:351-402; Philippe Ariès, Histoire des populations françaises et de leurs attitudes devant la vie depuis le XVIIIe siècle (Paris: Editions du Seuil, 1971).
37. Ariès, Histoire des populations françaises, 344-373; Theodore Zeldin, France 1848-1945: Anxiety and Hypocrisy (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1981), 184-218; Jean-Marie Mayeur and Madeleine Reberioux, The Third Republic from Its Origins to the Great War, 1871-1914, J. R. Foster, Trans. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984), 42-72; and A History of Private Life: From the Fires of the Revolution to the Great War, Michelle Perrot, Ed. (Cambridge: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1990).
38. Ariès, Histoire des populations françaises, 344-373; Theodore Zeldin, France 1848-1945: Anxiety and Hypocrisy (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1981), 184-218; Jean-Marie Mayeur and Madeleine Reberioux, The Third Republic from Its Origins to the Great War, 1871-1914, J. R. Foster, Trans. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984), 42-72; and A History of Private Life: From the Fires of the Revolution to the Great War, Michelle Perrot, Ed. (Cambridge: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1990).
39. Ariès, Histoire des populations françaises, 344-373; Theodore Zeldin, France 1848-1945: Anxiety and Hypocrisy (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1981), 184-218; Jean-Marie Mayeur and Madeleine Reberioux, The Third Republic from Its Origins to the Great War, 1871-1914, J. R. Foster, Trans. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984), 42-72; and A History of Private Life: From the Fires of the Revolution to the Great War, Michelle Perrot, Ed. (Cambridge: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1990).
40. Ariès, Histoire des populations françaises, 344-373; Theodore Zeldin, France 1848-1945: Anxiety and Hypocrisy (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1981), 184-218; Jean-Marie Mayeur and Madeleine Reberioux, The Third Republic from Its Origins to the Great War, 1871-1914, J. R. Foster, Trans. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984), 42-72; and A History of Private Life: From the Fires of the Revolution to the Great War, Michelle Perrot, Ed. (Cambridge: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1990).
41. Nye, Crime, Madness, and Politics, 140. The classic work on depopulation remains Joseph J. Spengler, France Faces Depopulation: Postlude Edition, 1936-1976 (Durham: Duke University Press, 1979); updated, first, from a feminist perspective by Karen Offen, "Depopulation, Nationalism, and Feminism in Fin-de-Siècle France," American Historical Review 89 (1984): 648-676; and, most recently, by Rachel G. Fuchs's special issue on "Population and the State in the Third Republic," French Historical Studies 19 (Spring 1996).
42. Nye, Crime, Madness, and Politics, 140. The classic work on depopulation remains Joseph J. Spengler, France Faces Depopulation: Postlude Edition, 1936-1976 (Durham: Duke University Press, 1979); updated, first, from a feminist perspective by Karen Offen, "Depopulation, Nationalism, and Feminism in Fin-de-Siècle France," American Historical Review 89 (1984): 648-676; and, most recently, by Rachel G. Fuchs's special issue on "Population and the State in the Third Republic," French Historical Studies 19 (Spring 1996).
43. Nye, Crime, Madness, and Politics, 140. The classic work on depopulation remains Joseph J. Spengler, France Faces Depopulation: Postlude Edition, 1936-1976 (Durham: Duke University Press, 1979); updated, first, from a feminist perspective by Karen Offen, "Depopulation, Nationalism, and Feminism in Fin-de-Siècle France," American Historical Review 89 (1984): 648-676; and, most recently, by Rachel G. Fuchs's special issue on "Population and the State in the Third Republic," French Historical Studies 19 (Spring 1996).
44. Nye, Crime, Madness, and Politics, 140. The classic work on depopulation remains Joseph J. Spengler, France Faces Depopulation: Postlude Edition, 1936-1976 (Durham: Duke University Press, 1979); updated, first, from a feminist perspective by Karen Offen, "Depopulation, Nationalism, and Feminism in Fin-de-Siècle France," American Historical Review 89 (1984): 648-676; and, most recently, by Rachel G. Fuchs's special issue on "Population and the State in the Third Republic," French Historical Studies 19 (Spring 1996).
45. See Michelle Perrot, "The New Eve and the Old Adam: French Women's Condition at the Turn of the Century," in Behind the Lines: Gender and the Two World Wars, Margaret Randolph Higonnet et al., Eds. (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1987); and, more generally, A History of Women: Emerging Feminism from Revolution to World War, Geneviève Fraisse and Michelle Perrot, Eds. (Cambridge: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1993); and Laurence Klejman and Florence Rochefort, L'égalité en marche: Le féminisme sous la Troisième République (Paris: Presses de la fondation nationale des sciences politiques, 1989).
46. See Michelle Perrot, "The New Eve and the Old Adam: French Women's Condition at the Turn of the Century," in Behind the Lines: Gender and the Two World Wars, Margaret Randolph Higonnet et al., Eds. (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1987); and, more generally, A History of Women: Emerging Feminism from Revolution to World War, Geneviève Fraisse and Michelle Perrot, Eds. (Cambridge: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1993); and Laurence Klejman and Florence Rochefort, L'égalité en marche: Le féminisme sous la Troisième République (Paris: Presses de la fondation nationale des sciences politiques, 1989).
47. See Michelle Perrot, "The New Eve and the Old Adam: French Women's Condition at the Turn of the Century," in Behind the Lines: Gender and the Two World Wars, Margaret Randolph Higonnet et al., Eds. (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1987); and, more generally, A History of Women: Emerging Feminism from Revolution to World War, Geneviève Fraisse and Michelle Perrot, Eds. (Cambridge: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1993); and Laurence Klejman and Florence Rochefort, L'égalité en marche: Le féminisme sous la Troisième République (Paris: Presses de la fondation nationale des sciences politiques, 1989).
48. Alain Corbin, Women for Hire: Prostitution and Sexuality in France after 1850, Alan Sheridan, Trans. (Cambridge, Harvard University Press, 1990), 262.
49. On Fournier's work in France, see Corbin, Women for Hire, 246-275; and Claude Quétel, History of Syphilis, Judith Braddock and Brian Pike, Trans. (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1990), 131 -159. For examples of his influence abroad, see Mary Spongberg, Feminizing Venereal Disease: The Body of the Prostitute in Nineteenth- Century Medical Discourse (New York: New York University Press, 1997); and Allen M. Brandt, No Magic Bullet: A Social History of Venereal Disease in the United States since 1880 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1985).
50. and Claude Quétel, History of Syphilis, Judith Braddock and Brian Pike, Trans. (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1990), 131 -159.
51. and Claude Quétel, History of Syphilis, Judith Braddock and Brian Pike, Trans. (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1990), 131 -159. For examples of his influence abroad, see Mary Spongberg, Feminizing Venereal Disease: The Body of the Prostitute in Nineteenth-Century Medical Discourse (New York: New York University Press, 1997); and Allen M. Brandt, No Magic Bullet: A Social History of Venereal Disease in the United States since 1880 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1985).
52. and Claude Quétel, History of Syphilis, Judith Braddock and Brian Pike, Trans. (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1990), 131 -159. For examples of his influence abroad, see Mary Spongberg, Feminizing Venereal Disease: The Body of the Prostitute in Nineteenth- Century Medical Discourse (New York: New York University Press, 1997); and Allen M. Brandt, No Magic Bullet: A Social History of Venereal Disease in the United States since 1880 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1985).
53. Corbin, Women for Hire, 268-269.
54. See William H. Schneider, Quality and Quantity: The Quest for Biological Regeneration in Twentieth-Century France (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990); Anne Carol, Histoire de l'eugénisme en France: Les médecins et la procréation, XIXe-XXe siècle (Paris: Editions du Seuil, 1995); and, for international comparisons, The Wellborn Science: Eugenics in Germany, France, Brazil, and Russia, Mark B. Adams, Ed. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1990).
55. See William H. Schneider, Quality and Quantity: The Quest for Biological Regeneration in Twentieth-Century France (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990); Anne Carol, Histoire de l'eugénisme en France: Les médecins et la procréation, XIXe-XXe siècle (Paris: Editions du Seuil, 1995); and, for international comparisons, The Wellborn Science: Eugenics in Germany, France, Brazil, and Russia, Mark B. Adams, Ed. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1990).
56. See William H. Schneider, Quality and Quantity: The Quest for Biological Regeneration in Twentieth-Century France (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990); Anne Carol, Histoire de l'eugénisme en France: Les médecins et la procréation, XIXe-XXe siècle (Paris: Editions du Seuil, 1995); and, for international comparisons, The Wellborn Science: Eugenics in Germany, France, Brazil, and Russia, Mark B. Adams, Ed. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1990).
57. Adolphe Pinard, "Des garanties sanitaires du mariage," Revue pratique d'obstétrique et de pédiatrie (October 1903), 299, quoted in Carol, Histoire de l'eugénisme, 286.
58. Adolphe Pinard, "Des garanties sanitaires du mariage," Revue pratique d'obstétrique et de pédiatrie (October 1903), 299, quoted in Carol, Histoire de l'eugénisme, 286.
59. Quétel, History of Syphilis, 144. See also Carol, Histoire de l'eugénisme, 286-293.
60. Quétel, History of Syphilis, 144. See also Carol, Histoire de l'eugénisme, 286-293.
61. On the fight between neo-Malthusians and pro-natalists, see Francis Ronsin, La grève des ventres: Propagande néo-malthusienne et baisse de la natalité en France, 19e-20e siècles (Paris: Editions Aubier Montaigne, 1980); and Angus McLaren, Sexuality and Social Order: The Debate over the Fertility of Women and Workers in France, 1770-1920 (New York: Holmes and Meier, 1983).
62. On the fight between neo-Malthusians and pro-natalists, see Francis Ronsin, La grève des ventres: Propagande néo-malthusienne et baisse de la natalité en France, 19e-20e siècles (Paris: Editions Aubier Montaigne, 1980); and Angus McLaren, Sexuality and Social Order: The Debate over the Fertility of Women and Workers in France, 1770-1920 (New York: Holmes and Meier, 1983).
63. G.-M. Bessède, L'instruction sexuelle à l'école et dans la famille (Paris: A. Schleicher, 1913), 12.
64. Bessède, L'instruction sexuelle, 36.
65. Adolphe Pinard, quoted in Bessède, L'instruction sexuelle, 26-27.
66. See, for example, Madame Pégard, Deuxième Congrès international des oeuvres et institutions féminines (Paris: Charles Blot, 1902); and Dixième Congrès international des femmes, Avril de Sainte Croix, Ed. (Paris: V. Giard et E. Brière, 1914).
67. See, for example, Madame Pégard, Deuxième Congrès international des oeuvres et institutions féminines (Paris: Charles Blot, 1902); and Dixième Congrès international des femmes, Avril de Sainte Croix, Ed. (Paris: V. Giard et E. Brière, 1914).
68. Jean Marestan, L'éducation sexuelle, (Paris: Editions de la "Guerre Sociale," 1911), 16.
69. In addition to Durkheim and Doléris, participants included MM. Beaulavon, Benrubi, Brunschvicg, Bureau, Cantecor, Dagnan-Bouveret, Delacroix, Drouin, Dumas, Dumas, Halevy, Lacombe, Lalande, Lutoslawski, Malapert, Meyerson, Ogereau, Parodi, Revault d'Allones, and Winter. See "L'éducation sexuelle," 29.
70. H. Temerson, "Doléris," in Dictionnaire de biographie française, Roman d'Amat and R. Limouzin-Lamothe, Eds. (Paris: Librairie Letouzey et Ane, 1965), 62:442.
71. G. Lanson, contribution to La grande revue, 10 September 1910, quoted in Bessède, L'instruction sexuelle, 17.
72. G. Lanson, contribution to La grande revue, 10 September 1910, quoted in Bessède, L'instruction sexuelle, 17.
73. Jacques-Amédée Doléris, "L'éducation sexuelle par la famille, par la science, par la morale et par l'hygiène," in IIIe Congrès international d'hygiène scolaire (Paris: A. Maloine, 1911), 3:139. Doléris had spoken at the Second International Congress on School Hygiene as well, presenting a paper on the importance of physical education for young women.
74. Doléris, "L'éducation sexuelle," in IIIe Congrès international d'hygiène scolaire, 3:139.
75. Jacques-Amédée Doléris, contribution to "L'éducation sexuelle," 31-32.
76. See, for example, "La morale positive," Bulletin de la Société française de philosophie, 26 March 1908, 161-216; "Science et religion," Bulletin de la Société française de philosophie, 19 November 1908, 19-74; and L'efficacité des doctrines morales," Bulletin de la Société française de philosophie, 20 May 1909, 193-234. Discussion of morality often came up in the context of other subjects as well. See, for example, "La notion d'égalité sociale," Bulletin de la Société française de philosophie, 30 December 1909, 53-79.
77. See, for example, "La morale positive," Bulletin de la Société française de philosophie, 26 March 1908, 161- 216; "Science et religion," Bulletin de la Société française de philosophie, 19 November 1908, 19-74; and L'efficacité des doctrines morales," Bulletin de la Société française de philosophie, 20 May 1909, 193-234. Discussion of morality often came up in the context of other subjects as well. See, for example, "La notion d'égalité sociale," Bulletin de la Société française de philosophie, 30 December 1909, 53-79.
78. See, for example, "La morale positive," Bulletin de la Société française de philosophie, 26 March 1908, 161- 216; "Science et religion," Bulletin de la Société française de philosophie, 19 November 1908, 19-74; and L'efficacité des doctrines morales," Bulletin de la Société française de philosophie, 20 May 1909, 193-234. Discussion of morality often came up in the context of other subjects as well. See, for example, "La notion d'égalité sociale," Bulletin de la Société française de philosophie, 30 December 1909, 53-79.
79. See, for example, "La morale positive," Bulletin de la Société française de philosophie, 26 March 1908, 161- 216; "Science et religion," Bulletin de la Société française de philosophie, 19 November 1908, 19-74; and L'efficacité des doctrines morales," Bulletin de la Société française de philosophie, 20 May 1909, 193-234. Discussion of morality often came up in the context of other subjects as well. See, for example, "La notion d'égalité sociale," Bulletin de la Société française de philosophie, 30 December 1909, 53-79.
80. See, for example, Vogt, "Political Connections;" Stock-Morton, Moral Education for a Secular Society, part 4; and Durkheim, Pickering, Ed.
81. See, for example, Vogt, "Political Connections;" Stock-Morton, Moral Education for a Secular Society, part 4; and Durkheim, Pickering, Ed.
82. See, for example, Vogt, "Political Connections;" Stock-Morton, Moral Education for a Secular Society, part 4; and Durkheim, Pickering, Ed.
83. Emile Durkheim, contribution to "L'éducation sexuelle," 35.
84. See Emile Durkheim, L'éducation morale (Paris: Presses universitaires de France, 1963) and the discussion by Vogt, "Political Connections," 68-73.
85. See Emile Durkheim, L'éducation morale (Paris: Presses universitaires de France, 1963) and the discussion by Vogt, "Political Connections," 68-73.
86. Durkheim, contribution to "L'éducation sexuelle," 33-34.
87. Ibid. , and see Robert Alun Jones, "Durkheim and La cité antique: An Essay on the Origins of Durkheim's Sociology of Religion," in Emile Durkheim, Turner, Ed., 25-51.
88. Ibid. , and see Robert Alun Jones, "Durkheim and La cité antique: An Essay on the Origins of Durkheim's Sociology of Religion," in Emile Durkheim, Turner, Ed., 25-51.
89. Durkheim, contribution to "L'éducation sexuelle," 34-35.
90. See, for example, Dominique Parodi, "Morale et sociologie." Revue d'économie politique 21 (1907): 241-270. On the general issue, see W. Paul Vogt, "Durkheimian Sociology Versus Philosophical Rationalism: The Case of Célestin Bougle," in Sociological Domain, Besnard, Ed., esp. 233, 236.
91. See, for example, Dominique Parodi, "Morale et sociologie." Revue d'économie politique 21 (1907): 241- 270. On the general issue, see W. Paul Vogt, "Durkheimian Sociology Versus Philosophical Rationalism: The Case of Célestin Bougle," in Sociological Domain, Besnard, Ed., esp. 233, 236.
92. Dominique Parodi, contribution to "L'éducation sexuelle," 42-43.
93. Paulin Malapert, contribution to "L'éducation sexuelle," 51-52.
94. See Malapert's lecture to the Ecole des hautes etudes en sciences sociales, "Le but et la nature de l'enseignement secondaire," in Ernest Lavisse, et al., L'éducation de la démocratie (Paris: Félix Alcan, 1903). For brief characterizations of his approach to philosophy, see Dominique Parodi, La philosophie contemporaine en France: Essai de classification des doctrines (Paris: Félix Alcan, 1925), 91-93.
95. See Malapert's lecture to the Ecole des hautes etudes en sciences sociales, "Le but et la nature de l'enseignement secondaire," in Ernest Lavisse, et al., L'éducation de la démocratie (Paris: Félix Alcan, 1903). For brief characterizations of his approach to philosophy, see Dominique Parodi, La philosophie contemporaine en France: Essai de classification des doctrines (Paris: Félix Alcan, 1925), 91-93.
96. Paul Bureau, contribution to "L'éducation sexuelle," 38-39.
97. M. Lutoslawski, contribution to "L'éducation sexuelle," 47.
98. See, similarly, the exchange between Durkheim and Catholic modernist Abbé Laberthonnière after Emile Boutroux's presentation, "Science et religion," Bulletin de la Société française de philosophie, 19 November 1908, 56-66. Laberthonnière charged that Durkheim's "science of religion" diminished the importance of religion by requiring its study "from above and from outside somewhat like the naturalist who studies . . . the customs of bees" (63).
99. Paul Bureau, La crise morale des temps nouveau (Paris: Bloud et Cie, 1908), ch. 5-6.
100. See Antoine Savoye, "Les continuateurs de Le Play au tournant du siècle," Revue française de sociologie 22 (July-September 1981): esp. 330-333.
101. Bureau, contribution to "L'éducation sexuelle," 39, 41-42.
102. Doléris, contribution to "L'éducation sexuelle," 36-37.
103. Durkheim, contribution to "L'éducation sexuelle," 37-38, 45.
104. See, for example, Emile Durkheim, The Division of Labor in Society, W. D. Halls, Trans. (New York: The Free Press, 1984), 16-24; Suicide, John A. Spaulding and George Simpson, Trans. (Glencoe: The Free Press, 1951), 171-216, 259-276, 378-392; "Le divorce par consentement mutuel," Revue bleue (1906): 549-554; and contributions to "Mariage et divorce," Libres entretiens (1909): 258-293. On Durkheim, suicide, and divorce, see especially Philippe Besnard, "Durkheim et les femmes ou le Suicide inachevé," Revue française de sociologie 14 (1973): 27-61; and Besnard, "Anomie and Fatalism in Durkheim's Theory of Regulation," in Emile Durkheim, Turner, Ed., 169-192.
105. See, for example, Emile Durkheim, The Division of Labor in Society, W. D. Halls, Trans. (New York: The Free Press, 1984), 16-24; Suicide, John A. Spaulding and George Simpson, Trans. (Glencoe: The Free Press, 1951), 171-216, 259-276, 378-392; "Le divorce par consentement mutuel," Revue bleue (1906): 549-554; and contributions to "Mariage et divorce," Libres entretiens (1909): 258-293. On Durkheim, suicide, and divorce, see especially Philippe Besnard, "Durkheim et les femmes ou le Suicide inachevé," Revue française de sociologie 14 (1973): 27-61; and Besnard, "Anomie and Fatalism in Durkheim's Theory of Regulation," in Emile Durkheim, Turner, Ed., 169-192.
106. See, for example, Emile Durkheim, The Division of Labor in Society, W. D. Halls, Trans. (New York: The Free Press, 1984), 16-24; Suicide, John A. Spaulding and George Simpson, Trans. (Glencoe: The Free Press, 1951), 171-216, 259-276, 378-392; "Le divorce par consentement mutuel," Revue bleue (1906): 549-554; and contributions to "Mariage et divorce," Libres entretiens (1909): 258-293. On Durkheim, suicide, and divorce, see especially Philippe Besnard, "Durkheim et les femmes ou le Suicide inachevé," Revue française de sociologie 14 (1973): 27-61; and Besnard, "Anomie and Fatalism in Durkheim's Theory of Regulation," in Emile Durkheim, Turner, Ed., 169-192.
107. See, for example, Emile Durkheim, The Division of Labor in Society, W. D. Halls, Trans. (New York: The Free Press, 1984), 16-24; Suicide, John A. Spaulding and George Simpson, Trans. (Glencoe: The Free Press, 1951), 171-216, 259-276, 378-392; "Le divorce par consentement mutuel," Revue bleue (1906): 549-554; and contributions to "Mariage et divorce," Libres entretiens (1909): 258-293. On Durkheim, suicide, and divorce, see especially Philippe Besnard, "Durkheim et les femmes ou le Suicide inachevé," Revue française de sociologie 14 (1973): 27-61; and Besnard, "Anomie and Fatalism in Durkheim's Theory of Regulation," in Emile Durkheim, Turner, Ed., 169-192.
108. See, for example, Emile Durkheim, The Division of Labor in Society, W. D. Halls, Trans. (New York: The Free Press, 1984), 16-24; Suicide, John A. Spaulding and George Simpson, Trans. (Glencoe: The Free Press, 1951), 171-216, 259-276, 378-392; "Le divorce par consentement mutuel," Revue bleue (1906): 549-554; and contributions to "Mariage et divorce," Libres entretiens (1909): 258-293. On Durkheim, suicide, and divorce, see especially Philippe Besnard, "Durkheim et les femmes ou le Suicide inachevé," Revue française de sociologie 14 (1973): 27-61; and Besnard, "Anomie and Fatalism in Durkheim's Theory of Regulation," in Emile Durkheim, Turner, Ed., 169-192.
109. See, for example, Emile Durkheim, The Division of Labor in Society, W. D. Halls, Trans. (New York: The Free Press, 1984), 16-24; Suicide, John A. Spaulding and George Simpson, Trans. (Glencoe: The Free Press, 1951), 171-216, 259-276, 378-392; "Le divorce par consentement mutuel," Revue bleue (1906): 549-554; and contributions to "Mariage et divorce," Libres entretiens (1909): 258-293. On Durkheim, suicide, and divorce, see especially Philippe Besnard, "Durkheim et les femmes ou le Suicide inachevé," Revue française de sociologie 14 (1973): 27-61; and Besnard, "Anomie and Fatalism in Durkheim's Theory of Regulation," in Emile Durkheim, Turner, Ed., 169-192.
110. Durkheim, contribution to "L'éducation sexuelle," 46; and Filloux, "Personne et sacré," 41.
111. Durkheim, contribution to "L'éducation sexuelle," 46; and Filloux, "Personne et sacré," 41.
112. See Lehmann, Durkheim and Women; Sydie, Natural Women, Cultured Men; Gane, "Emile Durkheim: Woman as Outsider," Besnard, "Durkheim et les femmes;" and Besnard, "Anomie and Fatalism."
113. See Lehmann, Durkheim and Women; Sydie, Natural Women, Cultured Men; Gane, "Emile Durkheim: Woman as Outsider," Besnard, "Durkheim et les femmes;" and Besnard, "Anomie and Fatalism."
114. See Lehmann, Durkheim and Women; Sydie, Natural Women, Cultured Men; Gane, "Emile Durkheim: Woman as Outsider," Besnard, "Durkheim et les femmes;" and Besnard, "Anomie and Fatalism."
115. See Lehmann, Durkheim and Women; Sydie, Natural Women, Cultured Men; Gane, "Emile Durkheim: Woman as Outsider," Besnard, "Durkheim et les femmes;" and Besnard, "Anomie and Fatalism."
116. See Lehmann, Durkheim and Women; Sydie, Natural Women, Cultured Men; Gane, "Emile Durkheim: Woman as Outsider," Besnard, "Durkheim et les femmes;" and Besnard, "Anomie and Fatalism."
117. Sydie, Natural Women, Cultured Men, 46.
118. Nancy Jay, Throughout Your Generations Forever: Sacrifice, Religion, and Paternity (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1992), 136. See, similarly, Victoria Lee Erickson, Where Silence Speaks: Feminism, Social Theory, and Religion (Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 1993), 9-10, 19-23.
119. Nancy Jay, Throughout Your Generations Forever: Sacrifice, Religion, and Paternity (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1992), 136. See, similarly, Victoria Lee Erickson, Where Silence Speaks: Feminism, Social Theory, and Religion (Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 1993), 9-10, 19-23.
120. Gane, "Emile Durkheim: Woman as Outsider," 21.
121. Durkheim, contribution to "L'éducation sexuelle," 46-47.
122. Marie Maugeret, "Le féminisme chrétien en France," Le féminisme chrétien, no. 8 (1897): 118-119. On the larger debates over divorce, see Edward Berenson, The Trial of Madame Caillaux (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1992).
123. Marie Maugeret, "Le féminisme chrétien en France," Le féminisme chrétien, no. 8 (1897): 118-119. On the larger debates over divorce, see Edward Berenson, The Trial of Madame Caillaux (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1992).
124. Emile Durkheim, "La prohibition de l'inceste et ses origines," Année sociologique 1896-1897, 2, 39, 40, 53-55.
125. Ibid., 69, 36, 48.
126. Emile Durkheim, The Elementary Forms of the Religious Life, Joseph Ward Swain, Trans. (New York: The Free Press, 1915), 246, 247-248, 250.
127. Ibid., 87.
128. See further Robert Alun Jones, "Durkheim, Realism, and Rousseau," Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences 32 (October 1996): 330-353; and John I. Brooks III, quot;The Definition of Sociology and the Sociology of Definition: Durkheim's Rules of Sociological Method and High School Philosophy in France," Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences 32 (October 1996): 379-407.
129. See further Robert Alun Jones, "Durkheim, Realism, and Rousseau," Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences 32 (October 1996): 330-353; and John I. Brooks III, quot;The Definition of Sociology and the Sociology of Definition: Durkheim's Rules of Sociological Method and High School Philosophy in France," Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences 32 (October 1996): 379-407.
130. Lukes, Durkheim, 530; Pickering, Durkheim's Sociology of Religion, v; Durkheim, Pickering, Ed., 121; Portis, "Sexe, moralité, et ordre social."
131. Lukes, Durkheim, 530; Pickering, Durkheim's Sociology of Religion, v; Durkheim, Pickering, Ed., 121; Portis, "Sexe, moralité, et ordre social."
132. Lukes, Durkheim, 530; Pickering, Durkheim's Sociology of Religion, v; Durkheim, Pickering, Ed., 121; Portis, "Sexe, moralité, et ordre social."
133. Lukes, Durkheim, 530; Pickering, Durkheim's Sociology of Religion, v; Durkheim, Pickering, Ed., 121; Portis, "Sexe, moralité, et ordre social."
134. Portis, "Sexe, moralité, et ordre social," 77.
135. For one recent overview of the issues involved, see Lisa Appignanesi and John Forrester, Freud's Women (New York: Basic Books, 1992).
136. Jacques-Amédée Doléris, "Les sports au point de vue de l'hygiene, chez la femme et la jeune fille," in Second International Congress on School Hygiene: Transactions, James Kerr and E. White Wallis, Eds. (London: The Royal Sanitary Institute, 1908), 1:31-32.
137. On the last of these alone, see Sandra Harding, The Science Question in Feminism (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1986); David Bloor, Knowledge and Social Imagery (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1976); Gerd Buchdahl's special issue on "The Sociology of Knowledge: Cases and Debates," Studies in History and Philosophy of Science 13 (December 1982); Warren Schmaus, Durkheim's Philosophy of Science and the Sociology of Knowledge (Chicago University of Chicago Press, 1994); and Helen Longino, Science as Social Knowledge: Values and
138. On the last of these alone, see Sandra Harding, The Science Question in Feminism (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1986); David Bloor, Knowledge and Social Imagery (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1976); Gerd Buchdahl's special issue on "The Sociology of Knowledge: Cases and Debates," Studies in History and Philosophy of Science 13 (December 1982); Warren Schmaus, Durkheim's Philosophy of Science and the Sociology of Knowledge (Chicago University of Chicago Press, 1994); and Helen Longino, Science as Social Knowledge: Values and Objectivity in Scientific Inquiry (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1990).
139. On the last of these alone, see Sandra Harding, The Science Question in Feminism (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1986); David Bloor, Knowledge and Social Imagery (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1976); Gerd Buchdahl's special issue on "The Sociology of Knowledge: Cases and Debates," Studies in History and Philosophy of Science 13 (December 1982); Warren Schmaus, Durkheim's Philosophy of Science and the Sociology of Knowledge (Chicago University of Chicago Press, 1994); and Helen Longino, Science as Social Knowledge: Values and Objectivity in Scientific Inquiry (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1990).
140. On the last of these alone, see Sandra Harding, The Science Question in Feminism (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1986); David Bloor, Knowledge and Social Imagery (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1976); Gerd Buchdahl's special issue on "The Sociology of Knowledge: Cases and Debates," Studies in History and Philosophy of Science 13 (December 1982); Warren Schmaus, Durkheim's Philosophy of Science and the Sociology of Knowledge (Chicago University of Chicago Press, 1994); and Helen Longino, Science as Social Knowledge: Values and Objectivity in Scientific Inquiry (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1990).
141. On the last of these alone, see Sandra Harding, The Science Question in Feminism (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1986); David Bloor, Knowledge and Social Imagery (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1976); Gerd Buchdahl's special issue on "The Sociology of Knowledge: Cases and Debates," Studies in History and Philosophy of Science 13 (December 1982); Warren Schmaus, Durkheim's Philosophy of Science and the Sociology of Knowledge (Chicago University of Chicago Press, 1994); and Helen Longino, Science as Social Knowledge: Values and Objectivity in Scientific Inquiry (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1990).
142. See, for example, Ann Snitow, "A Gender Diary," in Conflicts in Feminism, Marianne Hirsch and Evelyn Fox Keller, Eds., (London: Routledge, 1990), 9-43; and the wide range of conflicting responses to Carol Gilligan, In a Different Voice: Psychological Theory and Women's Development (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1982); to Joan Wallach Scott, Gender and the Politics of History (New York: Columbia University Press, 1988); and to Karen M. Offen, "Defining Feminism: A Comparative Historical Approach," Signs 14 (1988): 119-157.
143. See, for example, Ann Snitow, "A Gender Diary," in Conflicts in Feminism, Marianne Hirsch and Evelyn Fox Keller, Eds., (London: Routledge, 1990), 9-43; and the wide range of conflicting responses to Carol Gilligan, In a Different Voice: Psychological Theory and Women's Development (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1982); to Joan Wallach Scott, Gender and the Politics of History (New York: Columbia University Press, 1988); and to Karen M. Offen, "Defining Feminism: A Comparative Historical Approach," Signs 14 (1988): 119-157.
144. See, for example, Ann Snitow, "A Gender Diary," in Conflicts in Feminism, Marianne Hirsch and Evelyn Fox Keller, Eds., (London: Routledge, 1990), 9-43; and the wide range of conflicting responses to Carol Gilligan, In a Different Voice: Psychological Theory and Women's Development (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1982); to Joan Wallach Scott, Gender and the Politics of History (New York: Columbia University Press, 1988); and to Karen M. Offen, "Defining Feminism: A Comparative Historical Approach," Signs 14 (1988): 119-157.
145. See, for example, Ann Snitow, "A Gender Diary," in Conflicts in Feminism, Marianne Hirsch and Evelyn Fox Keller, Eds., (London: Routledge, 1990), 9-43; and the wide range of conflicting responses to Carol Gilligan, In a Different Voice: Psychological Theory and Women's Development (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1982); to Joan Wallach Scott, Gender and the Politics of History (New York: Columbia University Press, 1988); and to Karen M. Offen, "Defining Feminism: A Comparative Historical Approach," Signs 14 (1988): 119-157.
146. Michel Foucault, The History of Sexuality, Robert Hurley, Trans. (New York Vintage Books, 1980). See further Vern Bullough, Science in the Bedroom: A History of Sex Research (New York: Basic Books, 1994).
147. Michel Foucault, The History of Sexuality, Robert Hurley, Trans. (New York Vintage Books, 1980). See further Vern Bullough, Science in the Bedroom: A History of Sex Research (New York: Basic Books, 1994).