The United Nations Compensation Commission: A new contribution to the process of international claims resolution

Journal of International Economic Law

Volumn 2, Issue 2, 1999, Pages 249-272

  Wühler, Norbert ^a  

^a Palais des Nations   (Switzerland)

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EID: 0345763147     PISSN: 13693034     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/jiel/2.2.249     Document Type: Article

References (86)

1. See, for instance, E. J. Garmise, 'The Iraqi Claims Process and the Ghost of Versailles', N.Y.U. L. Rev. 67 (1992), 840 et seq. and C. P. R. Romano, 'Woe to the Vanquished? A Comparison of the Reparations Process after World War I (1914-18) and the Gulf War (1990-91)', Austrian Rev. Int'l and Eur. L. 2 (1997), 362 et seq.
2. See, for instance, E. J. Garmise, 'The Iraqi Claims Process and the Ghost of Versailles', N.Y.U. L. Rev. 67 (1992), 840 et seq. and C. P. R. Romano, 'Woe to the Vanquished? A Comparison of the Reparations Process after World War I (1914-18) and the Gulf War (1990-91)', Austrian Rev. Int'l and Eur. L. 2 (1997), 362 et seq.
3. D. J. Bederman, 'The United Nations Compensation Commission and the Tradition of International Claims Settlement', N.Y.U. J. Int'l L. & Pol. 27 (1994), 1, 42. See also M. S. Marzouk, 'The Evaluation of War Damage Costs: A Historical Overview and Implications to the Gulf War', Rivista internazionale di scienze economiche e commerciali 44 (1997), 549 et seq.
4. D. J. Bederman, 'The United Nations Compensation Commission and the Tradition of International Claims Settlement', N.Y.U. J. Int'l L. & Pol. 27 (1994), 1, 42. See also M. S. Marzouk, 'The Evaluation of War Damage Costs: A Historical Overview and Implications to the Gulf War', Rivista internazionale di scienze economiche e commerciali 44 (1997), 549 et seq.
5. See, for instance, C. Brower, 'The Lessons of the Iran-United States Claims Tribunal: How May They Be Applied in the Case of Iraq?', Va. J. Int'l L. 32 (1992), 421 et seq.
6. S/RES/687(1991) of 8 April 1991.
7. S/RES/692(1991) of 20 May 1991. The Fund and the Commission were created in accordance with a report that the UN Secretary-General had submitted to the Council; S/22559 of 2 May 1991.
8. S/22559, para. 20.
9. On the Commission and its background, see, for instance, C. Alzamora, 'Reflections on the UN Compensation Commission', Arb. Int'l 9 (1993), 349 et seq.; D. J. Bederman, 'The United Nations Compensation Commission and the Tradition of International Claims Settlement', N.Y.U. J. Int'l L. & Pol. 27 (1994), 1 et seq.; K.-H. Böckstiegel, 'Internationale Streiterledigung vor neuen Herausforderungen', in U. Beyerlin, M. Bothe, R. Hofmann and E.-U. Petersmann (eds.), Recht zwischen Umbruch und Bewahrung, 1995, 671 et seq.; id., 'Ein Agressor wird haftbar gemacht', Vereinte Nationen (1997), 89 et seq.; P. d'Argent 'Le Fonds et la Commission de Compensation des Nations Unies', Revue Belge de Droit Int'l 25 (1992), 485 et seq.; M. Frigessi di Rattalma, 'Nazioni Unite e Danni Derivanti dalla Guerra del Golfo' (1995); International Law Institute, 'Gulf War Claims Reporter', since 1992; W. Kälin (ed.), Human Rights in Times of Occupation: The Case of Kuwait (1994); R. B. Lillich (ed.), 'The United Nations Compensation Commission' (1995); F. H. Paolillo, 'Nature et Caractéristiques de la Procédure devant la Commission d'Indemnisation des Nations Unies', in: R.-J. Dupuy (ed.), The Development of the Role of the Security Council (1992), 287 et seq.; B. Stern, 'Un système hybride: la procédure de règlement pour la réparation des dommages résultant de l'occupation illicite du Koweit par l'Irak', McGill L. J. 37 (1992), 625 et seq.; G. Townsend, 'The Iraq Claims Process: A Progress Report on the United Nations Compensation Commission and U.S. Remedies', Loy. L.A. Int'l & Comp. L. J. 17 (1995), 973 et seq.;
10. On the Commission and its background, see, for instance, C. Alzamora, 'Reflections on the UN Compensation Commission', Arb. Int'l 9 (1993), 349 et seq.; D. J. Bederman, 'The United Nations Compensation Commission and the Tradition of International Claims Settlement', N.Y.U. J. Int'l L. & Pol. 27 (1994), 1 et seq.; K.-H. Böckstiegel, 'Internationale Streiterledigung vor neuen Herausforderungen', in U. Beyerlin, M. Bothe, R. Hofmann and E.-U. Petersmann (eds.), Recht zwischen Umbruch und Bewahrung, 1995, 671 et seq.; id., 'Ein Agressor wird haftbar gemacht', Vereinte Nationen (1997), 89 et seq.; P. d'Argent 'Le Fonds et la Commission de Compensation des Nations Unies', Revue Belge de Droit Int'l 25 (1992), 485 et seq.; M. Frigessi di Rattalma, 'Nazioni Unite e Danni Derivanti dalla Guerra del Golfo' (1995); International Law Institute, 'Gulf War Claims Reporter', since 1992; W. Kälin (ed.), Human Rights in Times of Occupation: The Case of Kuwait (1994); R. B. Lillich (ed.), 'The United Nations Compensation Commission' (1995); F. H. Paolillo, 'Nature et Caractéristiques de la Procédure devant la Commission d'Indemnisation des Nations Unies', in: R.-J. Dupuy (ed.), The Development of the Role of the Security Council (1992), 287 et seq.; B. Stern, 'Un système hybride: la procédure de règlement pour la réparation des dommages résultant de l'occupation illicite du Koweit par l'Irak', McGill L. J. 37 (1992), 625 et seq.; G. Townsend, 'The Iraq Claims Process: A Progress Report on the United Nations Compensation Commission and U.S. Remedies', Loy. L.A. Int'l & Comp. L. J. 17 (1995), 973 et seq.;
11. On the Commission and its background, see, for instance, C. Alzamora, 'Reflections on the UN Compensation Commission', Arb. Int'l 9 (1993), 349 et seq.; D. J. Bederman, 'The United Nations Compensation Commission and the Tradition of International Claims Settlement', N.Y.U. J. Int'l L. & Pol. 27 (1994), 1 et seq.; K.-H. Böckstiegel, 'Internationale Streiterledigung vor neuen Herausforderungen', in U. Beyerlin, M. Bothe, R. Hofmann and E.-U. Petersmann (eds.), Recht zwischen Umbruch und Bewahrung, 1995, 671 et seq.; id., 'Ein Agressor wird haftbar gemacht', Vereinte Nationen (1997), 89 et seq.; P. d'Argent 'Le Fonds et la Commission de Compensation des Nations Unies', Revue Belge de Droit Int'l 25 (1992), 485 et seq.; M. Frigessi di Rattalma, 'Nazioni Unite e Danni Derivanti dalla Guerra del Golfo' (1995); International Law Institute, 'Gulf War Claims Reporter', since 1992; W. Kälin (ed.), Human Rights in Times of Occupation: The Case of Kuwait (1994); R. B. Lillich (ed.), 'The United Nations Compensation Commission' (1995); F. H. Paolillo, 'Nature et Caractéristiques de la Procédure devant la Commission d'Indemnisation des Nations Unies', in: R.-J. Dupuy (ed.), The Development of the Role of the Security Council (1992), 287 et seq.; B. Stern, 'Un système hybride: la procédure de règlement pour la réparation des dommages résultant de l'occupation illicite du Koweit par l'Irak', McGill L. J. 37 (1992), 625 et seq.; G. Townsend, 'The Iraq Claims Process: A Progress Report on the United Nations Compensation Commission and U.S. Remedies', Loy. L.A. Int'l & Comp. L. J. 17 (1995), 973 et seq.;
12. On the Commission and its background, see, for instance, C. Alzamora, 'Reflections on the UN Compensation Commission', Arb. Int'l 9 (1993), 349 et seq.; D. J. Bederman, 'The United Nations Compensation Commission and the Tradition of International Claims Settlement', N.Y.U. J. Int'l L. & Pol. 27 (1994), 1 et seq.; K.-H. Böckstiegel, 'Internationale Streiterledigung vor neuen Herausforderungen', in U. Beyerlin, M. Bothe, R. Hofmann and E.-U. Petersmann (eds.), Recht zwischen Umbruch und Bewahrung, 1995, 671 et seq.; id., 'Ein Agressor wird haftbar gemacht', Vereinte Nationen (1997), 89 et seq.; P. d'Argent 'Le Fonds et la Commission de Compensation des Nations Unies', Revue Belge de Droit Int'l 25 (1992), 485 et seq.; M. Frigessi di Rattalma, 'Nazioni Unite e Danni Derivanti dalla Guerra del Golfo' (1995); International Law Institute, 'Gulf War Claims Reporter', since 1992; W. Kälin (ed.), Human Rights in Times of Occupation: The Case of Kuwait (1994); R. B. Lillich (ed.), 'The United Nations Compensation Commission' (1995); F. H. Paolillo, 'Nature et Caractéristiques de la Procédure devant la Commission d'Indemnisation des Nations Unies', in: R.-J. Dupuy (ed.), The Development of the Role of the Security Council (1992), 287 et seq.; B. Stern, 'Un système hybride: la procédure de règlement pour la réparation des dommages résultant de l'occupation illicite du Koweit par l'Irak', McGill L. J. 37 (1992), 625 et seq.; G. Townsend, 'The Iraq Claims Process: A Progress Report on the United Nations Compensation Commission and U.S. Remedies', Loy. L.A. Int'l & Comp. L. J. 17 (1995), 973 et seq.;
13. On the Commission and its background, see, for instance, C. Alzamora, 'Reflections on the UN Compensation Commission', Arb. Int'l 9 (1993), 349 et seq.; D. J. Bederman, 'The United Nations Compensation Commission and the Tradition of International Claims Settlement', N.Y.U. J. Int'l L. & Pol. 27 (1994), 1 et seq.; K.-H. Böckstiegel, 'Internationale Streiterledigung vor neuen Herausforderungen', in U. Beyerlin, M. Bothe, R. Hofmann and E.-U. Petersmann (eds.), Recht zwischen Umbruch und Bewahrung, 1995, 671 et seq.; id., 'Ein Agressor wird haftbar gemacht', Vereinte Nationen (1997), 89 et seq.; P. d'Argent 'Le Fonds et la Commission de Compensation des Nations Unies', Revue Belge de Droit Int'l 25 (1992), 485 et seq.; M. Frigessi di Rattalma, 'Nazioni Unite e Danni Derivanti dalla Guerra del Golfo' (1995); International Law Institute, 'Gulf War Claims Reporter', since 1992; W. Kälin (ed.), Human Rights in Times of Occupation: The Case of Kuwait (1994); R. B. Lillich (ed.), 'The United Nations Compensation Commission' (1995); F. H. Paolillo, 'Nature et Caractéristiques de la Procédure devant la Commission d'Indemnisation des Nations Unies', in: R.-J. Dupuy (ed.), The Development of the Role of the Security Council (1992), 287 et seq.; B. Stern, 'Un système hybride: la procédure de règlement pour la réparation des dommages résultant de l'occupation illicite du Koweit par l'Irak', McGill L. J. 37 (1992), 625 et seq.; G. Townsend, 'The Iraq Claims Process: A Progress Report on the United Nations Compensation Commission and U.S. Remedies', Loy. L.A. Int'l & Comp. L. J. 17 (1995), 973 et seq.;
14. On the Commission and its background, see, for instance, C. Alzamora, 'Reflections on the UN Compensation Commission', Arb. Int'l 9 (1993), 349 et seq.; D. J. Bederman, 'The United Nations Compensation Commission and the Tradition of International Claims Settlement', N.Y.U. J. Int'l L. & Pol. 27 (1994), 1 et seq.; K.-H. Böckstiegel, 'Internationale Streiterledigung vor neuen Herausforderungen', in U. Beyerlin, M. Bothe, R. Hofmann and E.-U. Petersmann (eds.), Recht zwischen Umbruch und Bewahrung, 1995, 671 et seq.; id., 'Ein Agressor wird haftbar gemacht', Vereinte Nationen (1997), 89 et seq.; P. d'Argent 'Le Fonds et la Commission de Compensation des Nations Unies', Revue Belge de Droit Int'l 25 (1992), 485 et seq.; M. Frigessi di Rattalma, 'Nazioni Unite e Danni Derivanti dalla Guerra del Golfo' (1995); International Law Institute, 'Gulf War Claims Reporter', since 1992; W. Kälin (ed.), Human Rights in Times of Occupation: The Case of Kuwait (1994); R. B. Lillich (ed.), 'The United Nations Compensation Commission' (1995); F. H. Paolillo, 'Nature et Caractéristiques de la Procédure devant la Commission d'Indemnisation des Nations Unies', in: R.-J. Dupuy (ed.), The Development of the Role of the Security Council (1992), 287 et seq.; B. Stern, 'Un système hybride: la procédure de règlement pour la réparation des dommages résultant de l'occupation illicite du Koweit par l'Irak', McGill L. J. 37 (1992), 625 et seq.; G. Townsend, 'The Iraq Claims Process: A Progress Report on the United Nations Compensation Commission and U.S. Remedies', Loy. L.A. Int'l & Comp. L. J. 17 (1995), 973 et seq.;
15. On the Commission and its background, see, for instance, C. Alzamora, 'Reflections on the UN Compensation Commission', Arb. Int'l 9 (1993), 349 et seq.; D. J. Bederman, 'The United Nations Compensation Commission and the Tradition of International Claims Settlement', N.Y.U. J. Int'l L. & Pol. 27 (1994), 1 et seq.; K.-H. Böckstiegel, 'Internationale Streiterledigung vor neuen Herausforderungen', in U. Beyerlin, M. Bothe, R. Hofmann and E.-U. Petersmann (eds.), Recht zwischen Umbruch und Bewahrung, 1995, 671 et seq.; id., 'Ein Agressor wird haftbar gemacht', Vereinte Nationen (1997), 89 et seq.; P. d'Argent 'Le Fonds et la Commission de Compensation des Nations Unies', Revue Belge de Droit Int'l 25 (1992), 485 et seq.; M. Frigessi di Rattalma, 'Nazioni Unite e Danni Derivanti dalla Guerra del Golfo' (1995); International Law Institute, 'Gulf War Claims Reporter', since 1992; W. Kälin (ed.), Human Rights in Times of Occupation: The Case of Kuwait (1994); R. B. Lillich (ed.), 'The United Nations Compensation Commission' (1995); F. H. Paolillo, 'Nature et Caractéristiques de la Procédure devant la Commission d'Indemnisation des Nations Unies', in: R.-J. Dupuy (ed.), The Development of the Role of the Security Council (1992), 287 et seq.; B. Stern, 'Un système hybride: la procédure de règlement pour la réparation des dommages résultant de l'occupation illicite du Koweit par l'Irak', McGill L. J. 37 (1992), 625 et seq.; G. Townsend, 'The Iraq Claims Process: A Progress Report on the United Nations Compensation Commission and U.S. Remedies', Loy. L.A. Int'l & Comp. L. J. 17 (1995), 973 et seq.;
16. On the Commission and its background, see, for instance, C. Alzamora, 'Reflections on the UN Compensation Commission', Arb. Int'l 9 (1993), 349 et seq.; D. J. Bederman, 'The United Nations Compensation Commission and the Tradition of International Claims Settlement', N.Y.U. J. Int'l L. & Pol. 27 (1994), 1 et seq.; K.-H. Böckstiegel, 'Internationale Streiterledigung vor neuen Herausforderungen', in U. Beyerlin, M. Bothe, R. Hofmann and E.-U. Petersmann (eds.), Recht zwischen Umbruch und Bewahrung, 1995, 671 et seq.; id., 'Ein Agressor wird haftbar gemacht', Vereinte Nationen (1997), 89 et seq.; P. d'Argent 'Le Fonds et la Commission de Compensation des Nations Unies', Revue Belge de Droit Int'l 25 (1992), 485 et seq.; M. Frigessi di Rattalma, 'Nazioni Unite e Danni Derivanti dalla Guerra del Golfo' (1995); International Law Institute, 'Gulf War Claims Reporter', since 1992; W. Kälin (ed.), Human Rights in Times of Occupation: The Case of Kuwait (1994); R. B. Lillich (ed.), 'The United Nations Compensation Commission' (1995); F. H. Paolillo, 'Nature et Caractéristiques de la Procédure devant la Commission d'Indemnisation des Nations Unies', in: R.-J. Dupuy (ed.), The Development of the Role of the Security Council (1992), 287 et seq.; B. Stern, 'Un système hybride: la procédure de règlement pour la réparation des dommages résultant de l'occupation illicite du Koweit par l'Irak', McGill L. J. 37 (1992), 625 et seq.; G. Townsend, 'The Iraq Claims Process: A Progress Report on the United Nations Compensation Commission and U.S. Remedies', Loy. L.A. Int'l & Comp. L. J. 17 (1995), 973 et seq.;
17. On the Commission and its background, see, for instance, C. Alzamora, 'Reflections on the UN Compensation Commission', Arb. Int'l 9 (1993), 349 et seq.; D. J. Bederman, 'The United Nations Compensation Commission and the Tradition of International Claims Settlement', N.Y.U. J. Int'l L. & Pol. 27 (1994), 1 et seq.; K.-H. Böckstiegel, 'Internationale Streiterledigung vor neuen Herausforderungen', in U. Beyerlin, M. Bothe, R. Hofmann and E.-U. Petersmann (eds.), Recht zwischen Umbruch und Bewahrung, 1995, 671 et seq.; id., 'Ein Agressor wird haftbar gemacht', Vereinte Nationen (1997), 89 et seq.; P. d'Argent 'Le Fonds et la Commission de Compensation des Nations Unies', Revue Belge de Droit Int'l 25 (1992), 485 et seq.; M. Frigessi di Rattalma, 'Nazioni Unite e Danni Derivanti dalla Guerra del Golfo' (1995); International Law Institute, 'Gulf War Claims Reporter', since 1992; W. Kälin (ed.), Human Rights in Times of Occupation: The Case of Kuwait (1994); R. B. Lillich (ed.), 'The United Nations Compensation Commission' (1995); F. H. Paolillo, 'Nature et Caractéristiques de la Procédure devant la Commission d'Indemnisation des Nations Unies', in: R.-J. Dupuy (ed.), The Development of the Role of the Security Council (1992), 287 et seq.; B. Stern, 'Un système hybride: la procédure de règlement pour la réparation des dommages résultant de l'occupation illicite du Koweit par l'Irak', McGill L. J. 37 (1992), 625 et seq.; G. Townsend, 'The Iraq Claims Process: A Progress Report on the United Nations Compensation Commission and U.S. Remedies', Loy. L.A. Int'l & Comp. L. J. 17 (1995), 973 et seq.;
18. On the Commission and its background, see, for instance, C. Alzamora, 'Reflections on the UN Compensation Commission', Arb. Int'l 9 (1993), 349 et seq.; D. J. Bederman, 'The United Nations Compensation Commission and the Tradition of International Claims Settlement', N.Y.U. J. Int'l L. & Pol. 27 (1994), 1 et seq.; K.-H. Böckstiegel, 'Internationale Streiterledigung vor neuen Herausforderungen', in U. Beyerlin, M. Bothe, R. Hofmann and E.-U. Petersmann (eds.), Recht zwischen Umbruch und Bewahrung, 1995, 671 et seq.; id., 'Ein Agressor wird haftbar gemacht', Vereinte Nationen (1997), 89 et seq.; P. d'Argent 'Le Fonds et la Commission de Compensation des Nations Unies', Revue Belge de Droit Int'l 25 (1992), 485 et seq.; M. Frigessi di Rattalma, 'Nazioni Unite e Danni Derivanti dalla Guerra del Golfo' (1995); International Law Institute, 'Gulf War Claims Reporter', since 1992; W. Kälin (ed.), Human Rights in Times of Occupation: The Case of Kuwait (1994); R. B. Lillich (ed.), 'The United Nations Compensation Commission' (1995); F. H. Paolillo, 'Nature et Caractéristiques de la Procédure devant la Commission d'Indemnisation des Nations Unies', in: R.-J. Dupuy (ed.), The Development of the Role of the Security Council (1992), 287 et seq.; B. Stern, 'Un système hybride: la procédure de règlement pour la réparation des dommages résultant de l'occupation illicite du Koweit par l'Irak', McGill L. J. 37 (1992), 625 et seq.; G. Townsend, 'The Iraq Claims Process: A Progress Report on the United Nations Compensation Commission and U.S. Remedies', Loy. L.A. Int'l & Comp. L. J. 17 (1995), 973 et seq.;
19. On the Commission and its background, see, for instance, C. Alzamora, 'Reflections on the UN Compensation Commission', Arb. Int'l 9 (1993), 349 et seq.; D. J. Bederman, 'The United Nations Compensation Commission and the Tradition of International Claims Settlement', N.Y.U. J. Int'l L. & Pol. 27 (1994), 1 et seq.; K.-H. Böckstiegel, 'Internationale Streiterledigung vor neuen Herausforderungen', in U. Beyerlin, M. Bothe, R. Hofmann and E.-U. Petersmann (eds.), Recht zwischen Umbruch und Bewahrung, 1995, 671 et seq.; id., 'Ein Agressor wird haftbar gemacht', Vereinte Nationen (1997), 89 et seq.; P. d'Argent 'Le Fonds et la Commission de Compensation des Nations Unies', Revue Belge de Droit Int'l 25 (1992), 485 et seq.; M. Frigessi di Rattalma, 'Nazioni Unite e Danni Derivanti dalla Guerra del Golfo' (1995); International Law Institute, 'Gulf War Claims Reporter', since 1992; W. Kälin (ed.), Human Rights in Times of Occupation: The Case of Kuwait (1994); R. B. Lillich (ed.), 'The United Nations Compensation Commission' (1995); F. H. Paolillo, 'Nature et Caractéristiques de la Procédure devant la Commission d'Indemnisation des Nations Unies', in: R.-J. Dupuy (ed.), The Development of the Role of the Security Council (1992), 287 et seq.; B. Stern, 'Un système hybride: la procédure de règlement pour la réparation des dommages résultant de l'occupation illicite du Koweit par l'Irak', McGill L. J. 37 (1992), 625 et seq.; G. Townsend, 'The Iraq Claims Process: A Progress Report on the United Nations Compensation Commission and U.S. Remedies', Loy. L.A. Int'l & Comp. L. J. 17 (1995), 973 et seq.;
20. On the Commission and its background, see, for instance, C. Alzamora, 'Reflections on the UN Compensation Commission', Arb. Int'l 9 (1993), 349 et seq.; D. J. Bederman, 'The United Nations Compensation Commission and the Tradition of International Claims Settlement', N.Y.U. J. Int'l L. & Pol. 27 (1994), 1 et seq.; K.-H. Böckstiegel, 'Internationale Streiterledigung vor neuen Herausforderungen', in U. Beyerlin, M. Bothe, R. Hofmann and E.-U. Petersmann (eds.), Recht zwischen Umbruch und Bewahrung, 1995, 671 et seq.; id., 'Ein Agressor wird haftbar gemacht', Vereinte Nationen (1997), 89 et seq.; P. d'Argent 'Le Fonds et la Commission de Compensation des Nations Unies', Revue Belge de Droit Int'l 25 (1992), 485 et seq.; M. Frigessi di Rattalma, 'Nazioni Unite e Danni Derivanti dalla Guerra del Golfo' (1995); International Law Institute, 'Gulf War Claims Reporter', since 1992; W. Kälin (ed.), Human Rights in Times of Occupation: The Case of Kuwait (1994); R. B. Lillich (ed.), 'The United Nations Compensation Commission' (1995); F. H. Paolillo, 'Nature et Caractéristiques de la Procédure devant la Commission d'Indemnisation des Nations Unies', in: R.-J. Dupuy (ed.), The Development of the Role of the Security Council (1992), 287 et seq.; B. Stern, 'Un système hybride: la procédure de règlement pour la réparation des dommages résultant de l'occupation illicite du Koweit par l'Irak', McGill L. J. 37 (1992), 625 et seq.; G. Townsend, 'The Iraq Claims Process: A Progress Report on the United Nations Compensation Commission and U.S. Remedies', Loy. L.A. Int'l & Comp. L. J. 17 (1995), 973 et seq.;
21. United Nations, 'The United Nations and the Iraq-Kuwait Conflict, 1990-1996', UN Department of Public Information (1996);
22. and N. Wühler, 'Ansprüche gegen Irak vor der United Nations Compensation Commission', Beilage zum Betriebs-Berater 12 (1996), 23 et seq.
23. Texts of Commissioner panel reports and Governing Council decisions are published in E. Lauterpacht (ed.), International Law Reports 109 (1998) and in the International Legal Materials. The Commission maintains a web site on the Internet that it updates regularly (http://www.uncc.ch).
24. By December 1998, the Governing Council had adopted 59 decisions, including 27 approving Commissioner panel reports.
25. The Commissioners appointed to date represent 38 different nationalities. They are lawyers, accountants and loss adjusters.
26. This is apparent from a number of procedural features. First, in the definitions section of the Commission's Provisional Rules for Claims Procedure (the 'Rules') (S/AC.26/1992/10 of 26 June 1992), a claimant is described as 'any individual, corporation ... that files a claim with the Commission' (Article 1, para. 12). Second, Governments submit claims on behalf of the individuals and corporations (Article 5 of the Rules). Third, procedural orders or other communications from the Commission are addressed to the individuals and corporations. And fourth, awards are made in respect of the individual claims within each instalment of claims that is reviewed and decided by a panel of Commissioners (Articles 37 and 38 of the Rules).
27. Article 5, para. 1 lit. a of the Rules.
28. Ibid.
29. Article 5, para. 2. It was anticipated, and turned out to be the case, that many Palestinians would be in such a situation.
30. Governing Council decision 1, para. 17 (S/AC.26/1991/1 of 2 August 1991). The category 'A' panel of Commissioners has laid down criteria for the existence of such a bona fide dual nationality; see first 'A' panel report, paras. 27 et seq. (S/AC.26/1994/2 of 21 October 1994). The same criteria have subsequently been applied by other panels of Commissioners.
31. Article 5, para. 1 lit. b of the Rules.
32. Article 5, para. 3 of the Rules.
33. For a discussion of the complex legal and valuation issues that will have to be addressed in the review of the environmental claims, see the 'Report of the Working Group of Experts on Liability and Compensation for Environmental Damage Arising from Military Activities' (UNEP/Env.Law/3/Inf.1 of 15 October 1996).
34. Governing Council decision 1 (S/AC.26/1991/1 of 2 August 1991), para. 18, states this for categories 'A', 'B' and 'C'. The same provision is contained in Governing Council decision 7 (S/AC.26/1991/7/Rev.1 of 17 March 1992), paras. 6, 21 and 34, for categories 'D', 'E' and 'F'.
35. Governing Council decision 9 (S/AC.26/1992/9 of 6 March 1992) and decision 15 (S/AC.26/1992/15 of 4 January 1993).
36. Governing Council decision 16 (S/AC.26/1992/16 of 4 January 1993).
37. Cf. the 'Administrative Decisions' of the US-German Mixed Claims Commission which operated from 1922 to 1939 and disposed of over 20,000 claims; for commentary on that Commission see H. E. Yntema, 'The Treaties with Germany and Compensation for War Damage', Colum. L. Rev. 23 (1923), 511 et seq.
38. Article 31 of the Rules.
39. Cf., for instance, the statement that 'international law and jurisprudence ... recognize the principle that interest should be paid', first 'A' panel report, p. 21 (S/AC.26/1994/2 of 21 October 1994); the definition of family 'in conformity with general principles of private international law', first 'B' panel report, p. 18 (S/AC.26/1994/1 of 26 May 1994); and several references by the 'C' panel to general principles of law, first 'C' panel report, pp. 28, 30 and 192 (S/AC.26/1994/3 of 21 December 1994). With respect to evidentiary requirements, one panel concluded that '[t]he rule of actori incumbit probatio is recognized and applied in both municipal and international law, though with more flexibility in international law' (referring to M. Kazazi, Burden of Proof and Related Issues: A Study on Evidence Before International Tribunals (1996), 116), first 'D' panel report, para. 69 (S/AC.26/1998/1 of 3 February 1998). Another panel found that the Governing Council's decision to hold Iraq liable for, inter alia, direct loss, damage or injury suffered as a result of '[m]ilitary operations or threat of military action by either side' during the relevant period was in accordance with the general principles of international law, Report of the panel reviewing the Well Blowout Control ('WBC') claim, para. 86 (S/AC.26/1996/5/Annex of 18 December 1996). The same panel referred to 'general principles of international law relating to mitigation of damages', ibid., para. One of the government claims panels referred to 'general principles of international law' when it selected a date for purposes of currency conversion, first 'F' panel report, para. 100 (S/AC.26/1997/6 of 18 December 1997). Where the evidence was insufficient to demonstrate with a reasonable degree of certainty the amount of the loss, the same panel, 'in conformity with general principles of law, exercised its discretion in assessing the amount of compensation that should be awarded'; the panel referred to article 7.4.3 (3) of the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts for a concise statement of that principle ('Where the amount of damages cannot be established with a sufficient degree of certainty, the assessment is at the discretion of the court.'), ibid., para. 62. And a corporate claims panel '[applied] the principle of article 31 of the Vienna Convention' on the Law of Treaties from which it '[took] guidance ... [i]n interpreting Security Council resolution 687 (1991)', first 'E2' panel report, paras. 54, 64 (S/AC.26/1998/7 of 3 July 1998). See also N. Wühler, 'Application of General Principles of Law', in International Council for Commercial Arbitration, XIIth International Arbitration Congress - Planning Efficient Arbitration Proceedings. The Law Applicable in International Arbitration (1994).
40. Cf., for instance, the statement that 'international law and jurisprudence ... recognize the principle that interest should be paid', first 'A' panel report, p. 21 (S/AC.26/1994/2 of 21 October 1994); the definition of family 'in conformity with general principles of private international law', first 'B' panel report, p. 18 (S/AC.26/1994/1 of 26 May 1994); and several references by the 'C' panel to general principles of law, first 'C' panel report, pp. 28, 30 and 192 (S/AC.26/1994/3 of 21 December 1994). With respect to evidentiary requirements, one panel concluded that '[t]he rule of actori incumbit probatio is recognized and applied in both municipal and international law, though with more flexibility in international law' (referring to M. Kazazi, Burden of Proof and Related Issues: A Study on Evidence Before International Tribunals (1996), 116), first 'D' panel report, para. 69 (S/AC.26/1998/1 of 3 February 1998). Another panel found that the Governing Council's decision to hold Iraq liable for, inter alia, direct loss, damage or injury suffered as a result of '[m]ilitary operations or threat of military action by either side' during the relevant period was in accordance with the general principles of international law, Report of the panel reviewing the Well Blowout Control ('WBC') claim, para. 86 (S/AC.26/1996/5/Annex of 18 December 1996). The same panel referred to 'general principles of international law relating to mitigation of damages', ibid., para. One of the government claims panels referred to 'general principles of international law' when it selected a date for purposes of currency conversion, first 'F' panel report, para. 100 (S/AC.26/1997/6 of 18 December 1997). Where the evidence was insufficient to demonstrate with a reasonable degree of certainty the amount of the loss, the same panel, 'in conformity with general principles of law, exercised its discretion in assessing the amount of compensation that should be awarded'; the panel referred to article 7.4.3 (3) of the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts for a concise statement of that principle ('Where the amount of damages cannot be established with a sufficient degree of certainty, the assessment is at the discretion of the court.'), ibid., para. 62. And a corporate claims panel '[applied] the principle of article 31 of the Vienna Convention' on the Law of Treaties from which it '[took] guidance ... [i]n interpreting Security Council resolution 687 (1991)', first 'E2' panel report, paras. 54, 64 (S/AC.26/1998/7 of 3 July 1998). See also N. Wühler, 'Application of General Principles of Law', in International Council for Commercial Arbitration, XIIth International Arbitration Congress - Planning Efficient Arbitration Proceedings. The Law Applicable in International Arbitration (1994).
41. Cf., for instance, the statement that 'international law and jurisprudence ... recognize the principle that interest should be paid', first 'A' panel report, p. 21 (S/AC.26/1994/2 of 21 October 1994); the definition of family 'in conformity with general principles of private international law', first 'B' panel report, p. 18 (S/AC.26/1994/1 of 26 May 1994); and several references by the 'C' panel to general principles of law, first 'C' panel report, pp. 28, 30 and 192 (S/AC.26/1994/3 of 21 December 1994). With respect to evidentiary requirements, one panel concluded that '[t]he rule of actori incumbit probatio is recognized and applied in both municipal and international law, though with more flexibility in international law' (referring to M. Kazazi, Burden of Proof and Related Issues: A Study on Evidence Before International Tribunals (1996), 116), first 'D' panel report, para. 69 (S/AC.26/1998/1 of 3 February 1998). Another panel found that the Governing Council's decision to hold Iraq liable for, inter alia, direct loss, damage or injury suffered as a result of '[m]ilitary operations or threat of military action by either side' during the relevant period was in accordance with the general principles of international law, Report of the panel reviewing the Well Blowout Control ('WBC') claim, para. 86 (S/AC.26/1996/5/Annex of 18 December 1996). The same panel referred to 'general principles of international law relating to mitigation of damages', ibid., para. One of the government claims panels referred to 'general principles of international law' when it selected a date for purposes of currency conversion, first 'F' panel report, para. 100 (S/AC.26/1997/6 of 18 December 1997). Where the evidence was insufficient to demonstrate with a reasonable degree of certainty the amount of the loss, the same panel, 'in conformity with general principles of law, exercised its discretion in assessing the amount of compensation that should be awarded'; the panel referred to article 7.4.3 (3) of the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts for a concise statement of that principle ('Where the amount of damages cannot be established with a sufficient degree of certainty, the assessment is at the discretion of the court.'), ibid., para. 62. And a corporate claims panel '[applied] the principle of article 31 of the Vienna Convention' on the Law of Treaties from which it '[took] guidance ... [i]n interpreting Security Council resolution 687 (1991)', first 'E2' panel report, paras. 54, 64 (S/AC.26/1998/7 of 3 July 1998). See also N. Wühler, 'Application of General Principles of Law', in International Council for Commercial Arbitration, XIIth International Arbitration Congress - Planning Efficient Arbitration Proceedings. The Law Applicable in International Arbitration (1994).
42. Cf., for instance, the statement that 'international law and jurisprudence ... recognize the principle that interest should be paid', first 'A' panel report, p. 21 (S/AC.26/1994/2 of 21 October 1994); the definition of family 'in conformity with general principles of private international law', first 'B' panel report, p. 18 (S/AC.26/1994/1 of 26 May 1994); and several references by the 'C' panel to general principles of law, first 'C' panel report, pp. 28, 30 and 192 (S/AC.26/1994/3 of 21 December 1994). With respect to evidentiary requirements, one panel concluded that '[t]he rule of actori incumbit probatio is recognized and applied in both municipal and international law, though with more flexibility in international law' (referring to M. Kazazi, Burden of Proof and Related Issues: A Study on Evidence Before International Tribunals (1996), 116), first 'D' panel report, para. 69 (S/AC.26/1998/1 of 3 February 1998). Another panel found that the Governing Council's decision to hold Iraq liable for, inter alia, direct loss, damage or injury suffered as a result of '[m]ilitary operations or threat of military action by either side' during the relevant period was in accordance with the general principles of international law, Report of the panel reviewing the Well Blowout Control ('WBC') claim, para. 86 (S/AC.26/1996/5/Annex of 18 December 1996). The same panel referred to 'general principles of international law relating to mitigation of damages', ibid., para. One of the government claims panels referred to 'general principles of international law' when it selected a date for purposes of currency conversion, first 'F' panel report, para. 100 (S/AC.26/1997/6 of 18 December 1997). Where the evidence was insufficient to demonstrate with a reasonable degree of certainty the amount of the loss, the same panel, 'in conformity with general principles of law, exercised its discretion in assessing the amount of compensation that should be awarded'; the panel referred to article 7.4.3 (3) of the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts for a concise statement of that principle ('Where the amount of damages cannot be established with a sufficient degree of certainty, the assessment is at the discretion of the court.'), ibid., para. 62. And a corporate claims panel '[applied] the principle of article 31 of the Vienna Convention' on the Law of Treaties from which it '[took] guidance ... [i]n interpreting Security Council resolution 687 (1991)', first 'E2' panel report, paras. 54, 64 (S/AC.26/1998/7 of 3 July 1998). See also N. Wühler, 'Application of General Principles of Law', in International Council for Commercial Arbitration, XIIth International Arbitration Congress - Planning Efficient Arbitration Proceedings. The Law Applicable in International Arbitration (1994).
43. Governing Council decision 9, paras. 8, 9 and 11 (S/AC.26/1992/9 of 6 March 1992).
44. On the central requirement of directness, see N. Wühler, 'Causation and Directness of Loss as Elements of Compensability Before the United Nations Compensation Commission', in Lillich, above n. 7, 207 et seq.
45. For the basic interpretation of the rule see the first report of the 'E2' panel (S/AC.26/1998/7 of 3 July 1998).
46. Security Council resolution 661 (1990) (S/RES/661 (1990) of 6 August 1990). On the various regimes set up by the Security Council to monitor UN imposed economic sanctions, see, e.g., H.-P. Kaul, 'Die Sanktionsausschüsse des Sicherheitsrats', Vereinte Nationen (1996), 96 et seq. and M. Kulessa, 'Von Märchen und Mechanismen', Vereinte Nationen (1996), 89 et seq.
47. Security Council resolution 661 (1990) (S/RES/661 (1990) of 6 August 1990). On the various regimes set up by the Security Council to monitor UN imposed economic sanctions, see, e.g., H.-P. Kaul, 'Die Sanktionsausschüsse des Sicherheitsrats', Vereinte Nationen (1996), 96 et seq. and M. Kulessa, 'Von Märchen und Mechanismen', Vereinte Nationen (1996), 89 et seq.
48. In Governing Council decision 15 (S/AC.26/1992/15 of 4 January 1993) for embargo losses.
49. Governing Council decision 19 (S/AC.26/Dec. 19 of 24 March 1994).
50. Governing Council decision 11 (S/AC.26/1992/11 of 26 June 1992).
51. For the situation in the United States, see, e.g., Townsend, above n. 7, 1006 et seq.; for that in the United Kingdom, see H. Fox and C. Wickremasinghe, 'British Implementation of UN Sanctions Against Iraq', Int'l & Comp. L.Q. 41 (1992), 920.
52. For the situation in the United States, see, e.g., Townsend, above n. 7, 1006 et seq.; for that in the United Kingdom, see H. Fox and C. Wickremasinghe, 'British Implementation of UN Sanctions Against Iraq', Int'l & Comp. L.Q. 41 (1992), 920.
53. See in particular Governing Council decision 13 (S/AC.26/1992/13 of 25 September 1992).
54. Security Council resolution 687 (1991), para. 19.
55. For a critical view of the establishment of the UNCC and its procedure, see, e.g., B. Graefrath, 'Iraqi Reparations and the Security Council', Heidelberg J. Int'l L. 55 (1995), 1 et seq.; P. Malanczuk, 'International Business and New Rules of State Responsibility? - The Law Applied by the United Nations (Security Council) Compensation Commission for Claims Against Iraq', in K.-H. Böckstiegel (ed.), Perspectives of Air Law, Space Law and International Business Law for the Next Century (1995), 117 et seq.; M. E. Schneider, 'How Fair and Efficient is the United Nations Compensation Commission System?, J. Int'l Arb. 15 (1998), 15 et seq. That the establishment of the Commission and its framework was within the Security Council's powers is shown by, e.g., D. Caron, 'The Legitimacy of the Collective Authority of the Security Council', Am. J. Int'l L. 87 (1993), 552 et seq.; J. Carver, 'Dispute Resolution or Administrative Tribunal: A Question of Due Process', in Lillich, above n. 7, 69 et seq.; M. Herdegen, 'Der Sicherheitsrat und die autoritative Konkretisierung des VII. Kapitels der UN-Charta', in Beyerlin, above n. 7, 103 et seq.
56. For a critical view of the establishment of the UNCC and its procedure, see, e.g., B. Graefrath, 'Iraqi Reparations and the Security Council', Heidelberg J. Int'l L. 55 (1995), 1 et seq.; P. Malanczuk, 'International Business and New Rules of State Responsibility? - The Law Applied by the United Nations (Security Council) Compensation Commission for Claims Against Iraq', in K.-H. Böckstiegel (ed.), Perspectives of Air Law, Space Law and International Business Law for the Next Century (1995), 117 et seq.; M. E. Schneider, 'How Fair and Efficient is the United Nations Compensation Commission System?, J. Int'l Arb. 15 (1998), 15 et seq. That the establishment of the Commission and its framework was within the Security Council's powers is shown by, e.g., D. Caron, 'The Legitimacy of the Collective Authority of the Security Council', Am. J. Int'l L. 87 (1993), 552 et seq.; J. Carver, 'Dispute Resolution or Administrative Tribunal: A Question of Due Process', in Lillich, above n. 7, 69 et seq.; M. Herdegen, 'Der Sicherheitsrat und die autoritative Konkretisierung des VII. Kapitels der UN-Charta', in Beyerlin, above n. 7, 103 et seq.
57. For a critical view of the establishment of the UNCC and its procedure, see, e.g., B. Graefrath, 'Iraqi Reparations and the Security Council', Heidelberg J. Int'l L. 55 (1995), 1 et seq.; P. Malanczuk, 'International Business and New Rules of State Responsibility? - The Law Applied by the United Nations (Security Council) Compensation Commission for Claims Against Iraq', in K.-H. Böckstiegel (ed.), Perspectives of Air Law, Space Law and International Business Law for the Next Century (1995), 117 et seq.; M. E. Schneider, 'How Fair and Efficient is the United Nations Compensation Commission System?, J. Int'l Arb. 15 (1998), 15 et seq. That the establishment of the Commission and its framework was within the Security Council's powers is shown by, e.g., D. Caron, 'The Legitimacy of the Collective Authority of the Security Council', Am. J. Int'l L. 87 (1993), 552 et seq.; J. Carver, 'Dispute Resolution or Administrative Tribunal: A Question of Due Process', in Lillich, above n. 7, 69 et seq.; M. Herdegen, 'Der Sicherheitsrat und die autoritative Konkretisierung des VII. Kapitels der UN-Charta', in Beyerlin, above n. 7, 103 et seq.
58. For a critical view of the establishment of the UNCC and its procedure, see, e.g., B. Graefrath, 'Iraqi Reparations and the Security Council', Heidelberg J. Int'l L. 55 (1995), 1 et seq.; P. Malanczuk, 'International Business and New Rules of State Responsibility? - The Law Applied by the United Nations (Security Council) Compensation Commission for Claims Against Iraq', in K.-H. Böckstiegel (ed.), Perspectives of Air Law, Space Law and International Business Law for the Next Century (1995), 117 et seq.; M. E. Schneider, 'How Fair and Efficient is the United Nations Compensation Commission System?, J. Int'l Arb. 15 (1998), 15 et seq. That the establishment of the Commission and its framework was within the Security Council's powers is shown by, e.g., D. Caron, 'The Legitimacy of the Collective Authority of the Security Council', Am. J. Int'l L. 87 (1993), 552 et seq.; J. Carver, 'Dispute Resolution or Administrative Tribunal: A Question of Due Process', in Lillich, above n. 7, 69 et seq.; M. Herdegen, 'Der Sicherheitsrat und die autoritative Konkretisierung des VII. Kapitels der UN-Charta', in Beyerlin, above n. 7, 103 et seq.
59. For a critical view of the establishment of the UNCC and its procedure, see, e.g., B. Graefrath, 'Iraqi Reparations and the Security Council', Heidelberg J. Int'l L. 55 (1995), 1 et seq.; P. Malanczuk, 'International Business and New Rules of State Responsibility? - The Law Applied by the United Nations (Security Council) Compensation Commission for Claims Against Iraq', in K.-H. Böckstiegel (ed.), Perspectives of Air Law, Space Law and International Business Law for the Next Century (1995), 117 et seq.; M. E. Schneider, 'How Fair and Efficient is the United Nations Compensation Commission System?, J. Int'l Arb. 15 (1998), 15 et seq. That the establishment of the Commission and its framework was within the Security Council's powers is shown by, e.g., D. Caron, 'The Legitimacy of the Collective Authority of the Security Council', Am. J. Int'l L. 87 (1993), 552 et seq.; J. Carver, 'Dispute Resolution or Administrative Tribunal: A Question of Due Process', in Lillich, above n. 7, 69 et seq.; M. Herdegen, 'Der Sicherheitsrat und die autoritative Konkretisierung des VII. Kapitels der UN-Charta', in Beyerlin, above n. 7, 103 et seq.
60. For a critical view of the establishment of the UNCC and its procedure, see, e.g., B. Graefrath, 'Iraqi Reparations and the Security Council', Heidelberg J. Int'l L. 55 (1995), 1 et seq.; P. Malanczuk, 'International Business and New Rules of State Responsibility? - The Law Applied by the United Nations (Security Council) Compensation Commission for Claims Against Iraq', in K.-H. Böckstiegel (ed.), Perspectives of Air Law, Space Law and International Business Law for the Next Century (1995), 117 et seq.; M. E. Schneider, 'How Fair and Efficient is the United Nations Compensation Commission System?, J. Int'l Arb. 15 (1998), 15 et seq. That the establishment of the Commission and its framework was within the Security Council's powers is shown by, e.g., D. Caron, 'The Legitimacy of the Collective Authority of the Security Council', Am. J. Int'l L. 87 (1993), 552 et seq.; J. Carver, 'Dispute Resolution or Administrative Tribunal: A Question of Due Process', in Lillich, above n. 7, 69 et seq.; M. Herdegen, 'Der Sicherheitsrat und die autoritative Konkretisierung des VII. Kapitels der UN-Charta', in Beyerlin, above n. 7, 103 et seq.
61. Governing Council decision 1 (S/AC.26/1991/1 of 2 August 1991) and decision 17 (S/AC.26/Dec.17 of 24 March 1994).
62. As the category 'C' panel of Commissioners concluded, 'with such a large number of "urgent" claims to be reviewed in a relatively short period of time, the methods used to process them necessarily must depart from traditional approaches to claims adjustment or arbitration. Reflecting these observations and the Governing Council's directive, the Panel has concluded that it is neither appropriate nor feasible ... to review individually each element of loss for each 'C' claim ... [M]ost claims necessarily will be processed under methodologies designed to resolve massive numbers in a fair and expeditious manner. In developing such an approach, the Panel has weighed the interests of Iraq as well as those of the claimants and the humanitarian concerns underlying category "C".' First 'C' panel report, p. 39 (S/AC.26/1994/3 of 21 December 1994). For a general discussion of mass processing techniques, see, for instance, F. McGovern, 'Resolving Mature Mass Tort Litigation', B.U. L. Rev. 69 (1989), 659 et seq.; and F. McGovern, 'Looking to the Future of Mass Torts: A Comment on Schuck and Siliciano', Cornell L. Rev. 80 (1995), 101 et seq.
63. As the category 'C' panel of Commissioners concluded, 'with such a large number of "urgent" claims to be reviewed in a relatively short period of time, the methods used to process them necessarily must depart from traditional approaches to claims adjustment or arbitration. Reflecting these observations and the Governing Council's directive, the Panel has concluded that it is neither appropriate nor feasible ... to review individually each element of loss for each 'C' claim ... [M]ost claims necessarily will be processed under methodologies designed to resolve massive numbers in a fair and expeditious manner. In developing such an approach, the Panel has weighed the interests of Iraq as well as those of the claimants and the humanitarian concerns underlying category "C".' First 'C' panel report, p. 39 (S/AC.26/1994/3 of 21 December 1994). For a general discussion of mass processing techniques, see, for instance, F. McGovern, 'Resolving Mature Mass Tort Litigation', B.U. L. Rev. 69 (1989), 659 et seq.; and F. McGovern, 'Looking to the Future of Mass Torts: A Comment on Schuck and Siliciano', Cornell L. Rev. 80 (1995), 101 et seq.
64. The first 'A' panel report (S/AC.26/1994/2 of 21 October 1994) describes this computer 'matching'. See also C. Gibson, 'Using Computers to Evaluate Arbitral Claims: The Experience of the United Nations Compensation Commission', Arb. Int'l 13 (1997), 167 et seq.; B. T. Florence and J. Gurney, 'The Computerization of Mass Tort Settlement Facilities', Law & Contemp. Probs. 53 (1990), 189.
65. The first 'A' panel report (S/AC.26/1994/2 of 21 October 1994) describes this computer 'matching'. See also C. Gibson, 'Using Computers to Evaluate Arbitral Claims: The Experience of the United Nations Compensation Commission', Arb. Int'l 13 (1997), 167 et seq.; B. T. Florence and J. Gurney, 'The Computerization of Mass Tort Settlement Facilities', Law & Contemp. Probs. 53 (1990), 189.
66. Most instructive on how the category 'C' panel used these techniques are the first, second and sixth 'C' panel reports (S/AC.26/1994/3 of 21 December 1994; S/AC.26/1996/1 of 30 May 1996; and S/AC.26/1998/6 of 2 July 1998).
67. See C. Gibson, 'Mass Claims Processing: Techniques for Processing Over 400,000 Claims for Individual Loss at the United Nations Compensation Commission', in Lillich, above n. 7, 155 et seq.
68. First report of the 'C' panel, page 39 (S/AC.26/1994/3 of 21 December 1994).
69. Fourth report of the 'A' panel, para. 9 (S/AC.26/1995/4 of 12 October 1995).
70. Governing Council decision 10 (S/AC.26/1992/10 of 26 June 1992). For an in-depth analysis of the Commission's Rules, see M. F. Raboin, 'The Provisional Rules for Claims Procedure of the United Nations Compensation Commission: A Practical Approach to Mass Claims Processing', in Lillich, above n. 7, 119 et seq.
71. Governing Council decision 10 (S/AC.26/1992/10 of 26 June 1992). For an in-depth analysis of the Commission's Rules, see M. F. Raboin, 'The Provisional Rules for Claims Procedure of the United Nations Compensation Commission: A Practical Approach to Mass Claims Processing', in Lillich, above n. 7, 119 et seq.
72. The Rules foresee that, in so far as possible, 'claims with significant common legal and factual issues will be processed together'; article 38 lit. a.
73. First report of the 'E3' panel, para. 6 (S/AC.26/1998/13 of 17 December 1998).
74. The same short time period of six months is available, for instance, for the Claims Resolution Tribunal under the Claims Resolution Process for Dormant Accounts in Switzerland; article 37 of the Tribunal's Rules of Procedure, entitiled 'Time is of the Essence'.
75. An interesting comparison is provided by M. A. Peterson, 'Giving Away Money: Comparative Comments on Claims Resolution Facilities', L. & Contemp. Probs. 53 (1990), 113 et seq.
76. In accordance with para. 19 of Security Council resolution 687 (1991), the percentage was to take into account 'the requirements of the people of Iraq, Iraq's payment capacity as assessed in conjunction with the international financial institutions taking into consideration external debt service, and the needs of the Iraqi economy'. When the Secretary-General suggested the figure of 30 percent to the Security Council, he considered the probable levels of future oil export revenues of Iraq, the amounts of military spending and arms imports in the past, the service of Iraq's foreign debt and the needs for reconstruction and development in the country. (Report of the Secretary-General pursuant to para.19 of resolution 687 (S/22559 of 2 May 1991), para.13 and Note of the Secretary-General pursuant to para. 13 of his report of 2 May 1991 (S/22661 of 30 May 1991.) Interestingly, prior to the invasion, Iraq's military spending corresponded to approximately 30 percent of its oil revenues which is the level at which the contribution was eventually fixed.
77. Article 35, para. 2 of the Rules. Cf. again, for instance, the 'relaxed standard of proof' in the Claims Resolution Process for Dormant Accounts in Switzerland where the claimant must only show that it is 'plausible in light of all the circumstances' that he or she is entitled to a dormant account (article 22 of the Rules).
78. Article 35, para. 3 of the Rules.
79. Governing Council decision 17 (S/AC.26/Dec. 17 of 24 March 1994). The details of how category 'D', 'E' and 'F' claims would share in the payments have yet to be worked out by the Governing Council.
80. Governing Council decision 18 (S/AC.26/Dec. 18 of 24 March 1994).
81. Ibid.
82. For an overview of the Commission's treatment of 'F' claims and the results so far, see V. Heiskanen and R. O'Brien, 'UN Compensation Commission Panel Sets Precedents on Government Claims', Am. J. Int'l L. 92 (1998), 339 et seq.
83. Cf. J. R. Crook, 'The United Nations Compensation Commission - A New Structure to Enforce State Responsibility', Am. J. Int'l L. 87 (1993), 144 et seq.; C. Whelton, 'The United Nations Compensation Commission and International Claims Law: A Fresh Approach', Ottawa L. Rev. 25 (1993), 607 et seq.
84. Cf. J. R. Crook, 'The United Nations Compensation Commission - A New Structure to Enforce State Responsibility', Am. J. Int'l L. 87 (1993), 144 et seq.; C. Whelton, 'The United Nations Compensation Commission and International Claims Law: A Fresh Approach', Ottawa L. Rev. 25 (1993), 607 et seq.
85. See, e.g., the fourth report of the 'D' Panel on part two of the second instalment of category 'D' claims (S/AC.26/1998/15 of 17 December 1998); the first report of the 'E1' Panel (S/AC.26/1996/5 and Annex of 18 December 1996); the first report of the 'E2' Panel (S/AC.26/1998/7 of 3 July 1998); the first report of the 'E3' Panel (S/AC.26/1998/13 of 17 December 1998); and the first three reports of the 'F1' Panel (S/AC.26/1997/6 of 18 December 1997; S/AC.26/1997/4 of 12 March 1998; and S/AC.26/1998/12 of October 1998).
86. On the Commission and its work, see H. van Houtte, 'The Property Claims Commission in Bosnia-Herzegovina - A New Path to Restore Real Estate Rights in Post-War Societies?', in K. Wellens (ed.), International Law, Theory and Practice (1998), 549 et seq.