Progress in Nonpharmacologic Therapy of Atrial Fibrillation

Journal of Cardiovascular Electrophysiology

Volumn 14, Issue 12 SUPPL., 2003, Pages

  Packer, Douglas L ^a,b   Asirvatham, Sam ^a   Munger, Thomas M ^a  

^a MAYO CLINIC COLLEGE OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b ST MARY S HOSPITAL   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AMIODARONE;

CARDIOVERSION; CATHETER ABLATION; CONFERENCE PAPER; HEART ATRIUM FIBRILLATION; HEART ATRIUM PACING; HEART CONDUCTION; HEART VENTRICLE PACING; HUMAN; MORTALITY; PALLIATIVE THERAPY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SIDE EFFECT; SINUS NODE DYSFUNCTION; SINUS RHYTHM; TREATMENT INDICATION; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

EID: 0345761992     PISSN: 10453873     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1046/j.1540-8167.2003.90403.x     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (109)

1. Roy D, Talajic M, Dorian P, Connolly S, Eisenberg MJ, Green M, Kus T, Lambert J, Dubuc M, Gagne P, Nattel S, Thibault B: Amiodarone to prevent recurrence of atrial fibrillation. Canadian Trial of Atrial Fibrillation Investigators. N Engl J Med 2000;342:913-920.
2. Greenbaum RE, Campbell TJ, Channer KS, Dalrymple HW, Kingma JH, Santini M, Theisen K, Toivonnen LK: Conversion of atrial fibrillation and maintenance of sinus rhythm by dofetilide. The EMERALD (European and Australian Multicenter Evaluative Research on Atrial Fibrillation Dofetilide) study. Circulation 1998;98:I-633.
3. Halinen MO, Huttunen M, Paakkinen S, Tarssanen L: Comparison of sotalol with digoxin-quinidine for conversion of acute atrial fibrillation to sinus rhythm (the Sotalol-Digoxin-Quinidine trial). Am J Cardiol 1995;76:495-498.
4. Capucci A, Villani GO, Aschieri D, Piepoli M: Safety of oral propafenone in the conversion of recent onset atrial fibrillation to sinus rhythm: A prospective parallel placebo-controlled multicenter study. Int J Cardiol 1999;68:187-196.
5. Boriani G, Biffin M, Capucci A, Botto GL, Broffoni T, Rubino I: Oral propafenone to convert recent onset atrial fibrillation in patients with and without underlying heart disease: A randomized, controlled trial. Ann Intern Med 1997;126:621-25.
6. Abi-Mansour P, Carberry P, McCowan RJ, Henthorn RW, Dunn GH, Perry KT: Conversion efficacy and safety of repeated doses of ibutilide in patients with atrial flutter and atrial fibrillation. Am Heart J 1998;136:632-642.
7. Singh S, Zoble RG, Yellen L, Brodsky MA, Feld GK, Berk M: Efficacy and safety of oral dofetilide in converting to and maintaining sinus rhythm in patients with chronic atrial fibrillation or flutter: The Symptomatic Atrial Fibrillation Investigative Research on Dofetilide (SAFIRE-D) study. Circulation 2000;102:2385-2390.
8. Zehender M, Hohnloser S, Muller B, Meinertz T, Just H: Effects of amiodarone versus quinidine and verapamil in patients with chronic atrial fibrillation: Results of a comparative study and a 2-year follow up. J Am Coll Cardiol 1992;19:1054-1059.
9. Murgatroyd FD, Gibson SM, Baiyan X, O'Nunain S, Poloniecki JD, Ward DE, Malik M, Camm AJ: Double-blind placebo-controlled trial of digoxin in symptomatic paroxysmal atrial fibrillation. Circulation 1999;99:2765-2770.
10. Naccarelli GV, Dorian P, Hohnloser SH, Coumel P, Flecainide Multicenter Atrial Fibrillation Study Group: Prospective comparison of flecainide versus quinidine for the treatment of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation. Am J Cardiol 1996;77:53A-59A.
11. Chimienti M, Cullen MT Jr, Casadei G, Flecainide and Propafenone Italian Study (FAPIS) Investigators: Safety of long-term flecainide and propafenone in the management of patients with symptomatic paroxysmal atrial fibrillation: Report from the Flecainide and Propafenone Italian Study Investigators. Am J Cardiol 1996;77:60A-65A.
12. Jahangir A, Munger TM, Packer DL, Crijns H: Atrial fibrillation. In Podrid PJ, Kowey PR, eds: Cardiac Arrhythmia: Mechanisms, Diagnosis, and Management. Second Edition. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2001:457-499.
13. Wyse DG, Waldo AL, DiMarco JP, Domanski MJ, Rosenberg Y, Schron EB, Kellen JC, Greene HL, Mickel MC, Dalquist JE, Corley SD, Atrial Fibrillation Follow up Investigation of Rhythm Management (AFFIRM) Investigators: A comparison of rate control and rhythm control in patients with atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med 2002;347:1825-1833.
14. Van Gelder IC, Hagens VE, Bosker HA, Kingma JH, Kamp O, Kingma T, Said SA, Darmanata JI, Timmermans AJ, Tijssen JG, Crijns HJ: Rate control versus electrical cardioversion for persistent atrial fibrillation study group. A comparison of rate control and rhythm control in patients with recurrent persistent atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med 2002;347:1834-1840.
15. Mehra R, Hill MR: Prevention of atrial fibrillation/flutter by pacing techniques. In Saksena S, Luderitz B, eds: Interventional Electrophysiology: A Text Book. Armonk. NY: Futura Publishing Co., 1996:521-540.
16. Tse HF, Lau CP, Ayers GM: Incidence and modes of onset of early reinitiation of atrial fibrillation after successful internal cardioversion, and its prevention by intravenous sotalol. Heart 1999;82:319-324.
17. Connolly SJ, Kerr C, Gent M, Yusuf S: Dual-chamber versus ventricular pacing critical appraisal of current data. Circulation 1996;94:578-583.
18. Anderson RA, Nielson JC, Thomsen PE, Thuesen L, Mortensen PT, Vesterlund T, Pedersen AK: Long-term follow up of patients from a randomized trial of atrial versus ventricular pacing for sick-sinus syndrome. Lancet 1997;350:1210-1216.
19. Connolly SJ, Kerr CR, Gent M, Roberts RS, Yusuf S, Gillis AM, Sami MH, Talajic M, Tang ASL, Klein GJ, Lau C, Newman D: Effects of physiologic pacing versus ventricular pacing on the risk of stroke and death due to cardiovascular causes. N Engl J Med 2000;342:1385-1391.
20. Lamas GA, Orav EJ, Stambler BS, Ellenbogen KA, Sgarbossa EB, Huang SKS, Marinchak RA, Estes NAM III, Mitchell GF, Lieberman EH, Mangione CM, Goldman L: Quality of life and clinical outcomes in elderly patients treated with ventricular pacing as compared with dual-chamber pacing. N Engl J Med 1998;338:1097-1104.
21. Lamas GA, Lee KZ, Sweeney MO, Silverman R, Leon A, Yee R, Marinchak RA, Flaker G, Schron E, Orav EJ, Hellkamp AS, Greer GL: Ventricular pacing or dual-chamber pacing for sinus-node dysfunction. N Engl J Med 2002;346:1854-1862.
22. Wharton JM, Sorrentino RA, Campbell P, Gonzalez-Zuelgaray J, Keating E, Curtis A, Grill C, Hafley G, Lee K, PAC-A-TACH Investigators: Effect of pacing modality on atrial tachyarrhythmia recurrence in the tachycardia-bradycardia syndrome: Preliminary results of the pacemaker atrial tachycardia trial. Circulation 1998;98:I-494.
23. Keating E, Hafley G, Grill C, Sorrentino RA, Lee KL, Wharton JM, and the PAC-A-TACH Investigators: Effect of pacing modality on the quality of life in patients with tachycardia-bradycardia syndrome. J Am Coll Cardiol 1999;33:153A.
24. Gillis AM, Connolly SJ, Lacombe P, Philippon F, Dubuc M, Kerr CR, Yee R, Rose MS, Newman D, Kavanagh KM, Gardner MJ, Kus T, Wyse DG: Randomized crossover comparison of DDDR versus VDD pacing after atrioventricular junction ablation for prevention of atrial fibrillation. The Atrial Pacing Peri-ablation for Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation [PA(3)] study investigators. Circulation 2000;102:736-741.
25. Delfaut P, Prakash A, Giorgberidze I, Krol R, Munsif A, Lewis C, Mathew P, Saksena S: Continuous overdrive pacing prevents recurrent atrial fibrillation during single and dual site right atrial pacing. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 1997;20:1074.
26. Bailin SJ, Adler S, Giudici M: Prevention of chronic atrial fibrillation by pacing in the region of Bachmann's bundle: Results of a multicenter randomized trial. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2001;12:912-917.
27. Padeletti L, Pieragnoli P, Ciapetti C, Colella A, Musilli N, Porciani MC, Ricci R, Pignalberi C, Santini M, Puglisi A, Azzolini P, Spampinato A, Martelli M, Capucci A, Boriani G, Botto GL, Proclemer A: Randomized crossover comparison of right atrial appendage pacing versus interatrial septum pacing for prevention of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation in patients with sinus bradycardia. Am Heart J 2001;142:1047-1055.
28. Saksena S, Prakash A, Hill M, Krol RB, Munsif AN, Mathew PP, Mehra R: Prevention of recurrent atrial fibrillation with chronic dual-site right atrial pacing. J Am Coll Cardiol 1996;28:687-694.
29. Delfaut P, Saksena S, Prakash A, Krol RB: Long-term outcome of patients with drug-refractory atrial flutter and fibrillation after single-and dual-site right atrial pacing for arrhythmia prevention. J Am Coll Cardiol 1998;32:1900-1908.
30. Saksena S, Prakash A, Ziegler P, Hummel JD, Friedman P, Plumb VJ, Wyse DG, Johnson E, Fitts S, Mehra R, for the DAPPAF Investigators: Improved suppression recurrent atrial fibrillation with dual-site right atrial pacing and antiarrhythmia drug therapy. J Am Coll Cardiol 2002;40:1140-1150.
31. Leclercq JF, De Sisti A, Fiorello P, Halimi F, Manot S, Attuel P: Is dual site better than single site atrial pacing in the prevention of atrial fibrillation? Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 2000;23:2101-2107.
32. D'Allonnes GR, Pavin D, Leclercq C, Ecke JE, Jauvert G, Mabo P, Daubert JC: Long-term effects of biatrial synchronous pacing to prevent drug-refractory atrial tachyarrhythmia: A nine year experience. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2000;11:1081-1091.
33. Lau CP, Tse HS, Yu Cm, Teo WS, Kam R, Ng KS, Huang SSK, Fitts SM, Hettrick DA, Hill MRS, for the New Indication for Preventive Pacing in Atrial Fibrillation (NIPP-AF) Investigators: Dual-site atrial pacing for atrial fibrillation in patients without bradycardia. Am J Cardiol 2001;88:371-375.
34. Mabo P, Daubert J, Bouhour A, on behalf of the SYNBIAPACE study group: Biatrial Synchronous Pacing for Atrial Arrhythmia Prevention: the SYNBIAPACE study. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 1999;22: 755.
35. Daubert JC, Mabo PH, Berder V: Atrial tachyarrhythmia associated with high degree interatrial conclusion block. Eur J Card Pacing Elec 1994;1:35-44.
36. Lam CTF, Lau CP, Leung SK, Tse HF, Lee KLF, Tang MO, Tsang V: Efficacy and tolerability of continuous overdrive atrial pacing in atrial fibrillation. Europace 2000;2:286-291.
37. Israel CW, Lawo T, Lemke B, Gronefeld G, Hohnloser SH: Atrial pacing in the prevention of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation: First results of a new combined algorithm. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 2000;23:1888-1890.
38. Funck RC, Adamec R, Lurje L, Capucci A, Ritter P, Shekan D, Slegers LC, Tavernier R, Ishikawa T, on behalf of the PROVE Study Group: Atrial overdriving is beneficial in patients with atrial arrhythmias: First results of the PROVE study. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 2000;23:1891-1893.
39. Carlson MD, Gold MR, Ip J, Messenger J, Beau S, Camerson D, the ADOPT Investigators: Dynamic atrial overdrive pacing decreases symptomatic atrial arrhythmia burden in patients with sinus node dysfunction. Circulation 2001;104:II-383.
40. De Voogt W, De Vusser P, Lau CP, Bos A, Koistenen J, Mairesse G, Agren PL, Geelen P, on behalf of the OASES Study Group: OASES trial: Overdrive atrial septum stimulation in patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation and class 1 and class 2 pacemaker indication. NASPE Late Breaking Clinical Trials 2003.
41. Jung W, Wolpert C, Esmailzadeh B, Spehl S, Herwig S, Schumacher B, Lewalter T, Omran H, Kirchhoff PG, Vahlhaus C, Welz A, Luderitz B: Clinical experience with implantable atrial and combined atrioventricular defibrillators. J Interv Card Electrophysiol 2000;4(Suppl 1):185-195.
42. Adler SW 2nd, Wolpert C, Warman EN, Musley SK, Koehler JL, Euler DE: Efficacy of pacing therapies for treating atrial tachyarrhythmias in patients with ventricular arrhythmias receiving a dual-chamber implantable cardioverter defibrillator. Circulation 2001;104:887-892.
43. Lee MA, Pollak S, Kremers MS, Naik AM, Silverman R, Tuzi J, Wang W, Johnson LJ, Euler DE, for the ATTEST Investigators: The effect of atrial pacing therapies on atrial tachyarrhythmia burden and frequency. Results of a randomized trial in patients with bradycardia and atrial tachyarrhythmias. J Am Coll Cardiol 2003;41:1926-1932.
44. Israel CW, Ehrlich JR, Hohnloser SH: Suppression of atrial tachyarrhythmias by pacing. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2002;13:S31-S39.
45. Friedman PA, Warman EN, Xia HA, Mehra R, Stanton MS, Hammill SC: Atrial therapies reduce atrial arrhythmia burden in defibrillator patients. Circulation 2001;104:1023-1028.
46. Schoels W, Jung W, Stein KM, Seidl K, Haffajee CJ, for the Worldwide Jewel AF Investigators: Worldwide clinical experience with a new dual-chamber implantable cardioverter defibrillator system. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2001;12:521-528.
47. Timmermans C, Ayers GM, Jung W, Jordaens L, Rosenqvist M, Thibault B, Camm J, Rodriguez LM, Wellens HJ: Spontaneous episodes of atrial fibrillation after implantation of the Metrix Atrioverter: Observations on treated and nontreated episodes. Metrix Investigators. J Am Coll Cardiol 2000;35:1428-1433.
48. Boriani G, Bronzetti G, Ayers GM, Zannoli R, Branzi A, Capucci A, Magnani B: Efficacy and tolerability in fully conscious patients of transvenous low-energy internal atrial cardioversion for atrial fibrillation. Am J Cardiol 1998;81:241-244.
49. Steinhaus DM, Mongeon L, Musley SK, Foley L, Corrigan S: Internal defibrillation: Pain perception of low energy shocks. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 2002;25:1090-1093.
50. Packer D: Linear ablation for atrial fibrillation. In Haissaguerre M, Zipes DP. eds: Catheter Ablation of Arrhythmias. Armonk, NY: Futura Publishing Company, 2001:107-129.
51. Haissaguerre M, Shah DC, Takahashi A, Hocini M, Quiniou G, Garrigue S, LeMouroux A, Le Metayer P, Clementy J: Spontaneous initiation of atrial fibrillation by ectopic beats originating in the pulmonary veins. N Engl J Med 1998;339:659-666.
52. Chen SA, Tai CT, Tsai CF, Prakash VS, Yu WC, Hsu TL, Ding YA, Chang MS: Initiation of atrial fibrillation by ectopic beats originating from the pulmonary veins. Electrophysiological characteristics, pharmacological responses, and effects of radiofrequency ablation. Circulation 1999;100:1879-1886.
53. Haissaguerre M, Shah DC, Garrigue S, Takahashi A, Lavergne T, Hocini M, Peng JT, Roudaut R, Clementy J: Electrophysiological end point for catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation initiated from multiple pulmonary venous foci. Circulation 2000;101:1409-1417.
54. Haissaguerre M, Shah DC, Arentz T, Kalusche D, Takahashi A, Garrigue S, Hocini M, Peng JT, Clementy J: Catheter ablation of chronic atrial fibrillation targeting the reinitiating triggers. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2000;11:2-10.
55. Pappone C, Rosanio S, Vicedomini G, Tocchi M, Gugliotta F, Salvati A, Dicandia C, Calabro MP, Mazzone P, Ficarra E, DiGioia C, Gulletta S, Nardi S, Santinelli V, Benussi S, Alfieri O: Atrial electroanatomic remodeling after circumferential radiofrequency pulmonary vein ablation. Efficacy of an anatomic approach in a large cohort of patients with atrial fibrillation. Circulation 2001;104:2539-2544.
56. Gerstenfeld EP, Callans D, Rho R, Rajawat Y, Zado E, Marchlinski FE: Utility of exit block for identifying electrical isolation of the pulmonary veins. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2002;13:971-979.
57. Macle L, Weerasooriya R, Hocini M, Shah DC, Choi KJ, Scavee C, Raybaud F, Clementy J, Haissaguerre M: Irrigated-tip catheter ablation of pulmonary veins for treatment of atrial fibrillation. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2002;13:1067-1073.
58. Oral H, Ozaydin M, Chugh A, Lai SWK, Scharf C, Hassan S, Greenstein R, Han JD, Pelosi F Jr, Strickberger SA, Morady F: Segmental ostial ablation to isolate the pulmonary veins during atrial fibrillation. Feasibility and mechanistic insights. Circulation 2002;106:1256-1262.
59. Marrouche NF, Cole C, Bash D, Saad E, Balaban K, Pavia SV, Schweikert R, Saliba W, Abdul-Karim A, Pisano E, Fanelli R, Tchou P, Natale A: Circular mapping and ablation of the pulmonary vein for treatment of atrial fibrillation. J Am Coll Cardiol 2002;40:464-474.
60. Oral H, Tada H, Ozaydin M, Chugh A, Hassan S, Scharf C, Lai SWK, Greenstein R, Pelosi F Jr, Strickberger A, Morady F: Pulmonary vein isolation for paroxysmal and persistent atrial fibrillation. Circulation 2002;105:1077-1081.
61. Sanders P, Deen VR, Davidson NC, Sparks PB, Vohra JK, Kalman JM: Immediate and long-term results of radiofrequency ablation of pulmonary vein ectopy for cure of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation using a focal approach. Intern Med J 2002;32:202-207.
62. Mangrum JM, Kok LC, DiMarco JP, Haines DE: Intracardiac echocardiography-guided, anatomically based radiofrequency ablation of focal atrial fibrillation originating from pulmonary veins. J Am Coll Cardiol 2002;39:1964-1972.
63. Deisenhofer I, Bohlen-Knauf M, Zrenner B, Ndrepepa G, Schmieder S, Weber S, Schrieick J, Weyerbrock, Schmitt C: Circumferential mapping and electric isolation of pulmonary veins in patients with atrial fibrillation. Am J Cardiol 2003;91:159-163.
64. Packer DL, Monahan KH, Peterson LA, Friedman PA, Munger TM, Hammill SC, Asirvatham S: Predictors of successful atrial fibrillation ablation through pulmonary vein isolation. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 2003;26(Pt II):962.
65. Zrenner B, Schneider MAE, Karch MR, Brodherr-Heberlein S, Kaemmerer H, Hess J, Schomig A, Schmitt C: Mapping and ablation of atrial arrhythmias after surgical correction of congenital heart disease guided by a 64-electrode basket catheter. Am J Cardiol 2001;88:2214-2219.
66. Pappone C, Oreto G, Tocchi M, Gugliotta F, Vicedomini G, Salvati A, Dicandia C, Mazzone P, Santinelli V, Gulletta S, Chierchia S: Circumferential radiofrequency ablation of pulmonary vein ostia: A new anatomic approach for curing atrial fibrillation. Circulation 2000;102: 2619-2628.
67. Pappone C, Rosanio S, Vicedomini G, Tocchi M, Gugliotta F, Salvati A, Dicandia C, Calabro MP, Mazzone P, Ficarra E, DiGioia C, Gulletta S, Nardi S, Santinelli V, Benussi S, Alfieri O: Atrial electroanatomic remodeling after circumferential radiofrequency pulmonary vein ablation. Efficacy of an anatomic approach in a large cohort of patients with atrial fibrillation. Circulation 2001;104:2539-2544.
68. Pappone C, Rosanio S, Augello G, Callus G, Vicedomini G, Mazzone P, Gulletta S, Gugliotta F, Pappone A, Santinelli V, Tortoreillo V, Sala S, Zangrillo A, Crescenzi G, Benussi S, Alfieri O: Mortality, morbidity, and quality of life after circumferential pulmonary vein ablation for atrial fibrillation. J Am Coll Cardiol 2003;42:185-197.
69. Arora R, Verheule S, Scott L, Navarrete A, Katari V, Wilson E, Vaz D, Olgin JE: Arrhythmogenic substrate of the pulmonary veins assessed by high-resolution optical mapping. Circulation 2003;107:1816-1821.
70. Jalife J, Berenfeld O, Mansour M: Mother rotors and fibrillatory conduction: a mechanism of atrial fibrillation. Cardiovasc Res 2002;54:204-216.
71. Mansour M, Mandapati R, Berenfeld O, Chen J, Samie FH, Jalife J: Left-to-right gradient of atrial frequencies during acute atrial fibrillation in the isolated sheep heart. Circulation 2001;103:2631-2636.
72. Schauerte P, Scherlag BJ, Pitha J, Scherlag MA, Reynolds D, Lazzara R, Jackman WM: Catheter ablation of cardiac autonomic nerves for prevention of vagal atrial fibrillation. Circulation 2000;102:2774-2780.
73. Schauerte P, Scherlag BJ, Patterson E, Scherlag MA, Matsudaria K, Nakagawa H, Lazzara R, Jackman WM: Focal atrial fibrillation: experimental evidence for a pathophysiologic role of the autonomic nervous system. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2001;12:592-599.
74. Natale A, Shewchik J, Bash D, Fanelli R, Potenza D, Santarelli P, Schweikert R, White R, Saliba W, Kanagaratnam L, Tchou P, Lesh M: First human experience with pulmonary vein isolation using a through-the-balloon circumferential ultrasound ablation system for recurrent atrial fibrillation. Circulation 2000;102:1879-1882.
75. Saliba W, Packer DL, Marrouche N, Schweikert R, Pisano E, Shewchik J, Bash D, Fanelli R, Potenza D, Santarelli P, Tchou P, Natale A: Circumferential ultrasound ablation for pulmonary vein isolation: Analysis of acute and chronic failures. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2002;13:957-961.
76. Su W, Johnson SB, Packer DL: First experience with circumferential pulmonary vein ablation using a laser energy balloon catheter. Circulation 2001;104:II-567.
77. Su W, Johnson SB, Packer DL: Pulmonary vein ablation using laser energy balloon catheter. Europace 2002;3(A):A139.
78. Avitall B, Rosmus G, LaFontaine D, Helms R, Urbonas A: New cryotechnology for electrical isolation of the pulmonary veins. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2003;14:281-86.
79. Marrouche NF, Wazni O, Gillinov AM, Kein A, Bhargava M, Saad E, Bash D, Yamada H, Jaber W, Schweikert R, Tchou P, Abdul-Karim A, Saliba W, Natale A: Phased-array intracardiac echocardiography monitoring during pulmonary vein isolation in patients with atrial fibrillation. Impact on outcome and complications. Circulation 2003;107:2710-2716.
80. Lin WS, Tai CT, Hsieh MH, Tsai CF, Lin YK, Tsao HM, Huang JL, Yu WC, Yang SP, Ding YA, Chang MS, Chen SA: Catheter ablation of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation initiated by non-pulmonary vein ectopy. Circulation 2003;107:3176-3183.
81. Tsai CF, Hsieh MH, Lin WS, Yu WC, Ueng KC, Ding YA, Chang MS, Chen SA: Initiation of atrial fibrillation by ectopic beats originating from the superior vena cava. Electrophysiological characteristics and results of radiofrequency ablation. Circulation 2000;102:67-74.
82. Hwang C, Wu TJ, Doshi RN, Peter CT, Chen PS: Vein of Marshall cannulation for the analysis of electrical activity in patients with focal atrial fibrillation. Circulation 2000;101:1503-1505.
83. Tai CT, Tsai CF, Lin YK, Yu WC, Lee SH, Ding YA, Chang MS, Chen SA: Differentiating the ligament of Marshall from the pulmonary vein musculature potentials in patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation: Electrophysiological characteristics and results of radiofrequency ablation. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 2000;23(10 Pt I):1493-1501.
84. Hwang C, Karagueuzian HS, Chen PS: Idiopathic paroxysmal atrial fibrillation induced by a focal discharge mechanism in the left superior pulmonary vein: Possible roles of the ligament of Marshall. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 1999;10:636-648.
85. Omichi C, Lee MH, Chang CM, Lai AC, Hayashi H, Zhou S, Miyauchi Y, Okuyama Y, Hamabe A, Hwang C, Fishbein MC, Lin SF, Karagueuzian HS, Chen PS: Demonstration of electrical and anatomic connections between Marshall bundles and left atrium in dogs: Implications on the generation of P waves on surface electrocardiogram. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2002;13:1283-1291.
86. Oral H, Ozaydin M, Hiroshi T, Chugh A, Hassan S, Scharf C, Lai SWK, Greenstein R, Pelosi F, Strickberger A, Morady F: Clinical significance of early recurrences of atrial fibrillation after pulmonary vein isolation. J Am Coll Cardiol 2002;40:100-104.
87. Leite LR, Monahan KH, Asirvatham S, Munger TM, Friedman PA, Packer DL: Long-term implications of early recurrence of atrial fibrillation following radiofrequency pulmonary vein isolation. Circulation 2002;106:II-542.
88. Darbar D, Asirvatham S, Munger TM, Hammill SC, Packer DL: Differential response to antiarrhythmic drug therapy in focal-triggered substrate mediated atrial fibrillation following failed ablation. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 2001;24:546.
89. Haissaguerre M, Jais P, Shah DC, Arentz T, Kalusche D, Takahashi A, Garrigue S, Hocini M, Peng JT, Clementy J: Catheter ablation of chronic atrial fibrillation targeting the reinitiating triggers. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2000;11:2-10.
90. Valverde A, Asirvatham S, Monahan KH, Peterson LA, Bluhm CM, Friedman PA, Hammill SC, Packer DL: The importance of adjunctive linear ablation in patients undergoing pulmonary vein isolation for persistent or permanent atrial fibrillation. Circulation 2003;108:724.
91. Jais P, Scavee C, Hsu LF, Sanders P, Hocini M, Sacher F, Garrigue S, Clementy J, Haissaguerre M: Catheter ablation of chronic atrial fibrillation using a combination of left linear lesions and pulmonary vein isolation. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 2003;26:II-962.
92. Darbar D, Asirvatham S, Munger TM, Friedman PA, Grice SK, Rea RF, Hammill SC, Packer DL: Quantitation of symptomatic improvement in patients undergoing unsuccessful pulmonary vein ablation. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 2003;26(Pt II):1096.
93. Schweikert R, Saad E, Wilber D, Packer D, Marrouche N, Saliba W, Schmidt C, Karch M, Bash D, Tchou P, Natale A: Long term monitoring of phrenic nerve paralysis post ultrasound or radiofrequency ablation. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 2002;24:II-457.
94. Haissaguerre M, Shah DC, Garrigue S, Takahashi A, Lavergne T, Hocini M, Peng JT, Roudaut R, Clementy J: Electrophysiological end point for catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation initiated from multiple pulmonary venous foci. Circulation 2000;101:1409-1417.
95. Gerstenfeld EP, Sparks PB, Hattori K, Lesh MD: Clinical outcome after radiofrequency catheter ablation of focal atrial fibrillation triggers. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2001;12:900-908.
96. Yu WC, Tai CT, Tsai CF, Hsieh MH, Lin WS: Acquired pulmonary vein stenosis after radiofrequency catheter ablation of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2001;12:887-892.
97. Robbins IM, Doyle TP, Kemp WE, Lloyd JE, McMahon WS: Pulmonary vein stenosis after catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation. Circulation 1998;98:1769-1775.
98. Leite L, Su W, Milton MA, Johnson SB, Sarabanda A, Packer DL: Impact of evolution of ablation techniques on occurrence of pulmonary vein stenosis following ablation of atrial fibrillation. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 2003;26:II-1034.
99. Packer DL, Natale AN, Monahan KH, White R, Breen JF, Wilber DJ: Application of multirow spiral computed tomographic scanning to detect pulmonary vein stenosis in patients undergoing circumferential ultrasound balloon ablation. Circulation 2000;102:II-597.
100. Packer DL, Asirvatham S, Monahan KH, Shen WK, Rea RF, Hammill SC: Progression of pulmonary vein stenosis in patients following focal atrial fibrillation ablation. Circulation 2001;104:II-461.
101. Packer DL, Peterson LA, Hauser MF, Breen JF, Holmes DR Jr, Leite L: Utility of ventilation/perfusion imaging in the diagnosis and management of patients with pulmonary vein stenosis. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 2002;25:559.
102. Saad EB, Marrouche NF, Saad CP, Bhargava M, Bash D, Andrews-Williams M, Martin DO, Saliba WI, Schweikert RA, Gillinov M, McCarthy P, Tchou P, Natale A: Diagnostic value of lung perfusion scans and pulmonary function tests in patients with severe pulmonary vein stenosis after ablation of atrial fibrillation. Circulation 2002;106:II-3118.
103. Valverde A, Peterson LA, Monahan KH, Cha YM, Asirvatham S, Packer DL: Implications of total occlusion of a pulmonary vein following circumferential ablation for atrial fibrillation. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 2003;26:II-949.
104. Filipecki A, Saksena S, Prakash A, Krol R, Lin WH, Philip G: Atrial pacing improves rhythm control after linear right atrial ablation in refractory permanent and persistent atrial fibrillation. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 2001;24:707.
105. Wood MA, Kay GN, Ellenbogen KA: Clinical outcomes after ablation and pacing therapy for atrial fibrillation: A meta-analysis. Circulation 2000;101:1138-1144.
106. Clark DM, Plumb VJ, Epstein AE, Kay GN: Hemodynamic effects of an irregular sequence of ventricular cycle lengths during atrial fibrillation. J Am Coll Cardiol 1997;30:1039-1045.
107. Daoud EG, Weiss R, Bahu M, Knight BP, Bogun F, Goyal R, Harvey M, Strickberger A, Man K, Ching DO, Morady F: Effect of an irregular ventricular rhythm on cardiac output. Am J Cardiol 1996;78:1433-1436.
108. Ozcan C, Jahangir A, Friedman PA, Patel PJ, Munger TM, Rea RF, Lloyd MA, Packer DL, Hodge DO, Gersh BJ, Hammill SC, Shen WK: Long-term survival after ablation of the atrioventricular node and implantation of a permanent pacemaker in patients with atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med 2001;344:1043-1051.
109. Halperin JL, on behalf of the SPORTIFF III investigators: SPORTIFF III: A long-term randomized trial comparing ximelagatran with warfarin for prevention of stroke and systemic embolism in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. American College of Cardiology Scientific Sessions, 2003.