A comprehensive comparison of Ziehi-Neelsen and fluorescence microscopy for the diagnosis of tuberculosis in a resource-poor urban setting

International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease

Volumn 7, Issue 12, 2003, Pages 1163-1171

  Kivihya Ndugga, L E A ^a   Van Cleeff, M R A ^b   Githui, W A ^a   Nganga, L W ^a,c   Kibuga, D K ^d   Odhiambo, J A ^a   Klatser, Paul R ^b  

^a KENYA MEDICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (Kenya)

^b ROYAL TROPICAL INSTITUTE   (Netherlands)

^c Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Kenya   (Kenya)

^d MINISTRY OF HEALTH   (Kenya)

Author keywords

Cost effectiveness; Diagnosis; Fluorescence microscopy; Tuberculosis; Ziehl Neelsen

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AGED; ARTICLE; CONTROLLED STUDY; COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS; COST CONTROL; COST EFFECTIVENESS ANALYSIS; DIAGNOSTIC TEST; DISEASE TRANSMISSION; FEMALE; FLUORESCENCE MICROSCOPY; HUMAN; IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY; INTERMETHOD COMPARISON; KENYA; LUNG TUBERCULOSIS; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SPUTUM SMEAR; THORAX RADIOGRAPHY; URBAN AREA; ZIEHL NEELSEN STAINING; ANALYTICAL EQUIPMENT; COMPARATIVE STUDY; CONFIDENCE INTERVAL; CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY; DEVELOPING COUNTRY; ECONOMICS; HEALTH CARE PLANNING; ISOLATION AND PURIFICATION; METHODOLOGY; MICROBIOLOGICAL EXAMINATION; MIDDLE AGED; MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS; POVERTY; PROBABILITY; SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY; STATISTICAL MODEL; URBAN POPULATION;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AGED; BACTERIOLOGICAL TECHNIQUES; CONFIDENCE INTERVALS; COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS; CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDIES; DEVELOPING COUNTRIES; FEMALE; HEALTH RESOURCES; HUMANS; KENYA; LOGISTIC MODELS; MALE; MICROSCOPY, FLUORESCENCE; MIDDLE AGED; MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS; POVERTY; PROBABILITY; REAGENT KITS, DIAGNOSTIC; SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY; TUBERCULOSIS, PULMONARY; URBAN POPULATION;

EID: 0345733805     PISSN: 10273719     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (36)

1. World Health Organization. Global Tuberculosis Control. WHO Report 2002. WHO/CDS/TB/2002.295. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO, 2002.
2. Ministry of Health, Kenya. National Leprosy and Tuberculosis Control Programme, Annual Report 2001. Nairobi, Kenya: Ministry of Health, 2002.
3. Ministry of Health, Kenya. National Leprosy and Tuberculosis Programme, Annual Report 1999. Nairobi, Kenya: Ministry of Health, 2000.
4. Dye C, Watt C J, Bleed D. Low access to a highly effective therapy: a challenge for international tuberculosis control. Bull World Health Organ 2002; 80: 437-444.
5. Hopewell P C. Tuberculosis control: how the world has changed since 1990 [Editorial]. Bull World Health Organ 2002; 80: 427.
6. Perkins M D. New diagnostic tools for tuberculosis. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2000; 4 (Suppl 2): S182-S188.
7. Shinnick T M, Good R C. Diagnostic mycobacteriology laboratory practices. Clin Infect Dis 1995; 21: 291-299.
8. International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease. Technical guide for sputum examination for tuberculosis by direct microscopy. Bull Int Union Tuberc Lung Dis 1978; 53 (Suppl 2): 4-16.
9. Ministry of Health, Kenya. Guidelines for Tuberculosis and Leprosy Control for Health Workers in Kenya 2000. Nairobi, Kenya: Ministry of Health, 2000.
10. Kent P T, Kubica G P. Public health laboratory. A guide for the level III laboratory. Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and Human Services, CDC, 1985.
11. Kramer F, Modilevsky T, Valiany A R, Leedom J M, Barnes P M. Delayed diagnosis of tuberculosis in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Am J Med 1990; 89: 451-456.
12. Van Cleeff M R A, Kivihya-Ndugga L, Githui W A, Nganga L, Odhiambo J A, Klatser P R. A comprehensive study on the efficiency of the routine tuberculosis diagnostic process in Nairobi. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2003; 7: 186-189.
13. Rieder H L, Arnadottir Th, Tardencilla Gutierrez A A, et al. Evaluation of a standardised recording tool for sputum smear microscopy for acid-fast bacilli under routine conditions in low-income countries. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 1997; 1: 339-345.
14. Bishop J P, Neumann G. The history of the Ziehl-Neelsen stain. Tubercle 1970; 51: 196-206.
15. Braun M M, Kilburn J O, Smithwick R W, et al. HIV infection and primary resistance to anti-tuberculosis drugs in Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire. AIDS 1992; 6: 1327-1330.
16. Aber V R, Allen B W, Mitchison D A, Ayuma P, Edwards E A, Keyes A B. Quality control in tuberculosis bacteriology. 1. Laboratory studies on isolated positive cultures and the efficiency of direct smear examination. Tubercle 1980; 61: 123-133.
17. Lempert H. Fluorescence microscopy in the detection of tubercle bacilli. Lancet 1944; 2: 818.
18. Githui W, Kitui F, Juma E S, Obwana D O, Mwai J, Kwamanga D. A comparative study on the reliability of fluorescence microscopy and Ziehl-Neelsen method in the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis. East Afr Med J 1993; 70: 263-266.
19. Kubica G P. Correlation of acid-fast staining methods with culture results for mycobacteria. Bull Int Union Tuberc 1980; 55: 117-124.
20. Truant J P, Brett W A, Thomas W. Fluorescence microscopy of tubercle bacilli stained with auramine and rhodamine. Henry Ford Hosp Med Bull 1962; 10: 287-296.
21. Toman K. Tuberculosis case-finding and chemotherapy. Questions and answers. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization, 1979.
22. Tenover F C, Crawford J T, Huebner R E, Geiter L J, Horsburgh C R Jr, Good R C. The resurgence of tuberculosis: is your laboratory ready? J Clin Microbiol 1993; 31: 767-770.
23. Seceanu C A, Pfeiffer N C, McLean T. Evaluation of sputum smears concentrated by centrifugation for detection of acid-fast bacilli. J Clin Microbiol 1993; 31: 2371-2374.
24. Hanna B A. Diagnosis of tuberculosis by microbiologic techniques. In: Rom W N, Garay S M, eds. Tuberculosis. Boston, MA: Little Brown & Co, 1995: pp 159-170.
25. Lipsky B A, Gates J, Tenover F C, Plorde J J. Factors affecting the clinical value of microscopy for acid-fast bacilli. Rev Infect Dis 1984; 6: 214-222.
26. Crampin A C, Floyd S, Mwaungulu F, et al. Comparison of two versus three smears in identifying culture-positive tuberculosis patients in a rural African setting with high HIV prevalence. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2001; 5: 994-999.
27. Van Deun A, Hamid Salim A, Cooreman E, et al. Optimal tuberculosis case detection by direct smear microscopy: how much better is more? Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2002; 6: 222-230.
28. Finch D, Beaty C D. The utility of a single smear in the diagnosis of AIDS-related tuberculosis: implications for isolation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1996; 151: A148.
29. Marthur P, Sacks L, Auten G, Sall R, Levy C, Gordin F. Delayed diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis in city hospitals. Arch Intern Med 1994; 154: 306-310.
30. Mitchison D A. Standard smears for grading the content of acid-fast bacilli in sputum. Tubercle 1966; 47: 289-291.
31. Clancey J K, Allen B W, Rogers D T, Smith L S, Aber V, Mitchson D A. Comparison of machine and manual staining of direct smears for acid-fast bacilli by fluorescence microscopy. J Clin Pathol 1976; 29: 931-933.
32. Nolte F S, Metchock B. Mycobacterium. In: Murray P R, Baron E J, Pfaller M A, Tenover F C, Yolken R H, eds. Manual of clinical microbiology. 6th ed. Washington, DC: American Society for Microbiology, 1995: pp 400-437.
33. Roos B R, Cleeff M R A, Githui W A, Kivihya-Ndugga L, Kibuga D K, Klatser P R. Cost-effectiveness of the polymerase chain reaction versus smear-examination for the diagnosis of tuberculosis in Kenya: a theoretical model. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 1998; 2: 235-241.
34. World Health Organization. WHO Tuberculosis Programme: framework for effective tuberculosis control. WHO/TB/94.179. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO, 1994.
35. Ba F, Rieder H L. A comparison of fluorescence microscopy with the Ziehl-Neelsen technique in the examination of sputum for acid-fast bacilli. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 1999; 3: 1101-1105.
36. Long R, Scalcini M, Manfreida J, Jean-Baptiste M, Hershfield E. The impact of HIV on the usefulness of sputum smears for the diagnosis of tuberculosis. Am J Public Health 1991; 81: 1326-1328.