Indian languages in fiji: Past, present and future

South Asia: Journal of South Asia Studies

Volumn 21, Issue , 1998, Pages 181-214

  Siegel, Jeff ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NEW ENGLAND   (Australia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0345733469     PISSN: 00856401     EISSN: 14790270     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/00856409808723355     Document Type: Article

References (81)

1. C. Jayawardena, ‘The disintegration of caste in Fijian Indian rural society’, in L. R. Hiatt and Jayawardena (eds), Anthropology in Oceania: essays presented to lan Hogbin (Sydney, Angus and Robertson, 1971).
2. H. Tinker, A New System of Slavery: the export of Indian labour overseas (London, Oxford University Press, 1974);
3. K. L Gillion, Fiji’s Indian Migrants (Melbourne, O.U.P., 1962);
4. B. Lai, Girmityas: the origins of the Fiji Indians (Canberra, The Journal of Pacific History, 1983).
5. B. Lai, Girmityas: the origins of the Fiji Indians (Canberra, The Journal of Pacific History) p. 68.
6. Lai L, Girmityas, p. 70.
7. B. Lai, ‘Leaves of the Banyan Tree: origins and background of Fiji’s North Indian indentured migrants, 1879-1916’ (Ph.D thesis, Australian National University, 1980).
8. G. A. Grierson, Linguistic Survey of India, Vols I, V, VI, IX (Delhi, Motilal Benarsidass, 1903-1927).
9. J. Siegel, Language Contact in a Plantation Environment: a sociolinguistic history of Fiji (Cambridge University Press, 1987), pp. 140-4.
10. Gillion G, Fiji’s Indian Migrants, p. 51;
11. Gillion G, Fiji’s Indian Migrants, p. 102.
12. E Polome, ‘Creolization processes and diachronic linguistics’ in A. Valdman and A. Highfield (eds), Theoretical Orientations in Creole Studies (New York, Academic Press, 1980), p. 187;
13. L. M. Khubchandani, Plural Languages, Plural Cultures: communalism, identity, and sociopolitical change in contemporary India (Honolulu, University of Hawaii Press, 1983), p. 116.
14. S. K. Chatteiji, ‘Calcutta Hindustani: a study of a jargon dialect’, in S. K. Chatteiji, Select Papers, Vol. I (New Delhi, People’s Publishing House, 1972), pp. 204-56.
15. Tinker T, A New System, p. 52
16. C. T. Willson, The Maalim Saahib’s Hindustaani, 2nd ed. (Glasgow, Brown, Son and Ferguson, 1939).
17. J. Siegel, ‘Plantation Pidgin Fijian’, Oceanic Linguistics, Vol. 21 (1982), pp. 1-72.
18. Gillion G, Fiji’s Indian Migrants; W. Gill, Turn North-east at the Tombstone (Adelaide, Rigby, 1970).
19. Gillion G, Fiji’s Indian Migrants, p. 123.
20. Jayawardena J, ‘Disintegration of Caste’; Lai, Girmityas; see also Lai’s chapter in this volume. Lai, Girmityas, pp. 33-5.
21. A. C. Mayer, Peasants in the Pacific: a study of Fiji Indian rural society (London, Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1961), p. 5.
22. J. Siegel, ‘Fiji Hindustani’, University of Hawaii Working Papers in Linguistics, Vol. 7 (1975); R. F. Moag, Fiji Hindi: a basic course and reference grammar (Canberra, ANU Press, 1977).
23. Lai L, Girmityas, p. 69.
24. B. M. Schwartz, ‘Caste and Endogamy in Fiji’, in B. M. Schwartz (ed.), Caste in Overseas Indian Communities (San Francisco, Chandler, 1967).
25. R. Mesthrie, ‘Prolegomena to the History of Indian Languages in South Africa’, Journal of die University of Durban-Westville, new series, Vol. I (1984), pp. 57-72.
26. J. Siegel, ‘Language change and culture change among Fiji Indians’, in T. Dutton, (ed.), Culture Change, Language Change — case studies from Melanesia, (Canberra, Pacific Linguistics, 1992).
27. J. Siegel, ‘Pidgin Hindustani in Fiji’, in J.H.C.S. Davidson (ed.), Pacific Island. Languages: essays in honour of G. B. Milner (London, SOAS, 1990).
28. A complete list is given in Siegel, Language Contact, pp. 272-7.28
29. Mayer, Peasants, p. 70.2
30. T. K. Bhatia, ‘Trinidad Hindia: three generations of a transplanted variety’, Studies in the Linguistic Sciences, Vol. II (1982), p. 143.
31. Samami magazine, Vol. 10 (1983), p. 19
32. Siegel S, Language Contact, pp. 278-9.32
33. R. C. Pillai, ‘Adhurå Sapna’ in R. K. Barz and J. Siegel (eds), Language Transplanted: the development of overseas Hindi (Wiesbaden, Otto Harrassowitz, 1988).Moag, Fiji Hindi, p. 115.
34. Siegel, Language Contact, p. 197.
35. Pillai, ‘Adhura Sapna’. Lai, Girmityas, p. 70
36. K. L Gillion, The Fiji Indians: challenge to European dominance, 1920-1946 (Melbourne, O.U.P., 1977), p. 127.
37. C. A. Ferguson, ‘Diglossia’, Word, Vol. 15 (1959), pp. 325-40.
38. Siegel S, ‘Fiji Hindustani’, p. 129;
39. Moag, Fiji Hindi. J. S. Kanwal, A Hundred years of Hindi in Fiji (Suva, Fiji Teachers Union, 1979).
40. T. Sanadhya, FTjidwIp me men ikkls vats, (Kanpur, 1919)
41. T. Sanadhya, My Twenty-one years in the Fiji Islands and the Story cf the Haunted Line, J. D. Kelly andU. K. Singh (trans and eds) (Suva, Fiji Museum, 1991).
42. Gillion, Fiji Indians, p. 9.
43. J. S. Kanwal, Saverå S (New Delhi, Star, 1976); and DhartXMen Måta, New Delhi, Star, 1978.
44. R. F. Moag, ‘Diglossia versus bidialectalism: Hindi in Fij and in Eastern Uttar Pradesh’, in Bh. Krishnamurti (ed.), South Asian Languages: structure, convergence and diglossia (Delhi, Motilal Benarsidas, 1986), p. 354.
45. See J. Siegel, ‘English in Fiji’, World Englishes, Vol. 8, no. 1 (1989), p. 52.
46. P. Geraghty, ‘Language policy in Fiji and Rotuma’, in G. B. Milner, D. G. Arms and P. Geraghty (eds), Duivosavosa: Fiji’s Languages: their use and their future (Suva, Fiji Museum Bulletin, no. 8,1984), p. 60.
47. Subramani, (ed.), The Indo-Fijian Experience (St Lucia, The University of Queensland Press, 1979);
48. R. C. Pillai, The Celebration (Suva, Mana Publications and South Pacific Creative Arts Society, 1980);
49. S. Nandan, Faces in a Village (Suva, Viti, 1977).
50. J. Siegel, A survey of language use in the Indian speech community in Fiji, unpublished MS (Honolulu East-West Centre Resource Materials Collection, Institute of Culture and Communication, 1973).
51. Mayer M, Peasants, p. 106.
52. Gillion G, Fiji’s Indian Migrants, pp. 130-5.
53. R. F. Moag, ‘Linguistic adaptations of the Fiji Indians’, in V. Mishra (ed.), Rama’s Banishment (London, Heinemann, 1979), p. 126.
54. F. Lenwood, Pastels from the Pacific (London, Oxford University Press, 1917), p. 91.
55. H. W. McMillan, Guide to Hindustani (Suva, Government, 1947), pp. 39-40.
56. Moag M, ‘Diglossia’, p. 361.
57. Siegel S, ‘Fiji Hindustani’, p. 129.
58. Kanwal K, A Hundred Years, p. 85.
59. Moag M, ‘Diglossia’, p. 353.
60. S. Hobbs, Fiji Hindi - English, English - Fiji Hindi Dictionary, (Suva, Ministry of Education, 1985).
61. B. Tiwari, ‘Fiji Bat’, Gaganacal, Vol. 2, (1979), pp. 97-100.
62. Gillion G, The Fiji Indians, p. 127.D.
63. Taylor T, The Report of the Broadcasting Review Committee 1969/70, together with a Report on the Fiji Audience Survey June/Sept. 1969 (Fiji Broadcasting Commission, 1970).
64. Rao to R. Wah, 5 Aug. 1986.
65. M. E Makinson, ‘Popular attitudes towards Hindi in Fiji’ (B.A. Hons, thesis, ANU, Jan. 1989).
66. Moag M, ‘Diglossia’, p.
67. R S. Adam, Social Factors in Second Language Learning (PhD thesis, University of London, 1958).
68. R. V. White, ‘Language use in a South Pacific urban community’, Anthropological Linguistics, Vol. 13 (1971), pp. 361-85.
69. N. C. Dorian, ‘The value of language-maintenance efforts which are unlikely to succeed’, International Journal of the Sociology of Language, Vol. 68 (1987), p. 89.
70. N. C. Dorian, Language Death: the life cycle of a Scottish Gaelic dialect (Philadelphia, Univeristy of Pennsylvania Press, 1981), p. 59.
71. J. R. Dow, ‘Towards an understanding of some subtle stress on language maintenance among the Old Order Amish of Iowa’, International Journal of the Sociology of Language, Vol. 69 (1988), p. 29.
72. C. Bettoni and J. Gibbons, ‘Linguistic purism and the language shift: a guise-voice study of die Italian community in Sydney’, International Journal of the Sociology of Language, Vol. 69 (1988), pp. 15-35.
73. Rando R, ‘Standard language and dialect in Italy [and Australia]’, Journal of Intercultural Studies, Vol. 3, no. 2 (1982), p. 70.
74. C. Bettoni, ‘Language variety among Italians: anglicisation, attrition and attitudes’, in S. Romaine (ed.), Language in Australia, (Cambridge University Press, 1991), p. 268.
75. B. Brown, ‘The social consequences of writing Lousiana French’, Language in Society, Vol. 22 (1993), p. 77.
76. Mesthrie M, ‘Prolegomena’, p. 71.
77. Mesthrie M, ‘Prolegomena’, p. 70.
78. S. K. Gambhir, The East Indian Speech Community in Guyana: a sociolinguistic study with special reference to Koine formation (PhD thesis, University of Pennsylvania, 1981), p. 33;
79. P. Mohan and P. Zador, ‘Discontinuity in a life cycle: the death of Trinidad Bhojpuri’, Language, Vol. 62 (1986), p. 314.
80. J. Siegel, ‘Language maintenance of overseas Hindi’, in M. A. K. Halliday, J. Gibbons and Nicholas (eds), in Learning, Keeping and Using Language (Amsterdam, John Benjamin), p. 108.
81. T. Damsteeg, ‘Samami: a living language’, in R. K. Barz and J. Siegel, Language Transplanted, (Wiesbaden, Otto Harrassowitz, 1988).