Biochemical aspects of cassava (Manihot esculenta crantz) with special emphasis on cyanogenic glucosides - A review

Journal of the National Science Council of Sri Lanka

Volumn 25, Issue 1, 1997, Pages 1-24

  Jansz, E R ^a   Inoka Uluwaduge, D ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SRI JAYEWARDENEPURA   (Sri Lanka)

Author keywords

Cassava; Cyanogenic glucosides; Linamarase; Nutritive value; Photosynthesis; Processing; Toxicity detoxification

Indexed keywords

EID: 0345718977     PISSN: 03009254     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.4038/jnsfsr.v25i1.5015     Document Type: Article

References (113)

1. Centro International Agricultura Tropical (1979). Cassava programme annual report. Cali, Colombia, pp. 5-87.
2. Cerighelli, R. (1955). Plantes vivrieres. Cultures Tropicales, Libraire Bailliere et Fils, Paris, pp. 289-378.
3. Jones W.O. (1959). Manioc in Africa. Stanford University Press, Stanford, Calif., U.S.A. pp. 3-36.
4. De Bruijn G.H. (1971). Etude du caractere cyanogenetique du manioc (Manihot esculenta Crantz). Mededelingen Landbouwhoge Schol Wageningen-Nederlands. pp. 1-140.
5. Sharkawy E.I., Mabrouk A & Cock J.H. (1990). Photosynthesis in cassava (Manihot esculenta). Experimental Agriculture 26 : 325-340.
6. 14C - carbon dioxide fixation. Photosynthetic Research 12 : 237-241.
7. Edwards G.E., Sheta E.M., Brandon D. Dai Z., Franceshi V.R., Cheng S.H., Lin C.H., Ku M.S.B. (1991). Photosynthetic characteristics of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz). Biotechnology Letters 13 : 697-700.
8. Paul K. & Yeoh H. (1989). Activation of ribulose 1,5 bis P carboxylase of cassava leaves. (Manihot esculenta Crantz). Acta Physiol Planta 11:31-38.
9. Paul K. & Yeoh H. (1987). Km values of ribulose 1,5 bis P carboxylase of cassava cultivars. Phytochemistry 26 : 1965-1967.
10. Ramanujam T. & Jos J.S. (1984). Influence of light intensity on chlorophyll distribution and anatomical characters of cassava leaves. Turrialba. 34: 467-471.
11. Eyjolfsson R. (1970). Recent advances in the chemistry of cyanogenic glucosides. Fortschritte der chemie organ - Naturstoffe 28 : 74-108.
12. Nartey F. (1978). Mahihot esculenta - cyanogenic ultrastructure and seed germination. Villadsen and Christensen, Copenhangen. pp. 17-109.
13. Dunstan W.R., Henry T.A. ∧ Auld S.T.M. (1906). Cyanogenesis in plants. The occurrence of phaseolunatin in cassava. (Manihot aipi & Manihot utilissima). Proceedings of the Royal Society London B 78: 152-158.
14. Nartey F. (1968). Studies on cassava. Manihot utilissima Phol I. Cyanogenesis. The biosynthesis of linamarin and lotaustralin in etiolated seedlings. Phytochemistry 7 : 1307-1312.
15. Butler G.W. (1965). The distrubution of the cyanoglucosides linamarin and lotaustralin in higher plants. Phytochemistry 4 :127-131.
16. Clapp R.C., Bissett F.H., Coburn R.A. & Long J.R. (1966). Cyanogenesis in manioc : linamarin & isolinamarin. Phytochemistry 5: 1323-1326.
17. Mallika G.V., Jansz E.R. & Pieris N.M (1991). The cyanogenic glucosides & glucosidases of rubber seed kernel. Journal of the National Science Council Sri Lanka 19 : 99-106.
18. Bolhuis G.G. (1954). The toxicity of cassava roots. Netherlands Journal Agricultural Science 2 : 176-185.
19. King N.L.R. & Bradbury J.H. (1995). Bitterness of cassava: identification of a new apiosyl glucoside & other compounds that effect its bitter taste. Journal of Science of Food and Agriculture 68 : 223-2230.
20. Prawat H., Mahidol C., Ruchirwat S. & Prawat U. (1995). Cyanogenic and non-cyanogenic glucosides from Manihot esculenta. Phytochemistry 40 : 1167-1173.
21. Sundaresan S., Nambisan B.A. & Easwari C.S. (1987). Bitterness in cassava in relation to cyanide content. Indian Journal of Agricultural Science 57 : 37-40.
22. Conn E.E. & Butler G.W. (1969). The biosynthesis of cyanogenic glucosides & other simple nitrogen compounds. In: Perspectives in phytochemistry. (Ed. J.B. Harborne & T. Swain) Chap 2 : pp. 47-74.Academic Press, London.
23. Tapper B.A., Zilg H. & Conn E.E. (1972). 2 - Hydroxyaldoximes as possible precursors in the biosynthesis of cyanogenic glucosides. Phytochemistry 11: 1047-1053.
24. 14C - labelled hydrogen cyanide & its relation with cyanogenesis. Physiology of Plants 22:1085-1096.
25. Du. L & Bokango M. (1995). The biosynthesis of cyanogenic glucosides in roots of cassava. Phytochemistry 39 : 323-326.
26. Koch B. & Cerl E. (1992). The biosynthesis of cyanogenic glucosides in seedlings of cassava. Archives Biochemistry and Biophysics 92 : 141-150.
27. Hughes J. & Hughes M.A. (1994). Multiple secondary plant product UDP -glucose glucosyl transferase genes expressed in cassava. (Manihot esculenta Crantz) cotyledons. DNA sequence 5 : 41-49.
28. Ramanujan T. & Indira P. (1984). Effect of girdling on the distribution of total carbohydrate and hydrocyanic acid in cassava. Indian Journal of Plant Physiology 27 : 355-360.
29. Wood T. (1966). The isolation, properties and enzymic breakdown of linamarin from cassava. Journal of Science of Food and Agriculture 17 : 85-90.
30. Pieris N.M. (1976). Studies on the cyanogenic glucosides and glucosidases of Manihot esculenta Crantz. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Colombo.
31. Cooke R.D., Blake G.G. & Battershill J.M. (1978). Purification of cassava linamarase. Phytochemistry 17 :381-383.
32. Pieris N.M. & Jansz E.R. (1976). Cyanide liberation from linamarin. II. Purification & some properties of the cyanide liberating enzymes of manioc rind. Journal of the Natural Science Council, Sri Lanka 4 : 29-47.
33. Selmar D., Reinhard L., Bole B. & Jurgen V. (1987). Hevea linamarase - a non-specific β- glycosidase. Plant Physiology 83 : 557-563.
34. Mallika G.V. (1991). Applied chemical studies on rubber seed to support its industrial utilization. M.Phil thesis, University of Sri Jayewardenepura.
35. Yeoh H.H. & Sia H.L. (1989). β- Glucosidases of cassava leaves. Acta Physiol Planta 11 : 187-192.
36. Pong M.K., Offiong E., Yeoh H., Chism G. & Sayre R.T. (1990). Purification, characterization & localization of linamarase in cassava. Plant Physiology 93 : 176-181.
37. Pieris N. & Jansz E.R. (1976). Cyanide lliberation from linamarin. III. Separation of the linamarases of manioc rind by DEAE-cellulose chromatography. Journal of the National Science Council, Sri Lanka 4: 139-147.
38. Keresztessy Z. & Kiss L. (1994). Investigation of the active site of the cyanogenic β-glucosidase (Linamarase) from Manihot esculenta Crantz (cassava). II. Identification of Glu-198 as an active site carboxylate group and acid catalytic function. Archives Biochemistry and Biophysics 315: 323-330.
39. Hughes M.A. (1992). Molecular genetics of plant cyanogenic β-glucosidases. Asian Chemical Sciences Symposium series 533 (β-glucosidases). pp. 153-169.
40. Hughes J., Hughes M.A., Sharif A.L., Dunn M.A. & Oxtoby E. (1988). The molecular biology of cyanogenesis. Ciba Foundation Symposium 140: 111-130.
41. Yeoh H.H. (1991). Kinetic properties of cassava β- glucosidase immobillized in photo-crosslinkable resins. Biotechnology Letters 13: 697-700.
42. Conn E.E. (1969). Cyanogenic glucosides. Agricultural Food Chemistry 17: 519-526.
43. Selmar D., Lieberei R., Biehl B. & Conn E.E. (1989). Hydroxynitrile lyase in Hevea brasiliensis & significance for rapid cyanogenesis. Physiology of plants 75:97-101.
44. Pancon A. & Hughes M.A. (1992). In situ locallization of cyanogenic β-glucosidase (linamarase) gene expression in leaves of cassava Manihot esculenta Crantz using non-isotopic probes. Plant Journal 2: 821-827.
45. Gruhnert C. & Biehl B. (1994). Compartmentation of cyanogenic glucosides and their degradation enzymes. Planta 195 : 36-42.
46. Selmar D., Lieberei R., Junqueira N. & Biehl B. (1991). Changes in cyanogenic glucoside content in seeds & seedlings of Hevea sp. Phytochemistry 30: 2135-2140.
47. Fomunyam R.T., Adegble A.A. & Oke O.L. (1985). The stability of cyanohydrins. Food Chemistry 17 : 221-225.
48. Wajant H. & Forester S. (1995). Acetone cyanohydrin lyase from Manihot esculenta (cassava) is serologically distinct from other hydroxynitrile lyases. Plant Science 108: 1-11.
49. Jansz E.R. & Nethsingha C.L.M. (1973). Manioc : selected topics Journal of the National Science Council, Sri Lanka 1: 83-96.
50. Mallika G.V., Jansz E.R. & Pieris N.M. (1993). Problems associated with the estimation of cyanide in rubber seed kernel. Journal of the National Science Council, Sri Lanka 21:153-156.
51. Pieris N., Premadasa G.G. & Jansz E.R. (1973). A method for assay of total potential cyanide in manioc flour. Journal of National Science Council of Sri Lanka 1:207-210.
52. Pieris N., Jansz E.R. & Kandage R. (1974). Cyanogenic glucoside content of manioc. I. An enzymic method of determination applied to processed manioc. Journal of the National Science Council, Sri Lanka 2 : 67-76.
53. Dolezal M. & Fatal S.A. (1993). Determination of cyanogenic glucosides of cassava (Manihot esculenta) and cassava products. Potravinvedy 11: 163-170.
54. Narinesingh D., Jaipersad D. & Chang Yen I. (1988). Immobilization of linamarase and its use in the determination of bound cyanide in cassava using flow injection analysis. Analytical Biochemistry 127 :89-95
55. Arihantana M.B. & Buckle K.A. (1986). Effect of non-enzymic browning of starch and sugars on total cyanide determination in cassava by enzymic assay. Journal of Food Technology 21: 189-197.
56. Yeoh H.H. & Truong V.D. (1993). Quantitative analysis of linamarin in cassava using a cassava β glucoside electrode. Food Chemistry 47:295-298.
57. Beimer L. & Rosling H. (1993). Microdiffusion method and solid state destruction of cyanogenic glucosides from cassava in human urine. Food Chemistry and Toxicology 31 : 599-603.
58. Beadbury J., Howard E. (1992). Rapid screening assay of cyanide content of cassava. Phytochemical Analysis 3 : 91-94.
59. O'Brien G.M., Taylor A.J. & Poulter N.H. (1991). Improved enzymic assay for cyanogens in fresh and processed cassava. Journal of Science of Food and Agriculture 56: 277-289.
60. Pieris N. & Jansz E.R. (1975). Cyanogenic glucoside content of manioc. III. Fate of bound cyanide on processing and cooking. Journal of the National Science Council, Sri Lanka 3 : 41-50.
61. Jansz E.R., Pieris N. & Abeyratne D. J. (1974). Cyanogenic glucoside content of manioc. II. Detoxification of manioc chips & flour. Journal of the National Science Council, Sri Lanka 2 : 129-134.
62. Ukhun M.E. & Nkowocha F.O. (1989). The HCN content of gari flour made from cassava, (Manihot sp.) and the influence of length of fermentation and location of source. Food Chemistry 33: 107-113.
63. Otuya C.O., Ukpong E. & Adesina A.A. (1989). Modelling of the rate date from the fermentation of cassava slurry. Letters in Applied Microbiology 9: 13-16.
64. O'Brien G.M. & Mbome L. (1992). Variation in cyanogen content of cassava during village processing in Cameroons. Food Chemistry 44 : 131-136.
65. Milingi N.V., Assey V.D., Swai A.B.M., McLaren D.G., Karlen H. & Rosling H. (1993). Determinants of cyanide exposure from cassava in a known affected population in Northern Tanzania. International Journal of Food Science and Nutrition 44 : 137-144.
66. Legras J.L., Jory M., Arnaud A. & Galzy P. (1990). Detoxification of cassava pulp using Brevi-bacterium sp. R312. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 33 : 529-533.
67. Girand E. & Goselin L.(1992). Degradation of cassava linamarin by lactic acid bacteria. Biotechnology Letters 14 : 593-598.
68. Padmaja G. & George M. (1993). Detoxification of cassava during fermentation with a mixed culture innoculum. Journal Science of Food and Agriculture 63: 473-481.
69. Ampe F. & Brauman A. (1995). Origin of enzymes involved in detoxification & root softening during cassava retting. World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology 11: 178-182.
70. Essers A.J.A., Bennik M.H.J. & Nout M.J.R. (1995). Mechanism of increased linamarin degradation during solid substrate fermentation of cassava. World Journal Microbiology and Biotechnology 11: 266-270.
71. Cuzin N. & Labat M. (1992). Reduction of cyanide levels during anaerobic degradation-of cassava. International Journal of Food Science 27 : 329-336.
72. Nambisan B. & Sundaresan S. (1985). Effect of processing on the cyanoglucoside content of cassava. Journal of Science of Food and Agriculture 36: 1197-1203.
73. Bora P.S., Marriath M.R. & Fioreze R. (1992). Change in the moisture and cyanide contents of bitter cassava during artificial and solar drying. Development Technology 20 : 375-382.
74. Jones D.M. & Trim D.S. (1994). Influence of selected process variables on the elimination of cyanide from cassava. Journal of Science of Food and Agriculture 66: 535-542.
75. Gomez G. & Valdiviero M. (1985). Effect of drying temperature and loading rates on cyanide elimination from cassava whole root chips. Journal of Food Technology 20 : 375-382.
76. Jansz E.R., Jeyaraj E.E., Pieris N.M. & Abeyratne D.J. (1974). Cyanide liberation from linamarin. Journal of the National Science Council, Sri Lanka 2 : 57-65.
77. Bourdoux P., Mafuta M., Hanson A. & Ermans A.M. (1980). Cassava toxicity: the role of linamarin. In: The role of cassava etiology of goitre and cretinism, see Reference No. 82. pp. 15-27.
78. Nicholls L. (1949). In : Tropical nutrition and dietetics. Bailliere, London.
79. Gibb M.C., Carbery J.T., Carter R.G. & Catallinac S. (1974). Hydrocyanic acid poisoning of cattle associated with sudax grass. New Zealand Veterinary Journal 22 : 127.
80. Jansz E.R. (1990). Unpublished results, CISIR report.
81. Nestel B. & Macintyre R. (1973). Chronic cassava toxicity. Proceedings of an interdisciplinary workshop. London, 29-30 January 1973. IDRC Oloe pp. 11-162.
82. Ermans A.M., Mbulamoko N.M., Delange F.& Ahluwalia R. (1980). Role of cassava in the etiology of endemic goitre and cretinism. IDRC - 136 e. pp 13-160.
83. Delange F. & Ahluwalia R. (1982). Cassava toxicity and thyroid : research and public health issues. Proceedings of a workshop held in Ottawa, Canada, 31 May - 2 June 1982. IDRC - 207e. pp 7-146.
84. Ekpechi O.L. (1973). Endemic goitre and high cassava diets in Eastern Nigeria. See reference No. 82 pp. 139-145.
85. Lagasse R., Luvivila K., Yunga Y.M., Gerard M., Hanson A., Bourdoux P., Delange F. & Thilly C.H. (1980). Endemic goitre and cretinism in Ubangi. See reference No. 82. pp 45-60.
86. Osuntokun B.O. (1973). Ataxic neuropathy associated with high cassava diets in West Africa. See reference No. 81. pp. 127-138.
87. Wilson J. (1973). Cyanide and human disease. See reference 81. pp 121-125.
88. Geevargheese P. J. (1982). Cassava diet, tropocal calcifying pancreatitis and pancreatic diabetes. See reference No. 81. pp 77-78.
89. Banea M. (1993). Cassava processing, dietary cyanide exposure and Konzo in Zaire. Master of Medical Science Thesis, Uppsala University.
90. Lang K. (1933). Die Rhodanbildung in Tierkorpur. Biochem. Z. 259 : 243-256. (From Reference No. 82).
91. Nambisan B. & Sundaresan S. (1994). Distribution of linamarin and its metabolizing enzymes in cassava tissue. Journal of Science of Food and Agriculture 66 : 503-507.
92. Wood J.L. & Cooley S.L. (1956). Detoxification of cyanide by cystine. Journal of Biological Chemistry 218 : 449-457.
93. Meister A. (1953). Preparation and enzymic reaction of the keto analozines of asparagine and glutamine. Fed. Proceedings 12: 245. (From reference No. 83).
94. Meister A., Fraser P.E. & Tice S.V. (1954). Enzymatic desulfuration of β-mercaptopyruvate to pyruvate. Journal of Biological Chemistry 206 : 561-575.
95. Oke O.L. (1973). The mode of cyanide detoxification. See reference no. 81. pp. 97-104.
96. Goldstein F., Rieders F. (1953). Conversion of thiocyanate to cyanide by erythrocytic enzyme. American Journal of Physiology 173 : 287-290.
97. Amarasinghe T.D.C.M.D. (1981). A radio-tracer study on the catabolism of linamarin. M.Phil Thesis, University of Colombo.
98. Barrett M.D.P. (1976). Dietary cyanide, linamarin and nutritional deficiencies. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Guelph.
99. Hernandez T.M., Lundquist P. & Oliveira L. (1995). Fate in humans of dietary intake of cyanogenic glucosides from roots of sweet cassava consumed in Cuba. Natural Toxins 2: 114-117.
100. Umoh T.B., Ognnkoyo F.O., Maduagwa E. & Oke O.C. (1995). Effects of thiamin status on the metabolism of linamarin in rats. Annals of Nutritional Metabolism 29:319-324.
101. Collier J.L. (1988). Possible adaptation to serum thiocyanate overload associated with chronic sublethal dietary cyanide ingestion. Human Biology 60:615-622.
102. Ononogbu I., Echeta C. & Nwabuene B.C. (1987). Haemoglobin glycosylation and erythrocyte free fatty acid concentration in gari - fed rats. Nutrition Research (N.Y.) 7: 883-886.
103. Padmaja G.M., Pannikkar K.R. (1989). Intermediary metabolic changes in rabbits administered linamarin or KCN. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology 27: 635-639.
104. Collier J.L. (1988). Behavioural effect of chronic sublethal dietary cyanide in an animal model; implication for humans consuming cassava (Manihot esculenta). Human Biology 60 : 597-614.
105. Perera W.D.A., Jayasekera P.M. & Thaha, S.Z. (1989). Tables of food composition as used in Sri Lanka. Medical Research Institute, Sri Lanka (UNICEF Publication) p. 3.
106. Ravindran V. (1993). Utilization of Manihot esculenta leaves in animal nutrition . Journal of the National Science Council, Sri Lanka 21:1-26.
107. Jansz E.R. & Karunatilleke N. (1992). Unpublished results, CISIR reports.
108. ChoncholN. & Tovar J. (1988). Dietary fibre content and starch digestibillity in cassava bread. Nutritional Reports 38 : 437-443.
109. Morales E. & Grahan G.G. 1987). Digestibility of boiled and oven-dried cassava in infants and small children. Journal of Nutrition 117:129-132.
110. Kurup P.G. & Krishanamuthy S. (1992). Glycaemic index of selected food-stuffs commonly used in South India. International Journal of Vitamin and Nutrition Research 62 : 266-268.
111. Brough S.H. & Neale R.J. (1990). Characterization of the dietary fibres of cassava. Special Publication of the Royal Society of Chemistry 83:133-135.
112. Moorthy S.N., Jos. J.S., Nair R.B., Sreekumari M.T. (1990). Variability of β-carotene content in cassava germplasm. Food Chemistry 36 : 233-236.
113. Flores C.I.O. & Penteado M. De V.C. (1992). Carotenoids with provitamin A activity in several cassava cultivars (Manihot esculenta Crantz) from Sao Paulo state. Review Farm Bioquim. Uni. 28 : 51-60.