Trail Impacts in Sagarmatha (Mt. Everest) National Park, Nepal: A Logistic Regression Analysis

Environmental Management

Volumn 32, Issue 3, 2003, Pages 312-321

  Nepal, S K ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NORTHERN BRITISH COLUMBIA   (Canada)

Author keywords

Environmental factors; Logistic regression; Trail condition class; Trail degradation; Use factors; Visitor impacts

Indexed keywords

CLIMATE CHANGE; ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION; PARKS; REGRESSION ANALYSIS; VEGETATION;

GRASSLAND ZONES; TRAIL GRADIENT;

ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING;

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT; REGRESSION ANALYSIS; SOIL EROSION; SOIL MANAGEMENT; TOURISM; WALKING;

ALTITUDE; ARTICLE; CLIMATE; CORRELATION FUNCTION; DATA ANALYSIS; ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING; HAZARD; LOGISTIC REGRESSION ANALYSIS; NEPAL; PREDICTION; RECREATION; TOPOGRAPHY; VEGETATION;

CLIMATE; CONSERVATION OF NATURAL RESOURCES; ECOSYSTEM; ENVIRONMENT; HUMANS; NEPAL; RECREATION; REGRESSION ANALYSIS; WALKING;

ASIA; EURASIA; HIMALAYAS; MOUNT EVEREST; NEPAL; SOUTH ASIA;

EID: 0345689489     PISSN: 0364152X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s00267-003-0049-7     Document Type: Article

References (34)

1. Andrews, C. 1983. Photographs and notes on tourism and deforestation in the Solu Khumbu, Nepal. Mountain Research and Development 3:182-185.
2. Bjonness, I. 1980. Ecological conflicts and economic dependency on tourist trekking in Sagarmatha (Mt. Everest) National Park, Nepal. An alternative approach to park planning. Norsk Geografisk Tiddskrift 34:119-138.
3. Boucher, D. H., J. Aviles, R. Chepote, O. E. Gil, and B. Vilchez. 1991. Recovery of trailside vegetation from trampling in a tropical rain forest. Environmental Management 15:257-262.
4. Bratton, S. P., L. L. Stromberg, and M. E. Harmon. 1982. Firewood-gathering impacts in backcountry campsites in Great Smoky Mountains National Park. Environmental Management 6:63-71.
5. Bright, J. A. 1986. Hiker impact on herbaceous vegetation along trails in an evergreen woodland of central Texas. Biological Conservation 36:53-69.
6. Bryan, R. B. 1977. The influence of soil properties on degradation of mountain hiking trail at Grovelsjon. Geografiska Annaler 59A:49-65.
7. Byers, A. 1987. A geoecological study of landscape change and man accelerated soil loss: the case of Sagarmatha (Mt. Everest) National Park, Khumbu, Nepal. PhD thesis. Department of Geography, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado.
8. Cole, D. 1983. Assessing and monitoring backcountry trail conditions. Research Paper INT-303. USDA Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station, Burlington, Vermont.
9. Cole, D. N. 1987. Research on soil and vegetation in wilderness: a state of knowledge review. Pages 135-177 in Proceedings - National Wilderness research Conference: Issues,
10. State-of-Knowledge, Future Directions. General Technical Report INT-220, USDA Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station, Ogden, Utah.
11. Farrell, T. A., and J. L. Marion. 2001. Identifying and assessing ecotourism visitor impacts at eight protected areas in Costa Rica and Belize. Environmental Conservation 28:215-225.
12. Farrell, T. A., and J. L. Marion. 2001/2002. Trail impacts and trail impact management related to visitation at Torres del Paine National Park, Chile. Leisure/Loisir 26:31-59.
13. Garratt, K. A. J. 1981. Sagarmatha National Park management plan. Department of National Parks and Wildlife Conservation, His Majesty's Government, Nepal.
14. Hammitt, W. E., and D. N. Cole. 1998. Wildland recreation: Ecology and Management. 2nd ed. John Wiley, New York.
15. Hartley, E. 1976. Visitor impact on subalpine meadow vegetation in Glacier National Park, Montana. Pages 1279-1286 in R. M. Linn Eds, Proceedings of the 1st Conference on Scientific Research in National Parks. American Institute of Biological Sciences and USDI National Park Service, Washington, DC.
16. Helgath, S. F. 1975. Trail deterioration in the Selway-Bitterroot Wilderness. Research Note INT-193. USDA Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station, Ogden, Utah.
17. Lance, A. N., I. D. Baugh, and J. A. Love. 1989. Continued footpath widening in the Cairngorm Mountains, Scotland. Biological Conservation 49:201-214.
18. Leung, Y. F., and J. L. Marion. 2000. Recreation impacts and management in wilderness: a state-of-knowledge review. Pages 23-48 in D. N. Cole, S. F. McCool, W. T. Borrie, and J. O'Loughlin, Eds. Wilderness science in a time of change conference-volume 5: Wilderness ecosystems, threats, and management. USDA Forest Service, Ogden, UT.
19. Liddle, M. J. 1997. Recreation ecology: the ecological impact of outdoor recreation and ecotourism. Chapman and Hall, London.
20. Marion, J. L. 1994. An assessment of trail conditions in Great Smoky Mountains National Park. US Department of Interior National Parks Service, Southeast Region. Atlanta, Georgia.
21. Marion, J. L., and Y. F. Leung. 1999. Assessing trail conditions in protected areas: An application of a problem assessment method in Great Smoky Mountains National Park, USA. Environmental Conservation 26:270-279.
22. Marion, J. L., and Y. F. Leung. 2001. Trail resource impacts and an examination of alternative assessment techniques. Journal of Park and Recreation Administration 19:17-37.
23. McFadden, D. 1979. Quantitative methods for analyzing travel behavior of individuals: Some recent developments. Pages 279-318. in D. A. Hensher, and P. R. Stopher, Eds. Behavioral travel modelling. Croom Helm, London.
24. Monz, C. 2000. Recreation resource assessment and monitoring techniques for mountain regions. Pages 47-68. in P. M. Godde, M. Price, and F. M. Zimmermann, Eds. Tourism and development in mountain regions. CABI Publishing, Oxon, UK.
25. Mortensen, C. O. 1989. Visitor use impacts within the Knobstone Trail Corridor. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 44:156-159.
26. Nepal, S. 1999. Tourism induced environmental changes in the Nepalese Himalaya: a comparative analysis of the Everest, Annapurna, and Mustang regions. PhD thesis. Submitted to the Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Berne, Switzerland.
27. Nepal, S. K., T. Kohler, and B. Banzhaf. 2002. Great Himalaya: tourism and the dynamics of change in Nepal.
28. Swiss Foundation for Alpine Research, Berne. SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences). 1998. SYSTAT 8.0. SPSS Inc., Chicago.
29. Sun, D., and M. D. Liddle. 1993. A survey of trampling effects on vegetation and soil in eight tropical and subtropical sites. Environmental Management 17:497-510.
30. Weaver, T., D. Dale, and E. Hartley. 1979. The relationship of trail condition to use, vegetation, user, slope, season, and time. Pages 94-100 in Proceedings - recreational impact on wildlands. USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Region.
31. Wilson, J. P., and J. P. Seney. 1994. Erosional impacts of hikers, horses, motorcycles and off-road bicycles on mountain trails in Montana. Mountain Research and Development 14:77-88.
32. Wright, R. E. 1995. Logistic Regression. Pages 217-244 in L. G. Grimm, and P. R. Yarnold, Eds. Reading and understanding multivariate statistics. American Psychological Association, Washington, DC.
33. Wrigley, N. 1985. Categorical data analysis for geographers and environmental scientists. Longman, New York.
34. Zimmermann, M., M. Bichsel, and H. Kienholz. 1986. Mountain Hazards Mapping in the Khumbu Himal, Nepal, with prototype map, scale 1:50,000. Mountain Research and Development 6:29-40.