Disgruntled Guests: Iranian Subaltern on the Margins of the Tsarist Empire

International Review of Social History

Volumn 48, Issue 3, 2003, Pages 401-426

  Atabaki, Touraj ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 0345687224     PISSN: 00208590     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0020859003001135     Document Type: Article

References (93)

1. My usage of the term "subaltern" is based on the description given by Gramsci in his The Modern Prince and The Prison Notebook. According to Gramsci, the subaltern classes are those subordinated by hegemony and excluded from any meaningful role in a regime of power. Although Gramsci himself had workers in mind, the term was later used to describe other groups who are excluded and do not have a position from which to speak. See Antonio Gramsci, Prison Notebooks (New York, 1992), and idem, The Modern Prince, and Other Writings (New York, 1967).
2. My usage of the term "subaltern" is based on the description given by Gramsci in his The Modern Prince and The Prison Notebook. According to Gramsci, the subaltern classes are those subordinated by hegemony and excluded from any meaningful role in a regime of power. Although Gramsci himself had workers in mind, the term was later used to describe other groups who are excluded and do not have a position from which to speak. See Antonio Gramsci, Prison Notebooks (New York, 1992), and idem, The Modern Prince, and Other Writings (New York, 1967).
3. For a detailed study of the Babi movement see Abbas Amanat, Resurrection and Renewal: The Making of the Babi Movement in Iran, 1844-1850 (Ithaca, NY, 1989).
4. Charles Issawi (ed.), The Economic History of Iran 1800-1914 (Chicago, IL, 1971), p. 20.
5. Homa Katouzian, The Political Economy of Modern Iran (London, 1981), p. 27.
6. Abbas Amanat, Pivot of the Universe, Nasir al-Din Shah Qajar and the Iranian Monarchy 1831-1896 (London, 1997), pp. 204-211.
7. French consulate report, Tabriz to Paris, 7 August 1895. Quoted in Homa Nategh, Karnameh va Zamaneh Mirza Reza Kermemi (Bonn, 1984), p. 117.
8. French consulate report, Tabriz to Paris, 7 August 1895. Quoted in Homa Nategh, Karnameh va Zamaneh Mirza Reza Kermemi (Bonn, 1984), p. 117.
9. Ibid., p. 120.
10. Said Nafisi, Tarikh-e Ejtema'i va Siyasi-e Iran dar Doreh-e Mo'aser, vol. 2 (Tehran, 1961), p. 143.
11. Homa Nategh, Iran dar Rahyabi-ye Farhangi (London, 1988), p. 161.
12. I b i d.
13. For a detailed account see Amanat, Pivot of the Universe, p. 382.
14. Ibid., pp. 212-213.
15. Moojan Momen (ed.), The Babi and Bahai Religion 1844-1944: Some Contemporary Western Accounts (Oxford, 1981), p. 145.
16. N.K. Belova, "Ob otchodnichestve iz severozapadnego Irana v kontse XIX- nachale XX veka", Voprosy istorii, 10 (1959), p. 112.
17. I b i d.
18. I b i d.
19. M.E. Fakus, The Industrialisation of Russia, 1700-1914 (London, 1972), pp. 44-46, 64-66.
20. Encyclopaedia of Islam, CD-Rom edition (Leiden, 1999).
21. Republic of Georgia State Central Archive [hereafter, RGSCA], record 13, dossier 1, file 267, p. 18.
22. A.M. Nikolskii, Letnie poezdki naturalista (Leningrad, 1924), p. 129.
23. A.Z. Arabadzian and N.A. Kuznetsova (eds), Iran. Sbornik Statei (Moscow, 1973).
24. Republic of Azerbaijan State Central Archive [hereafter, RASCA], record 44, dossier 1, file 45, P. 3.
25. I b i d.
26. I b i d.
27. I b i d.
28. RGSCA, record 13, dossier 1, file 267, p. 16.
29. RGSCA, record 11, dossier 4, file 3104, pp. 38-39.
30. V. Miller, Dvizhenie persidskikh rabochikh v Zakavkaz'e. Sbornik konsul'skikh donesenii Ministerstva Inostrannikh Del, vol. 3 (St Petersburg, 1903), p. 205.
31. Issawi, The Economic History of Iran 1800-1914, p. 52.
32. Miller, Dvizhenie persidskikh rabochikh v Zakavkaz'e.
33. L.S. Sobosinskej, Persiia (St Petersburg, 1913), pp. 288-289.
34. RASCA, record 45, dossier 1, file 149, pp. 68-69.
35. Molla Nasreddin, 6 (1906)
36. G.N. Ill'inskii, "Agrarnie otnosheniia v Irane v kontse XIX - nachale XX veka", v Uchenie zapiski In-ta Vostokovedniia Akademii Nauk SSSR, 8 (1953), p. 120.
37. L.F. Tigranov, Iz Istorii obshchestvenno-economicheskikh otnoshenii Persii (St Petersburg, 1905), 159-160.
38. Kaspii (April 1897).
39. I.V. Strigunov, Iz storii formirovaniia Bakinskogo proletariata (Baku, 1960), p. 134.
40. RGSCA, record 13, dossier 23, file 745, p. 1.
41. Belova, "Ob otchodnichestve iz severozapadnego Irana", p. 117.
42. RGSCA, record 13, dossier 1, file 267, p. 14.
43. I.M. Rasanova et al. (eds), Azerbaidzhan v gody pervoi russkoi revoliutsii, sbornik statei (Baku, 1966), p. 95.
44. Baku, 42 (1907).
45. Bakinskoie ekho, 16 (1907).
46. Strigunov, Iz istorii formirovaniia Bakinskogo proletariata, p. 134.
47. Novii Vostok, 20 (1920).
48. Beeby Thompson, The Oil Fields of Russia and the Russian Petroleum Industry, p. 126.
49. RGSCA, record 13, dossier 1, file 267, p. 16.
50. Hassan Hakimian, "Wage Labour and Migration: Persian Workers in Southern Russia, 1880-1914", International Journal of Middle East Studies, 17 (1985), p. 446.
51. Republic of Azerbaijan Archive of the History of Political Parties and Social Movements [hereafter, RAAHPPSM], record 153, dossier 1, file 78. pp. 2-3.
52. Ibid., record 509, dossier 1, file 68, pp. 1, 8. Strigunov, Iz istorii formirovaniia Bakinskogo proletariata, p. 139.
53. Ibid., record 509, dossier 1, file 68, pp. 1, 8. Strigunov, Iz istorii formirovaniia Bakinskogo proletariata, p. 139.
54. Ibid., p. 138.
55. RGSCA, record 13, dossier 1, file 267, p. 14.
56. Belova, "Ob otchodinichestve iz severozapadnego Irana", p. 115.
57. Michael Honey, "Racism and the Labor Market in the American South: Memphis, Tennessee in the Segregation Era", in Marcel van der Linden and Jan Lucassen (eds), Racism and the Labour Market (Berne, 1995), p. 225.
58. Strigunov, Iz istorii formirovaniia Bakinskogo proletariata, pp. 88-89.
59. Mohammad Amin Rasulzadeh, Gozaresh-ha'i az Enqelab-e Mashruteh, tr. Rahim Reisnia (Tehran, 1998), p. 78.
60. RGSCA, record 13, dossier 1, file 267, p. 16.
61. I b i d.
62. RAAHPPSM, record 153, dossier 1, file 78, p. 3.
63. Beeby Thompson, The Oil Fields of Russia, p. 376.
64. RAAHPPSM, record 153, dossier 1, file 78, p. 3.
65. Archive of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Tehran [hereafter, AMFA], B. 12, D. 32, 1910, B. 13, D. 51, 1912.
66. AMFA, B. 13, D. 34, 1912.
67. Hakimian, "Wage Labour and Migration", p. 450.
68. S.M. Aliev, "K voprosu o sviaziakh Bakinskogo I Tiflisskogo komiteta RSDRP s Iranskimi revoliutsionerami v 1903-1911", in Slavnie stranitsy bor'by i pobed. Mat-y nauchnoi sessii, posviashchnnoi 60-letiiu II s'ezda RSDRP I vseobshchikh zabastovok v Baku i na iuge Rosii letom 1903 g. (Baku, 1965), p. 192.
69. Ahmad Kasravi, Tarikh-e Mashruteh Iran (Tehran, 1978), p. 151.
70. Revolutionary Movements in Armenia 1905-1907: Collection of Documents (Yerevan, 1955), p. 185. See also Nor Khosk, 6 (1906).
71. Revolutionary Movements in Armenia 1905-1907: Collection of Documents (Yerevan, 1955), p. 185. See also Nor Khosk, 6 (1906).
72. AMFA, B. 7, D. 5, 23 April 1905.
73. Ibid., pp. 193-196. See also S. Shaumian, "Failed Strike", Nor Khosk, 6 (1906). At the Fifth Congress of the RSDRP (1907) Shaumian presented a detailed report on the Alaverdi strike. See S. Shaumian, Collected Works, vol. 1 (Moscow, 1957), p. 236. In articles published in Kavkozkii rabochii listok, 3 (1905), Jalil Mohamad Qolizade also presented a detailed account of the strike and the fate of those Iranian miners deported to Iran.
74. Ibid., pp. 193-196. See also S. Shaumian, "Failed Strike", Nor Khosk, 6 (1906). At the Fifth Congress of the RSDRP (1907) Shaumian presented a detailed report on the Alaverdi strike. See S. Shaumian, Collected Works, vol. 1 (Moscow, 1957), p. 236. In articles published in Kavkozkii rabochii listok, 3 (1905), Jalil Mohamad Qolizade also presented a detailed account of the strike and the fate of those Iranian miners deported to Iran.
75. Ibid., pp. 193-196. See also S. Shaumian, "Failed Strike", Nor Khosk, 6 (1906). At the Fifth Congress of the RSDRP (1907) Shaumian presented a detailed report on the Alaverdi strike. See S. Shaumian, Collected Works, vol. 1 (Moscow, 1957), p. 236. In articles published in Kavkozkii rabochii listok, 3 (1905), Jalil Mohamad Qolizade also presented a detailed account of the strike and the fate of those Iranian miners deported to Iran.
76. Ibid., pp. 193-196. See also S. Shaumian, "Failed Strike", Nor Khosk, 6 (1906). At the Fifth Congress of the RSDRP (1907) Shaumian presented a detailed report on the Alaverdi strike. See S. Shaumian, Collected Works, vol. 1 (Moscow, 1957), p. 236. In articles published in Kavkozkii rabochii listok, 3 (1905), Jalil Mohamad Qolizade also presented a detailed account of the strike and the fate of those Iranian miners deported to Iran.
77. RAAHPPSM, record 13, dossier 27, file 533, and record 15, dossier 1, file 78.
78. I b i d.
79. S.M. Aliyov, People of Asia and Africa, (Moscow, 1965).
80. Salmollah Javid, Iran Sosyal Demoktar (Adalat) Firqasi Haqina Khataralarim [mimeo] (Tehran, 1980), p. 11.
81. I b i d.
82. Mohammad Sa'ed Maragheh'i, Khaterat-e Siyasi (Tehran, 1994), p. 59.
83. Cosroe Chaqueri, The Soviet Socialist Republic of Iran, 1920-1921 (Pittsburgh, PA, 1995), p. 154.
84. Ibid., p. 48.
85. British Foreign Office, FO 371/4358, 1918.
86. Achiq Söz, 17 January 1918.
87. Mohammad Khan Tarbiyat was founder of the Democrat Party's Baku committee. He was also director of the Iranian Ettehad school in Baku. The committee's other members included Mirza Mahmud Khan Parvarish, Mitza 'Abdollah 'Abdolahzadeh, Shaykh Baqir Shirazi, Azhdar 'Alizadih, Hosayn Khayat, Hosayn Mahmudzadeh, Mir Hosayn Motazavi, Mirza 'Aliqoli (from Ashgabat; he later became the editor of Azarbayjan, Joz'-e la-yanfak-e Iran), Mir Jafar Javadzadeh Pishavari, Haji Mo'alim Ja'farzadeh Kalkhali, Mirza Aqa Valizadeh, Sayfollah Ibrahimzadeh, and 'Ali Akbar Osku'i (founder of the Iranian guild and a member of its executive committee). Parvarish had to leave Baku in 1916 on account of his political activities. He left illegally for Iran. After the Russian Revolution of February 1917, the Democrat Party began to operate legally. See Javid, Iran Sosyal Demoktar (Adalat) Firqasi Haqina, Khataralarim, pp. 9-10.
88. On the origins of reconstructing Iran's pre-Islamic history in the nationalist discourse, see Mohamad Tavakoli-Targhi, "Contested Memories: Narrative Structure and Allegorical Meaning of Iran's Pre-Islamic History", Iranian Studies, 1-2 (1996), pp. 149-175.
89. Azarbayjan, Joz'-e la-yanfak-e Iran, 2 and 3 (1918).
90. Javid, Iran Sosyal Demoktar (Adalat) Firqasi Haqina Khataralarim, pp. 14-15.
91. On the process of self-identification see Thomas Hylland Eriksen, Ethnicity and Nationalism: Anthropological Perspectives (London, 1993), pp. 9-10.
92. I. Gershoni, "Imagining and Re-imagining the Past: The Use of History by Egyptian Nationalist Writers, 1919-1952", History & Memory, 2 (1992), p. 7.
93. T. Nipperdey, "In Search of Identity: Romantic Nationalism, Its Intellectual, Political and Social Background", in J.C. Eade (ed.), Romantic Nationalism in Europe (Canberra, 1983), p. 11.