Separation and characterization of lignins from the black liquor of oil palm trunk fiber pulping

Separation Science and Technology

Volumn 34, Issue 15, 1999, Pages 3045-3058

  Runcang, Sun ^a   Tomkinson, J ^a   Bolton, J ^a  

^a BANGOR UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

13C NMR spectroscopy; Black liquor; Lignin; Molecular weight; Phenolic acids and aldehydes; Separation

Indexed keywords

ALDEHYDES; CHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND; MOLECULAR WEIGHT; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY; OILS AND FATS; PRECIPITATION (CHEMICAL); PULP; SPECTROSCOPIC ANALYSIS;

BLACK LIQUOR; PHENOLIC ACIDS;

LIGNIN;

ALDEHYDE; LIGNIN; PHENOL DERIVATIVE;

CHEMICAL ANALYSIS; FIBER; POLYMER; PRECIPITATION;

ARTICLE; CHEMICAL ANALYSIS; CHEMICAL COMPOSITION; CHEMICAL STRUCTURE; ESTERIFICATION; FIBER; MOLECULAR WEIGHT; PRECIPITATION; PULP MILL; PURIFICATION;

CHEMICAL ANALYSIS; MOLECULAR STRUCTURE; POLYMER; SPECTROSCOPY;

EID: 0345580810     PISSN: 01496395     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1081/SS-100100821     Document Type: Article

References (30)

1. P. A. Ahlgren and D. A. I. Goring, "Removal of Wood Components during Chlorite Delignification of Black Spruce," Can. J. Chem. 49, 1272-1275 (1971).
2. S. Akamatsu, Y. Kobayashi, H. Kamishima, K. B. Hassan, M. N. B. M. Yusoff, M. B. Husin, and H. A. H. Hassan, "Industrial Utilization of Oil Palm By-Products. II. Thermomechanical Pulping of Empty Fruit Bunches," Cellul. Chem. Technol., 21, 191-197 (1987).
3. 13C NMR of Lignins in Aqueous Alkali II. Ionization Effects on the Spectra of Technical Lignins," Holzforschung, 51, 419-427 (1997).
4. E. Billa, M. T. Tollier, and B. Monties, "Characterisation of the Monomeric Composition of in situ Wheat Straw Lignins by Alkaline Nitrobenzene Oxidation: Effect of Temperature and Reaction Time," J. Sci. Food Agric., 72, 250-256 (1996).
5. T. J. Blain, "Anthraquinone Pulping: Fifteen Years Later," Tappi J., 76, 137-146 (1993).
6. 13C NMR Study of Palm Trunk Cell Walls." J. Sci. Food Agric., 64, 487-491 (1994).
7. G. Gellerstedt and E. L. Lindfors, "Structural Change in Lignin during Kraft Pulping," Holzforschung, 38, 151-158 (1984).
8. J. Gierer, "Chemistry of Delignification. Part 1: General Concept and Reactions during Pulping," Wood Sci. Technol., 19, 289-312 (1985).
9. B. D. Groot, J. E. G. V. Dam, and K. V. Riet, "Alkaline Pulping of Hemp Woody Core: Kinetic Modelling of Lignin, Xylan and Cellulose Extraction and Degradation," Holzforschung, 49, 332-342 (1995).
10. 13C Nuclear Magnetic Resonance of Grass Lignins," J. Agric. Food Chem., 28, 1203-1208 (1980).
11. H. G. Jung and D. S. Himmelsbach, "Isolation and Characterization of Wheat Straw Lignin," Ibid., 37, 81-87 (1989).
12. K. C. Khoo and T. W. Lee, "Pulp and Paper from the Oil Palm," Appita, 44, 385-388 (1991).
13. K. C. Khoo, T. W. Lee, and T. B. Peh, "Pulping Characteristics of the Trunk of Oil Palm (Elaeais guineensis JACQ)," Malays. For., 50, 1-6 (1987).
14. 13C NMR Experiments," Holzforschung, 38, 333-342 (1984).
15. H. H. Nimz, D. Robert, O. Faix, and M. Nemr, "Carbon-13 NMR Spectra of Lignins. 8: Structural Differences between Lignins of Hardwoods, Softwoods, Grasses and Compression Wood," Ibid., 35, 16-26 (1981).
16. W. J. Nolan, "A Comparison of Potassium vs. Soda Base," Chem. Pap. Process. 10, 32-34 (1974).
17. 13C-NMR Spectral Studies of Isolated Lignins," J. Wood Chem. Technol. 14, 483-506 (1994).
18. J. Rodrigues, O. Faix, and H. Pereria, "Determination of Lignin Content of Eucalyptus globulus Wood Using FTIR Spectroscopy," Holtforschung, 52, 46-50 (1998).
19. S. A. Rydholm, Pulping Processes, Wiley-Interscience, New York, NY, 1965, pp. 583-609.
20. A. Scalbert, B. Monties, E. Guittet, and J. Y. Lallemand, "Comparison of Wheat Straw Lignin Preparations I. Chemical and Spectroscopic Characterizations," Holzforschung, 40, 119-129 (1986).
21. I. D. Suckling, "The Role of Anthraquinone in Sulphite-Anthraquinone Pulping," Tappi Proc., pp. 503-510 (1989).
22. R. C. Sun, J. M. Lawther, and W. B. Banks, "Influence of Alkaline Pre-treatments on the Cell Wall Components of Wheat Straw." Ind. Crops Prod., 4, 127-145 (1995).
23. R. C. Sun, J. M. Lawther, and W. B. Banks, "Effects of Pre-treatment Temperature and Alkali Concentration on the Composition of Alkali-Soluble Lignins from Wheat Straw," J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 62, 1473-1481 (1996).
24. R. C. Sun, J. M. Lawther, and W. B. Banks, "Fractional Isolation and Physico-chemical Characterization of Alkali-Soluble Lignins from Wheat Straw," Holzforschung, 51, 244-250 (1997).
25. R. C. Sun, J. Tomkinson, and J. Bolton, "Structural Characterization of Alkali and Ball Milled Lignins from Oil Palm Trunk Fibres," J. Agric. Food Chem., 46, 718-723 (1998).
26. Y. Tomimura, "Chemical Characteristics and Utilization of Oil Palm Trunks," JARQ, 25, 283-288 (1992).
27. A. Venica, C. L. Chen, and J. S. Gratzl, "Soda-AQ Delignification of Hardwoods: Reactions, Mechanism, and Dissolved Lignin Characteristics," Tappi Proc. pp. 263-269 (1989).
28. G. Wegener, M. Przyklenk, and D. Fengel, "Hexafluoropropanol as Valuable Solvent for Lignin in UV and IR Spectroscopy," Holzforschung, 37, 303-307 (1983).
29. A. Wong, and G. Derdall, "A Novel Sulphite Pulping and Chemical Recovery System for Small-and Medium-Scale Pulp Mills," Pulp Pap. Can., 92, 36-39 (1991).
30. A. Wong, D. Ng, J. Hull, and W. J. Frederick, "Potassium-Based Pulping of Wheat Straw," Tappi Proc., pp. 477-479 (1989).