메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 17, Issue 15, 2003, Pages 2240-2249

Involvement of site-specific FAK phosphorylation in sphingosine-1 phosphate- and thrombin-induced focal adhesion remodeling: Role of Src and GIT

Author keywords

Barrier function; Cytoskeleton; Human pulmonary artery endothelium

Indexed keywords

F ACTIN; FOCAL ADHESION KINASE; G PROTEIN COUPLED RECEPTOR KINASE; G PROTEIN COUPLED RECEPTOR KINASE INTERACTING PROTEIN; GIT1 PROTEIN; GIT2 PROTEIN; PAXILLIN; PROTEIN; SPHINGOSINE 1 PHOSPHATE; THROMBIN; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; YTTRIUM;

EID: 0345529916     PISSN: 08926638     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1096/fj.03-0198com     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (121)

References (50)
  • 1
    • 0035039649 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Regulation of endothelial cell barrier function by calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II
    • Borbiev, T., Verin, A. D., Shi, S., Liu, F., and Garcia, J. G. (2001) Regulation of endothelial cell barrier function by calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II. Am. J. Physiol. 280, L983-L990
    • (2001) Am. J. Physiol. , vol.280
    • Borbiev, T.1    Verin, A.D.2    Shi, S.3    Liu, F.4    Garcia, J.G.5
  • 3
    • 0026755966 scopus 로고
    • Thrombin stimulation of human endothelial cell phospholipase D activity. Regulation by phospholipase C, protein kinase C, and cyclic adenosine 3′5′-monophosphate
    • Garcia, J. G., Fenton, J. W., II, and Natarajan, V. (1992) Thrombin stimulation of human endothelial cell phospholipase D activity. Regulation by phospholipase C, protein kinase C, and cyclic adenosine 3′5′ -monophosphate. Blood 79, 2056-2067
    • (1992) Blood , vol.79 , pp. 2056-2067
    • Garcia, J.G.1    Fenton II, J.W.2    Natarajan, V.3
  • 6
    • 0029012398 scopus 로고
    • Regulation of endothelial cell gap formation and barrier dysfunction: Role of myosin light chain phosphorylation
    • Garcia, J. G., Davis, H. W., and Patterson, C. E. (1995) Regulation of endothelial cell gap formation and barrier dysfunction: role of myosin light chain phosphorylation. J. Cell. Physiol. 163, 510-522
    • (1995) J. Cell. Physiol. , vol.163 , pp. 510-522
    • Garcia, J.G.1    Davis, H.W.2    Patterson, C.E.3
  • 7
    • 0027986575 scopus 로고
    • Mechanisms of cholera toxin prevention of thrombin- and PMA-induced endothelial cell barrier dysfunction
    • Patterson, C. E., Davis, H. W., Schaphorst, K. L., and Garcia, J. G. (1994) Mechanisms of cholera toxin prevention of thrombin- and PMA-induced endothelial cell barrier dysfunction. Microvasc. Res. 48, 212-235
    • (1994) Microvasc. Res. , vol.48 , pp. 212-235
    • Patterson, C.E.1    Davis, H.W.2    Schaphorst, K.L.3    Garcia, J.G.4
  • 8
    • 0034807581 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cytoskeletal regulation of pulmonary vascular permeability
    • Dudek, S. M., and Garcia, J. G. (2001) Cytoskeletal regulation of pulmonary vascular permeability. J. Appl. Physiol. 91, 1487-1500
    • (2001) J. Appl. Physiol. , vol.91 , pp. 1487-1500
    • Dudek, S.M.1    Garcia, J.G.2
  • 9
    • 0030477840 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mechanisms of increased endothelial permeability
    • Lum, H., and Malik, A. B. (1996) Mechanisms of increased endothelial permeability. Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 74, 787-800
    • (1996) Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. , vol.74 , pp. 787-800
    • Lum, H.1    Malik, A.B.2
  • 10
  • 11
    • 0015259329 scopus 로고
    • Effects of platelet transfusions: Plug formation and maintenance of vascular integrity
    • Roy, A. J., and Djerassi, I. (1972) Effects of platelet transfusions: plug formation and maintenance of vascular integrity. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 139, 137-142
    • (1972) Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. , vol.139 , pp. 137-142
    • Roy, A.J.1    Djerassi, I.2
  • 12
    • 0023916970 scopus 로고
    • Role of platelets in maintenance of pulmonary vascular permeability to protein
    • Lo, S. K., Burhop, K. E., Kaplan, J. E., and Malik, A. B. (1988) Role of platelets in maintenance of pulmonary vascular permeability to protein. Am. J. Physiol. 254, H763-H771
    • (1988) Am. J. Physiol. , vol.254
    • Lo, S.K.1    Burhop, K.E.2    Kaplan, J.E.3    Malik, A.B.4
  • 13
    • 0021163685 scopus 로고
    • Vasoactive agonists prevent erythrocyte extravasation in thrombocytopenic hamsters
    • Shepro, D., Welles, S. L., and Hechtman, H. B. (1984) Vasoactive agonists prevent erythrocyte extravasation in thrombocytopenic hamsters. Thromb. Res. 35, 421-430
    • (1984) Thromb. Res. , vol.35 , pp. 421-430
    • Shepro, D.1    Welles, S.L.2    Hechtman, H.B.3
  • 14
    • 0022977984 scopus 로고
    • Platelets reduce coronary microvascular permeability to macromolecules
    • McDonagh, P. F. (1986) Platelets reduce coronary microvascular permeability to macromolecules. Am. J. Physiol. 251, H581-H587
    • (1986) Am. J. Physiol. , vol.251
    • McDonagh, P.F.1
  • 15
    • 0034614621 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sphingosine 1-phosphate-induced cell proliferation, survival, and related signaling events mediated by G protein-coupled receptors Edg3 and Edg5
    • An, S., Zheng, Y., and Bleu, T. (2000) Sphingosine 1-phosphate-induced cell proliferation, survival, and related signaling events mediated by G protein-coupled receptors Edg3 and Edg5. J. Biol. Chem. 275, 288-296
    • (2000) J. Biol. Chem. , vol.275 , pp. 288-296
    • An, S.1    Zheng, Y.2    Bleu, T.3
  • 16
    • 0035895735 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Platelet-released phospholipids link haemostasis and angiogenesis
    • English, D., Garcia, J. G., and Brindley, D. N. (2001) Platelet-released phospholipids link haemostasis and angiogenesis. Cardiovasc. Res. 49, 588-599
    • (2001) Cardiovasc. Res. , vol.49 , pp. 588-599
    • English, D.1    Garcia, J.G.2    Brindley, D.N.3
  • 17
    • 0031729124 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diversity of cellular receptors and functions for the lysophospholipid growth factors lysophosphatidic acid and sphingosine 1-phosphate
    • Goetzl, E. J., and An, S. (1998) Diversity of cellular receptors and functions for the lysophospholipid growth factors lysophosphatidic acid and sphingosine 1-phosphate. FASEB J. 12, 1589-1598
    • (1998) FASEB J. , vol.12 , pp. 1589-1598
    • Goetzl, E.J.1    An, S.2
  • 18
    • 0033564744 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Induction and suppression of endothelial cell apoptosis by sphingolipids: A possible in vitro model for cell-cell interactions between platelets and endothelial cells
    • Hisano, N., Yatomi, Y., Satoh, K., Akimoto, S., Mitsumata, M., Fujino, M. A., and Ozaki, Y. (1999) Induction and suppression of endothelial cell apoptosis by sphingolipids: a possible in vitro model for cell-cell interactions between platelets and endothelial cells. Blood 93, 4293-4299
    • (1999) Blood , vol.93 , pp. 4293-4299
    • Hisano, N.1    Yatomi, Y.2    Satoh, K.3    Akimoto, S.4    Mitsumata, M.5    Fujino, M.A.6    Ozaki, Y.7
  • 19
    • 0033615537 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Vascular endothelial cell adherensjunction assembly and morphogenesis induced by sphingosine-1-phosphate
    • Lee, M. J., Thangada, S., Claffey, K. P., Ancellin, N., Liu, C. H., Kluk, M., Volpi, M., Sha'afi, R. I., and Hla, T. (1999) Vascular endothelial cell adherensjunction assembly and morphogenesis induced by sphingosine-1-phosphate. Cell 99, 301-312
    • (1999) Cell , vol.99 , pp. 301-312
    • Lee, M.J.1    Thangada, S.2    Claffey, K.P.3    Ancellin, N.4    Liu, C.H.5    Kluk, M.6    Volpi, M.7    Sha'afi, R.I.8    Hla, T.9
  • 20
    • 0029128576 scopus 로고
    • Quantitative measurement of sphingosine 1-phosphate in biological samples by acylation with radioactive acetic anhydride
    • Yatomi, Y., Ruan, F., Ohta, J., Welch, R. J., Hakomori, S., and Igarashi, Y. (1995) Quantitative measurement of sphingosine 1-phosphate in biological samples by acylation with radioactive acetic anhydride. Anal. Biochem. 230, 315-320
    • (1995) Anal. Biochem. , vol.230 , pp. 315-320
    • Yatomi, Y.1    Ruan, F.2    Ohta, J.3    Welch, R.J.4    Hakomori, S.5    Igarashi, Y.6
  • 21
    • 0034659907 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Quantitative measurement of sphingosine 1-phosphate by radioreceptor-binding assay
    • Murata, N., Sato, K., Kon, J., Tomura, H., and Okajima, F. (2000) Quantitative measurement of sphingosine 1-phosphate by radioreceptor-binding assay. Anal. Biochem. 282, 115-120
    • (2000) Anal. Biochem. , vol.282 , pp. 115-120
    • Murata, N.1    Sato, K.2    Kon, J.3    Tomura, H.4    Okajima, F.5
  • 22
    • 0037162066 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Differential effects of sphingosine 1-phosphate and lysophosphatidic acid on endothelial cells
    • Panetti, T. S. (2002) Differential effects of sphingosine 1-phosphate and lysophosphatidic acid on endothelial cells. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1582, 190-196
    • (2002) Biochim. Biophys. Acta , vol.1582 , pp. 190-196
    • Panetti, T.S.1
  • 24
    • 0033544870 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sphingosine 1-phosphate stimulates cell migration through a G(i)-coupled cell surface receptor. Potential involvement in angiogenesis
    • Wang, F., Van Brocklyn, J. R., Hobson, J. P., Movafagh, S., Zukowska-Grojec, Z., Milstien, S., and Spiegel, S. (1999) Sphingosine 1-phosphate stimulates cell migration through a G(i)-coupled cell surface receptor. Potential involvement in angiogenesis. J. Biol. Chem. 274, 35343-35350
    • (1999) J. Biol. Chem. , vol.274 , pp. 35343-35350
    • Wang, F.1    Van Brocklyn, J.R.2    Hobson, J.P.3    Movafagh, S.4    Zukowska-Grojec, Z.5    Milstien, S.6    Spiegel, S.7
  • 26
    • 0034715923 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Focal adhesions: A nexus for intracellular signaling and cytoskeletal dynamics
    • Sastry, S. K., and Burridge, K. (2000) Focal adhesions: a nexus for intracellular signaling and cytoskeletal dynamics. Exp. Cell Res. 261, 25-36
    • (2000) Exp. Cell Res. , vol.261 , pp. 25-36
    • Sastry, S.K.1    Burridge, K.2
  • 27
    • 0027219262 scopus 로고
    • Identification and characterization of a high-affinity interaction between v-Crk and tyrosine-phosphorylated paxillin in CT10-transformed fibroblasts
    • Birge, R. B., Fajardo, J. E., Reichman, C., Shoelson, S. E., Songyang, Z., Cantley, L. C., and Hanafusa, H. (1993) Identification and characterization of a high-affinity interaction between v-Crk and tyrosine-phosphorylated paxillin in CT10-transformed fibroblasts. Mol. Cell. Biol. 13, 4648-4656
    • (1993) Mol. Cell. Biol. , vol.13 , pp. 4648-4656
    • Birge, R.B.1    Fajardo, J.E.2    Reichman, C.3    Shoelson, S.E.4    Songyang, Z.5    Cantley, L.C.6    Hanafusa, H.7
  • 29
    • 0028289562 scopus 로고
    • Primary sequence of paxillin contains putative SH2 and SH3 domain binding motifs and multiple LIM domains: Identification of a vinculin and pp125Fak-binding region
    • Turner, C. E., and Miller, J. T. (1994) Primary sequence of paxillin contains putative SH2 and SH3 domain binding motifs and multiple LIM domains: identification of a vinculin and pp125Fak-binding region. J. Cell Sci. 107, 1583-1591
    • (1994) J. Cell Sci. , vol.107 , pp. 1583-1591
    • Turner, C.E.1    Miller, J.T.2
  • 30
    • 0025008074 scopus 로고
    • Paxillin: A new vinculin-binding protein present in focal adhesions
    • Turner, C. E., Glenney, J. R., Jr., and Burridge, K. (1990) Paxillin: a new vinculin-binding protein present in focal adhesions. J. Cell Biol. 111, 1059-1068
    • (1990) J. Cell Biol. , vol.111 , pp. 1059-1068
    • Turner, C.E.1    Glenney Jr., J.R.2    Burridge, K.3
  • 31
    • 0027293670 scopus 로고
    • Detection of Src homology 3-binding proteins, including paxillin, in normal and v-Src-transformed Balb/c 3T3 cells
    • Weng, Z., Taylor, J. A., Turner, C. E., Brugge, J. S., and Seidel-Dugan, C. (1993) Detection of Src homology 3-binding proteins, including paxillin, in normal and v-Src-transformed Balb/c 3T3 cells. J. Biol. Chem. 268, 14956-14963
    • (1993) J. Biol. Chem. , vol.268 , pp. 14956-14963
    • Weng, Z.1    Taylor, J.A.2    Turner, C.E.3    Brugge, J.S.4    Seidel-Dugan, C.5
  • 32
    • 0028324634 scopus 로고
    • Characterisation of the paxillin-binding site and the C-terminal focal adhesion targeting sequence in vinculin
    • Wood, C. K., Turner, C. E., Jackson, P., and Critchley, D. R. (1994) Characterisation of the paxillin-binding site and the C-terminal focal adhesion targeting sequence in vinculin. J. Cell Sci. 107, 709-717
    • (1994) J. Cell Sci. , vol.107 , pp. 709-717
    • Wood, C.K.1    Turner, C.E.2    Jackson, P.3    Critchley, D.R.4
  • 33
    • 0029166094 scopus 로고
    • Characterization of tyrosine phosphorylation of paxillin in vitro by focal adhesion kinase
    • Bellis, S. L., Miller, J. T., and Turner, C. E. (1995) Characterization of tyrosine phosphorylation of paxillin in vitro by focal adhesion kinase. J. Biol. Chem. 270, 17437-17441
    • (1995) J. Biol. Chem. , vol.270 , pp. 17437-17441
    • Bellis, S.L.1    Miller, J.T.2    Turner, C.E.3
  • 34
    • 0031847578 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Serine and threonine phosphorylation of the paxillin LIM domains regulates paxillin focal adhesion localization and cell adhesion to fibronectin
    • Brown, M. C., Perrotta, J. A., and Turner, C. E. (1998) Serine and threonine phosphorylation of the paxillin LIM domains regulates paxillin focal adhesion localization and cell adhesion to fibronectin. Mol. Biol. Cell 9, 1803-1816
    • (1998) Mol. Biol. Cell , vol.9 , pp. 1803-1816
    • Brown, M.C.1    Perrotta, J.A.2    Turner, C.E.3
  • 35
    • 0028986116 scopus 로고
    • pp125FAK-dependent tyrosine phosphorylation of paxillin creates a high-affinity binding site for Crk
    • Schaller, M. D., and Parsons, J. T. (1995) pp125FAK-dependent tyrosine phosphorylation of paxillin creates a high-affinity binding site for Crk. Mol. Cell. Biol. 15, 2635-2645
    • (1995) Mol. Cell. Biol. , vol.15 , pp. 2635-2645
    • Schaller, M.D.1    Parsons, J.T.2
  • 37
    • 0035948579 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Biochemical signals and biological responses elicited by the focal adhesion kinase
    • Schaller, M. D. (2001) Biochemical signals and biological responses elicited by the focal adhesion kinase. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1540, 1-21
    • (2001) Biochim. Biophys. Acta , vol.1540 , pp. 1-21
    • Schaller, M.D.1
  • 39
    • 0033731010 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Focal adhesion kinase suppresses Rho activity to promote focal adhesion turnover
    • Ren, X. D., Kiosses, W. B., Sieg, D. J., Otey, C. A., Schlaepfer, D. D., and Schwartz, M. A. (2000) Focal adhesion kinase suppresses Rho activity to promote focal adhesion turnover. J. Cell Sci. 113, 3673-3678
    • (2000) J. Cell Sci. , vol.113 , pp. 3673-3678
    • Ren, X.D.1    Kiosses, W.B.2    Sieg, D.J.3    Otey, C.A.4    Schlaepfer, D.D.5    Schwartz, M.A.6
  • 40
    • 0035479908 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Paxillin-ARF GAP signaling and the cytoskeleton
    • Turner, C. E., West, K. A., and Brown, M. C. (2001) Paxillin-ARF GAP signaling and the cytoskeleton. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 13, 593-599
    • (2001) Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. , vol.13 , pp. 593-599
    • Turner, C.E.1    West, K.A.2    Brown, M.C.3
  • 41
    • 0035173058 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An ADP-ribosylation factor GTPase-activating protein Git2-short/KIAA0148 is involved in subcellular localization of paxillin and actin cytoskeletal organization
    • Mazaki, Y., Hashimoto, S., Okawa, K., Tsubouchi, A., Nakamura, K., Yagi, R., Yano, H., Kondo, A., Iwamatsu, A., Mizoguchi, A., et al. (2001) An ADP-ribosylation factor GTPase-activating protein Git2-short/KIAA0148 is involved in subcellular localization of paxillin and actin cytoskeletal organization. Mol. Biol. Cell 12, 645-662
    • (2001) Mol. Biol. Cell , vol.12 , pp. 645-662
    • Mazaki, Y.1    Hashimoto, S.2    Okawa, K.3    Tsubouchi, A.4    Nakamura, K.5    Yagi, R.6    Yano, H.7    Kondo, A.8    Iwamatsu, A.9    Mizoguchi, A.10
  • 42
    • 0035833251 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The LD4 motif of paxillin regulates cell spreading and motility through an interaction with paxillin kinase linker (PKL)
    • West, K. A., Zhang, H., Brown, M. C., Nikolopoulos, S. N., Riedy, M. C., Horwitz, A. F., and Turner, C. E. (2001) The LD4 motif of paxillin regulates cell spreading and motility through an interaction with paxillin kinase linker (PKL). J. Cell Biol. 154, 161-176
    • (2001) J. Cell Biol. , vol.154 , pp. 161-176
    • West, K.A.1    Zhang, H.2    Brown, M.C.3    Nikolopoulos, S.N.4    Riedy, M.C.5    Horwitz, A.F.6    Turner, C.E.7
  • 43
    • 0033843129 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Coupling of PAK-interacting exchange factor PIX to GIT1 promotes focal complex disassembly
    • Zhao, Z. S., Manser, E., Loo, T. H., and Lim, L. (2000) Coupling of PAK-interacting exchange factor PIX to GIT1 promotes focal complex disassembly. Mol. Cell. Biol. 20, 6354-6363
    • (2000) Mol. Cell. Biol. , vol.20 , pp. 6354-6363
    • Zhao, Z.S.1    Manser, E.2    Loo, T.H.3    Lim, L.4
  • 44
    • 0037370946 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • S1P induces FA remodeling in human pulmonary endothelial cells: Role of Rac, GIT1, FAK and paxillin
    • Shikata, Y., Birukov, K. G., and Garcia, J. G. (2003) S1P induces FA remodeling in human pulmonary endothelial cells: role of Rac, GIT1, FAK and paxillin. J. Appl. Physiol. 94, 1193-1203
    • (2003) J. Appl. Physiol. , vol.94 , pp. 1193-1203
    • Shikata, Y.1    Birukov, K.G.2    Garcia, J.G.3
  • 45
    • 0033515905 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Signaling transduction pathway of angiotensin II in human mesangial cells: Mediation of focal adhesion and GTPase activating proteins
    • Shikata, Y., Shikata, K., Matsuda, M., Sugimoto, H., Wada, J., and Makino, H. (1999) Signaling transduction pathway of angiotensin II in human mesangial cells: mediation of focal adhesion and GTPase activating proteins. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 257, 234-238
    • (1999) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. , vol.257 , pp. 234-238
    • Shikata, Y.1    Shikata, K.2    Matsuda, M.3    Sugimoto, H.4    Wada, J.5    Makino, H.6
  • 46
    • 0030968768 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sphingosine 1-phosphate stimulates rho-mediated tyrosine phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase and paxillin in Swiss 3T3 fibroblasts
    • Wang, F., Nobes, C. D., Hall, A., and Spiegel, S. (1997) Sphingosine 1-phosphate stimulates rho-mediated tyrosine phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase and paxillin in Swiss 3T3 fibroblasts. Biochem. J. 324, 481-488
    • (1997) Biochem. J. , vol.324 , pp. 481-488
    • Wang, F.1    Nobes, C.D.2    Hall, A.3    Spiegel, S.4
  • 47
    • 0037096160 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Distinct signals via Rho GTPases and Src drive shape changes by thrombin and sphingosine-1-phosphate in endothelial cells
    • Vouret-Craviari, V., Bourcier, C., Boulter, E., and van Obberghen-Schilling, E. (2002) Distinct signals via Rho GTPases and Src drive shape changes by thrombin and sphingosine-1-phosphate in endothelial cells. J. Cell Sci. 115, 2475-2484
    • (2002) J. Cell Sci. , vol.115 , pp. 2475-2484
    • Vouret-Craviari, V.1    Bourcier, C.2    Boulter, E.3    Van Obberghen-Schilling, E.4
  • 48
    • 0028988989 scopus 로고
    • v-Src-induced degradation of focal adhesion kinase during morphological transformation of chicken embryo fibroblasts
    • Fincham, V. J., Wyke, J. A., and Frame, M. C. (1995) v-Src-induced degradation of focal adhesion kinase during morphological transformation of chicken embryo fibroblasts. Oncogene 10, 2247-2252
    • (1995) Oncogene , vol.10 , pp. 2247-2252
    • Fincham, V.J.1    Wyke, J.A.2    Frame, M.C.3
  • 49
    • 0034693854 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Focal adhesion kinase: A regulator of focal adhesion dynamics and cell movement
    • Parsons, J. T., Martin, K. H., Slack, J. K., Taylor, J. M., and Weed, S. A. (2000) Focal adhesion kinase: a regulator of focal adhesion dynamics and cell movement. Oncogene 19, 5606-5613
    • (2000) Oncogene , vol.19 , pp. 5606-5613
    • Parsons, J.T.1    Martin, K.H.2    Slack, J.K.3    Taylor, J.M.4    Weed, S.A.5
  • 50
    • 0037509990 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Focal adhesion kinase: The first ten years
    • Parsons, J. T. (2003) Focal adhesion kinase: the first ten years. J. Cell Sci. 116, 1409-1416
    • (2003) J. Cell Sci. , vol.116 , pp. 1409-1416
    • Parsons, J.T.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.