Actin cytoskeleton in plants: From transport networks to signaling networks

Microscopy Research and Technique

Volumn 47, Issue 2, 1999, Pages 135-154

  Volkmann, Dieter ^a   Baluška, František ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

Cell elongation; Intracellular movements; Plant actin; Signaling

Indexed keywords

ASSOCIATION REACTIONS; CELL MEMBRANES; CELL SIGNALING; COMPLEX NETWORKS; CYTOLOGY; PHOSPHOLIPIDS; POLYMERIZATION; PROTEINS; SIGNALING;

ACTIN CYTOSKELETON; CELL ELONGATION; F-ACTIN; GENE FAMILIES; INTRACELLULAR MOVEMENT; ISOFORMS; PLANT ACTIN; SIGNALING; SIGNALING NETWORKS; TRANSPORT NETWORKS;

OLIGOMERS;

ACTIN; ACTIN DEPOLYMERIZING FACTOR; COFILIN; F ACTIN; MYOSIN; OLIGOMER;

ACTIN FILAMENT; ACTIN MYOSIN INTERACTION; ACTIN POLYMERIZATION; ANIMAL CELL; ARABIDOPSIS; ARTICLE; CELL INTERACTION; CELL MOTILITY; CELL TRANSPORT; CHLOROPLAST; CONTROLLED STUDY; CYTOSKELETON; NONHUMAN; PLANT CELL; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; WOUND HEALING;

ALGAE; ANIMALIA; ARABIDOPSIS; EMBRYOPHYTA;

EID: 0345465963     PISSN: 1059910X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0029(19991015)47:2<135::AID-JEMT6>3.0.CO;2-1     Document Type: Article

References (393)

1. Abe S, Davies E. 1991. Isolation of F-actin from pea stems. Evidence from fluorescence microscopy. Protoplasma 163:51-61.
2. Abe S, Ito Y, Davies E. 1992. Co-sedimentation of actin, tubulin and membranes in the cytoskeleton fractions from peas and mouse 3T3 cells. J Exp Bot 43:941-949.
3. Alessa L, Kropf DL. 1999. F-actin marks the rhizoid pole in living Pelvetia compressa zygotes. Development 126:201-209.
4. Alléra, A, Beck, R, Wohlfarth-Bottermann, KE. 1971. Weitreichende fibrilläre Protoplasma differenzierungen und ihre Bedeutung für die Protoplasmaströmung. VIII. Identifizierung der Plasmafilamente von Physarum polycephalum als F-Actin durch Anlagerung von heavy meromyosin in situ. Cytobiologie 4:437-449.
5. Andersland JM, Fisher DD, Wymer CL, Cyr RJ, Parthasarathy MV. 1994. Characterization of a monoclonal antibody prepared against plant actin. Cell Motil Cytoskel 29:339-344.
6. Apostolakos P, Galatis B. 1999. Microtubule and actin filament organization during stomatal morphogenesis in the fern Asplenium nidus. II. Guard cells. New Phytol 141:209-223.
7. Asada T, Collings D. 1997. Molecular motors in higher plants. Trends Plant Sci 2:29-37.
8. Assmann SM, Shimazaki K. 1999. The multisensory guard cell. Stomatal responses to blue light and abscisic acid. Plant Physiol 119:809-815.
9. Atkinson MM. 1993. Molecular mechanisms of pathogen recognition by plants. Adv Plant Pathol 10:35-64.
10. Ayscough K. 1998. Use of latrunculin-A, an actin monomer-binding drug. In: Vallee RB, editor. Methods of enzymology, vol. 298. Molecular motors and the cytoskeleton, part b. San Diego: Academic Press. p 18-25.
11. Ayscough KR, Stryker J, Pokala N, Sanders M, Crews P, Drubin DG. 1997. High rates of actin filament turnover in budding yeast and roles for actin in establishment and maintenance of cell polarity revealed using the actin inhibitor latrunculin-A. J Cell Biol 137:399-416.
12. Balachandran S, Xiang Y, Schobert C, Thompson GA, Lucas WJ. 1997 Phloem sap proteins from Cucurbita maxima and Ricinus communis have the capacity to traffic cell to cell through plasmodesmata. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94:14150-14155.
13. Baluška F, Hasenstein KH. 1997. Root cytoskeleton: its role in perception of and response to gravity. Planta 203:S69-S78.
14. Baluška F, Parker JS, Barlow PW. 1992. Specific patterns of cortical and endoplasmic microtubules associated with cell growth and tissue differentiation in roots of maize (Zea mays L). J Cell Sci 103:191-200.
15. Baluška F, Barlow PW, Parker JS, Volkmann D. 1996a. Symmetric reorganizations of radiating microtubules around pre- and postmitotic nuclei of dividing cells organized within intact root meristems. J Plant Physiol 149:119-128.
16. Baluška F, Volkmann D, Hauskrecht M, Barlow PW. 1996b. Root cap mucilage and extracellular calcium as modulators of cellular growth in postmitotic growth zones of the maize root apex. Bot Acta 109:25-34.
17. Baluška F, Volkmann D, Barlow PW. 1996c. Specialized zones of development in roots: view from the cellular level. Plant Physiol 112:3-4.
18. Baluška F, Vitha S, Barlow PW, Volkmann D. 1997a. Rearrangements of F-actin arrays in growing cells of intact maize root apex tissues: a major developmental switch occurs in the postmitotic transition region. Eur J Cell Biol 72:113-121.
19. Baluška F, Kreibaum A, Vitha S, Parker JS, Barlow PW, Sievers A. 1997b. Central root cap cells are depleted of endoplasmic microtubules and actin microfilament bundles: implications for their role as gravity-sensing statocytes. Protoplasma 196:212-223.
20. Baluška F, Samaj J, Volkmann D. 1999. Proteins reacting with cadherin and catenin antibodies are present in maize showing tissue-, domain-, and development-specific associations with endoplasmic-reticulum membranes and actin microfilaments in root cells. Protoplasma 206:174-187.
21. Barlow PW. 1995. Gravity perception in plants: a multiplicity of systems derived by evolution? Plant Cell Environ 18:951-962.
22. Bartnik E, Sievers A. 1988. In-vivo observations of a spherical aggregate of endoplasmic reticulum and of Golgi vesicles in the tip of fast-growing Chara rhizoids. Planta 176:1-9.
23. Bassel G, Singer RH. 1997. mRNA and cytoskeletal filaments. Curr Opin Cell Biol 9:109-115.
24. Bassel GJ, Oleynikov Y, Singer RH. 1999. The travels of mRNAs through all cells large and small. FASEB J 13:447-454.
25. Bisgrove SR, Kropf DL. 1998. Alignment of centrosomal and growth axes is a late event during polarization of Pelvetia compressa zygotes. Dev Biol 194:246-256.
26. Blackman LM, Overall RL. 1998. Immunolocalisation of the cytoskeleton to plasmodesmata of Chara corallina. Plant J 14:733-741.
27. Blancaflor EB, Hasenstein KH. 1997. The organization of the actin cytoskeleton in vertical and graviresponding primary roots of maize. Plant Physiol 113:1447-1455.
28. Boevink P, Oparka K, Santa Cruz S, Martin B, Betteridge A, Hawes C. 1998. Stacks on tracks: the plant Golgi apparatus traffics on an actin/ER network. Plant J 15:441-447.
29. Bonder EM, Fishkind DJ, Mooseker MS. 1983. Direct measurement of critical concentrations and assembly rate constants at the two ends of an actin filament. Cell 34:491-501.
30. Bouget F-Y, Gerttula S, Shaw SL, Quatrano RS. 1996. Localization of actin mRNA during the establishment of cell polarity and early cell divisions in Fucus embryos. Plant Cell 8:189-201.
31. Bradke F, Dotti CG. 1999. The role of local actin instability in axon formation. Science 283:1931-1934.
32. Braun M. 1996. Immunolocalization of myosin in rhizoids of Chara globularia Thuill. Protoplasma 191:1-8.
33. Braun M, Sievers A. 1993. Centrifugation causes adaptation of microfilaments: studies on the transport of statoliths in gravity sensing Chara rhizoids. Protoplasma 174:50-61.
34. Braun M, Wasteneys GO. 1998. Reorganization of the actin and microtubule cytoskeleton throughout blue-light-induced differentiation of Characean protonemata into multicellular thalli. Protoplasma 202:38-53.
35. 2) in growing and maturing root hairs. Planta (in press).
36. Brawley SH, Robinson KR. 1985. Cytochalasin treatment disrupts the endogenous currents associated with cell polarization in fucoid zygotes: studies of the role of F-actin in embryogenesis. J Cell Biol 100:1173-1184.
37. Brix K, Kukulies J, Stockem W. 1987. Studies on microplasmodia of Physarum polycephalum. V. Correlation of surface morphology, microfilament organization and motile activity. Protoplasma 137: 156-167.
38. Buchen B, Braun M, Sievers A. 1993. Statoliths pull on microfilaments. Experiments under microgravity. Protoplasma 172:38-42.
39. Butler JH, Hu S, Brady SR, Dixon MW, Muday GK. 1998. In vitro and in vivo evidence for actin association of the naphthylphthalamic acid-binding protein from zucchini hypocotyls. Plant J 13:291-301.
40. Calvert CM, Gant SJ, Bowles DJ. 1996. Tomato annexins p34 and p35 bind to F-actin and display nucleotide phosphodiesterase activity inhibited by phospholipid binding. Plant Cell 8:333-342.
41. Cantiello HF, Prat AG. 1996. Role of actin filament organization in ion channel activity and cell volume regulation. In: Nelson WJ, editor. Membrane protein-cytoskeleton interactions. San Diego: Academic Press. p 373-396.
42. Carlier M-F, Laurent V, Santolini J, Melki R, Didry D, Xia G-X, Hong Y, Chua N-H, Pantaloni D. 1997. Actin depolymerizing factor (ADF/cofilin) enhances the rate of filament turnover: implications in actin-based motility. J Cell Biol 136:1307-1323.
43. Carraway KL, Carraway CA, Carraway KL III. 1998. Signaling and the cytoskeleton. Berlin: Springer.
44. Chicurel ME, Chen CS, Ingber DE. 1998. Cellular control lies in the balance of forces. Curr Opin Cell Biol 10:232-239.
45. Cho S-O, Wick SM. 1990. Distribution and function of actin in the developing stomatal complex of winter rye (Secale cereale cv Puma). Protoplasma 157:154-164.
46. Chu B, Kerr GP, Carter JV. 1993. Stabilizing microtubules with taxol increases microfilament stability during freezing of rye root tips. Plant Cell Environ 16:883-889.
47. Clarke SR, Staiger CJ, Gibbon BC, Franklin-Tong VE. 1998. A potential signaling role for profilin in pollen of Papaver rhoeas. Plant Cell 10:967-979.
48. Clayton L, Lloyd CW. 1985. Actin organization during the cell cycle in meristematic plant cells. Actin is present in the cytokinetic phragmoplast. Exp Cell Res 156:231-238.
49. Cleary AL. 1995. F-actin redistributions at the division site in living Tradescantia stomatal complexes as revealed by microinjection of rhodamine-phalloidin. Protoplasma 185:152-165.
50. Cleary AL, Mathesius U. 1996. Rearrangements of F-actin during stomatogenesis visualised by confocal microscopy in fixed and permeabilised Tradescantia, leaf epidermis. Bot Acta 109:15-24.
51. Cleary AL, Gunning BES, Wasteneys GO, Hepler PK. 1992. Microtubule and F-actin dynamics at the division site in living Tradescantia stamen hair cells. J Cell Sci 103:977-988.
52. Cleary AL, Brown RC, Lemmon BE. 1993. Organisation of microtubules and actin filaments in the cortex of differentiating Selaginella guard cells. Protoplasma 177:37-44.
53. Clore AM, Dannenhoffer JM, Larkins BA. 1996. EF-1a is associated with a cytoskeletal network surrounding protein bodies in maize endosperm cells. Plant Cell 8:2003-2014.
54. Cole NB, Sciaky N, Marotta A, Song J, Lippincott-Schwartz J. 1996. Golgi dispersal during microtubule disruption: regeneration of Golgi stacks at peripheral endoplasmic reticulum exit sites. Mol Biol Cell 7:631-650.
55. Collings DA, Wasteneys GO, Williamson RE. 1995. Cytochalasin rearranges cortical actin of the alga Nitella into short stable rods. Plant Cell Physiol 36:765-772.
56. Collings DA, Wasteneys GO, Williamson RE. 1996. Actin-microtubule interactions in the alga Nitella: analysis of the mechanism by which microtubule depolymerization potentiates cytochalasin's effects on streaming. Protoplasma 191:178-190.
57. Collings DA, Asada T, Allen NS, Shibaoka H. 1998. Plasma membrane-associated actin in Bright Yellow 2 tobacco cells. Evidence for interactions with microtubules. Plant Physiol 118:917-928.
58. Condeelis JS. 1974. The identification of F actin in the pollen tube and protoplast of Amaryllis belladonna. Exp Cell Res 88:435-439.
59. Cooper JA. 1987. Effects of cytochalasin and phalloidin on actin. J Cell Biol 105:1473-1478.
60. Cope MJTV, Whisstock J, Rayment I, Kendrick-Jones J. 1996. Conservation within the myosin motor domain: implications for structure and function. Structure 4:969-987.
61. Cossart P. 1995. Actin-based bacterial motility. Curr Opin Cell Biol 7:94-101.
62. Cox DN, Muday GK. 1994. NPA binding activity is peripheral to the plasma membrane and is associated with the cytoskeleton. Plant Cell 6:1941-1953.
63. Cox G, Hawes CR, van der Lubbe L, Juniper BE. 1987. High-voltage electron microscopy of whole, critical-point dried plant cells. 2. Cytoskeletal structures and plastid motility in Selaginella. Protoplasma 140:173-186.
64. Danyluk J, Carpentier E, Sarhan F. 1996. Identification and characterization of a low temperature regulated gene encoding an actin-binding protein from wheat. FEBS Lett 389:324-327.
65. Davies E, Fillingham BD, Ito Y, Abe S. 1991. Evidence for the existence of cytoskeleton-bound polysomes in plants. Cell Biol Int Rep 15:973-981.
66. Davies E, Fillingham BD, Abe S. 1996. The plant cytoskeleton. In: Hesketh JE, Pryme IF, editors. The cytoskeleton. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press. p 405-409.
67. Dawson PJ, Hulme JS, Lloyd CW. 1985. Monoclonal antibody to intermediate filament antigen cross-reacts with higher plant cells. J Cell Biol 100:1793-1798.
68. de Ruijter, NCA, Emons, AMC. 1999. Actin-binding proteins in plant cells. Plant Biol 1:26-35.
69. de Ruijter NCA, Rook MB, Bisseling T, Emons AMC. 1998. Lipochitooligosaccharides re-initiate root hair tip growth in Vicia sativa with high calcium and spectrin-like antigen at the tip. Plant J 13:341-350.
70. Derksen J, Rutten T, Lichtscheidl IK, de Win AHN, Pierson ES, Rongen G. 1995. Quantitative analysis of the distribution of organelles in tobacco pollen tubes: implications for exocytosis and endocytosis. Protoplasma 188:267-276.
71. Ding B. 1998. Intercellular protein trafficking through plasmodesmata. Plant Mol Biol 38:279-310.
72. Ding B, Turgeon R, Parthasarathy MV. 1991. Microfilaments in the preprophase band of freeze substituted tobacco root cells. Protoplasma 165:209-211.
73. Ding B, Turgeon R, Parthasarathy MV. 1992. Effect of high-pressure freezing on plant microfilament bundles. J Microsc 165:367-376.
74. Ding B, Kwon M-O, Warnberg L. 1996. Evidence that actin filaments are involved in controlling the permeability of plasmodesmata in tobacco mesophyll. Plant J 10:157-164.
75. Dolfini S, Landoni M, Consonni G, Rascio N, Vecchia FD, Gavazzi G. 1999. The maize lilliputian mutation is responsible for disrupted morphogenesis and minute stature. Plant J 17:11-17.
76. Dong X-J, Ryu J-H, Takagi S, Nagai R. 1996. Dynamic changes in the organization of microfilaments associated with the photocontrolled motility of chloroplasts in epidermal cells of Vallisneria. Protoplasma 195:18-24.
77. FR and photosynthesis. Plant Cell Physiol 39:1299-1306.
78. 2+ from intracellular pools stops cytoplasmic streaming in Tradescantia staminal hairs. Experientia 36:1291-1292.
79. Drøbak BK, Watkins PAC, Valenta R, Dove SK, Lloyd CW, Staiger CJ. 1994. Inhibition of plant plasma membrane phosphoinositide phospholipase C by the actin-binding protein, profilin. Plant J 6:389-400.
80. Drubin DG. 1991. Development of cell polarity in budding yeast. Cell 65:1093-1096.
81. Ehlers K, Schulz M, Kollmann R. 1996. Subcellular localization of ubiquitin in plant protoplasts and the function of ubiquitin in selective degradation of outer-wall plasmodesmata in regenerating protoplasts. Planta 199:139-151.
82. Eleftheriou EP, Palevitz BA. 1992. The effect of cytochalasin D on preprophase band organization in root tip cells of Allium. J Cell Sci 103:989-998.
83. Emons AMC. 1987. The cytoskeleton and secretory vesicles in root hairs of Equisetum and Limnobium and cytoplasmic streaming in root hairs of Equisetum. Ann Bot 60:625-632.
84. Engelberth J, Wanner G, Groth B, Weiler EW. 1995. Functional anatomy of the mechanoreceptor cells in tendrils of Bryonia dioica Jacq. Planta 196:539-550.
85. Eun S-O, Lee Y. 1997. Actin filaments of guard cells are reorganized in response to light and abscisic acid. Plant Physiol 115:1491-1498.
86. Fedorov AA, Ball T Mahoney, NM Valenta, R Almo, SC. 1997. The molecular basis for allergen cross-reactivity: crystal structure and IgE-epitope mapping of birch pollen profilin. Structure 5:33-45.
87. Foissner I. 1991. Induction of exocytosis in Characean internodal cells by locally restricted application of chlortetracycline and the effect of cytochalasin B, depolarizing and hyperpolarizing agents. Plant Cell Environ 14:907-915.
88. Foissner I, Wasteneys GO. 1997. A cytochalasin-sensitive actin filament meshwork is a prerequisite for local wound wall deposition in Nitella internodal cells. Protoplasma 200:17-30.
89. Foissner I, Lichtscheidl IK, Wasteneys GO. 1996. Actin based vesicle dynamics and exocytosis during wound wall formation in Characean internodal cells. Cell Motil Cytoskel 35:35-48.
90. Fowler JE, Quatrano RS. 1997. Plant cell morphogenesis: plasma membrane interactions with cytoskeleton and cell wall. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 13:697-743.
91. Franke WW, Herth W, Van der Woude WJ, Morré DJ. 1972. Tubular and filamentous structures in pollen tubes: possible involvement as guide elements in protoplasmic streaming and vectorial migration of secretory vesicles. Planta 105:317-341.
92. Fukuda H, Kobayashi H. 1989. Dynamic organization of the cytoskeleton during tracheary-element differentiation. Dev Growth Diff 31:9-16.
93. Furuse K, Takemoto D, Doke N, Kawakita K. 1999. Involvement of actin filament association in hypersensitive reactions in potato cells. Physiol Mol Plant Pathol 54:51-61.
94. Gälweiler L, Guan C, Müller A, Wisman E, Mendgen K, Yephremov A, Palme K. 1998. Regulation of polar auxin transport by AtPIN 1 in Arabidopsis vascular tissue. Science 282:2226-2230.
95. Gervais C, Simmonds DH, Newcomb W. 1994. Actin microfilament organization during pollen development of Brassica napus cv Topas. Protoplasma 183:67-76.
96. Ghoshroy S, Lartey R, Sheng J, Citovsky V. 1997. Transport of proteins and nucleic acids through plasmodesmata. Annu Rev Plant Physiol Plant Mol Biol 48:27-50.
97. Gibbon BC, Zonia LE, Kovar DR, Hussey PJ, Staiger CJ. 1998. Pollen profilin function depends on interaction with proline-rich motifs. Plant Cell 10:981-993.
98. Giménez-Abián MI, Utrilla L, Cánovas JL, Giménez-Martín G, Navarrete MH, De la Torre C. 1998. The positional control of mitosis and cytokinesis in higher-plant cells. Planta 204:37-43.
99. Gonsior SM, Platz S, Buchmeier S, Scheer U, Jockusch BM, Hinssen H. 1999. Conformational difference between nuclear and cytoplasmic actin as detected by a monoclonal antibody. J Cell Sci 112:797-809.
100. Goodbody KC, Lloyd CW. 1990. Actin filaments line up across Tradescantia epidermal cells, anticipating wound-induced division planes. Protoplasma 157:92-101.
101. Goodwin PB. 1983. Molecular size limit for movement in the symplast of the Elodea leaf. Planta 157:124-130.
102. Goosen-de Roo L, Burggraaf PD, Libbenga KR. 1983. Microfilament bundles associated with tubular endoplasmic reticulum in fusiform cells in the active cambial zone of Fraxinus excelsior L. Protoplasma 116:204-208.
103. Grolig F, Wagner G. 1988. Light-dependent chloroplast reorientation in Mougeotia and Mesotaenium: biased by pigment-regulated plasmalemma anchorage sites to actin filaments? Bot Acta 101:2-6.
104. 2+-sensitive streaming in the alga Chara: detection of two polypeptides reacting with a monoclonal anti-myosin and their localization in the streaming endoplasm. Eur J Cell Biol 47:22-31.
105. Gu X, Verma DPS. 1996. Phragmoplastin, a dynamin-like protein associated with cell plate formation in plants. EMBO J 15:695-704.
106. Gu X, Verma DPS. 1997. Dynamics of phragmoplastin in living cells during cell plate formation and uncoupling of cell elongation from the plane of cell division. Plant Cell 9:157-169.
107. Gungabissoon RA, Jiang C-J, Drøbak BK, Maciver SK, Hussey PJ. 1998. Interaction of maize actin-depolymerising factor with actin and phosphoinositides and its inhibition of plant phospholipase C. Plant J 16:689-696.
108. Gunning BES, Wick SM. 1985. Preprophase bands, phragmoplasts, and spatial control of cytokinesis. J Cell Sci Suppl 2:157-179.
109. Gupta GD, Heath IB. 1997. Actin disruption by latrunculin B causes turgor-related changes in tip growth of Saprolegnia ferax hyphae. Fungal Genet Biol 21:64-75.
110. Hable WE, Kropf DL. 1998. Role of secretion and the cytoskeleton in cell adhesion and polarity establishment in Pelvetia compressa zygotes. Dev Biol 198:45-56.
111. Hämmerling J. 1955. Neuere Versuche über Polarität und Differenzierung bei Acetabularia. Biol Zentralbl 74:545-554.
112. Hardham AR. 1992. Cell biology of pathogenesis. Annu Rev Plant Physiol Plant Mol Biol 43:491-526.
113. Harold RL, Money NP, Harold FM. 1996. Growth and morphogenesis in Saprolegnia ferax: is turgor required? Protoplasma 191:105-114.
114. Hasenstein KH, Biancaflor EB, Lee JS. 1999. The microtubule cytoskeleton does not integrate auxin transport and gravitropism in maize roots. Physiol Plant 105:729-738.
115. Hasezawa S, Hogetsu T, Syono K. 1989. Changes of actin filaments and cellulose fibrils in elongating cells derived from tobacco protoplasts. J Plant Physiol 134:115-119.
116. 1 phase in tobacco BY-2 cells. Protoplasma 202:105-114.
117. Hashimoto H. 1986. Double ring structure around the constricting neck of dividing plastids of Avena sativa. Protoplasma 135:166-172.
118. Hashimoto H. 1992. Involvement of actin filaments in chloroplast division of the alga Closterium ehrenbergii. Protoplasma 167:88-96.
119. Hatano S. 1994. Actin-binding proteins in cell motility. Int Rev Cytol 156:199-273.
120. Haupt W. 1998. Chloroplast movement: from phenomenology to molecular biology. Prog Bot 60:3-36.
121. Hazen BE, Bushnell WR. 1983. Inhibition of the hypersensitive reaction in barley to powdery mildew by heat shock and cytochalasin B. Physiol Plant Pathol 23:421-438.
122. He Y, Wetzstein HY. 1995. Fixation induces differential tip morphology and immunolocalization of the cytoskeleton in pollen tubes. Physiol Plant 93:757-763.
123. Heath IB. 1990. The roles of actin in tip growth of fungi. Int Rev Cytol 123:95-127.
124. Heath IB, Harold RL. 1992. Actin has multiple roles in the formation and architecture of zoospores of the oomycetes, Saprolegnia ferax and Achlya bisexualis. J Cell Sci 102:611-627.
125. Hejnowicz Z, Sievers A. 1981. Regulation of the position of statoliths in Chara rhizoids. Protoplasma 108:117-137.
126. Hemmersbach R, Volkmann D, Hader D-P. 1999. Graviorientation in protists and plants. J Plant Physiol 154:1-15.
127. Hepler PK. 1982. Endoplasmic reticulum in the formation of the cell plate and plasmodesmata. Protoplasma 111:121-133.
128. Hepler PK, Palevitz BA. 1974. Microtubules and microfilaments. Annu Rev Plant Physiol 25:309-362.
129. Herrman C, Wray J, Travers F, Barman T. 1992. Effect of 2,3-butanedione monoxime on myosin and myofibrillar ATPases. An example of an uncompetitive inhibitor. Biochemistry 31:12227-12232.
130. Heslop-Harrison Y, Heslop-Harrison J. 1992. Germination of monocolpate angiosperm pollen: evolution of the actin cytoskeleton and wall during hydration, activation and tube emergence. Ann Bot 69:385-394.
131. Heslop-Harrison J, Heslop-Harrison Y, Cresti M, Tiezzi A, Ciampolini F. 1986. Actin during pollen germination. J Cell Sci 86:1-8.
132. Higashi-Fujime S. 1991. Reconstitution of active movement in vitro based on the actin-myosin interaction. Int Rev Cytol 125:95-138.
133. Hodick D. 1993. The protonemata of Chara fragilis Desv: regenerative formation, photomorphogenesis, and gravitropism. Bot Acta 106:388-393.
134. Hush JM, Overall RL. 1992. Re-orientation of cortical F-actin is not necessary for wound-induced microtubule re-orientation and cell polarity establishment. Protoplasma 169:97-106.
135. +-channel activities in guard cells of Vicia faba L. Plant Physiol 115:335-342.
136. Ingber DE. 1993. Cellular tensegrity: defining new rules of biological design that govern the cytoskeleton. J Cell Sci 104:613-627.
137. Ingber DE, Dike L, Hansen L, Karp S, Liley H, Maniotis A, McNamee H, Mooney D, Plopper G, Sims J, Wang N. 1994. Cellular tensegrity: exploring how mechanical changes in the cytoskeleton regulate cell growth, migration, and tissue pattern during morphogenesis. Int Rev Cytol 150:173-224.
138. Isenberg G, Niggli V. 1998. Interaction of cytoskeletal proteins with membrane lipids. Int Rev Cytol 178:73-125.
139. Ito Y, Abe S, Davies E. 1994. Co-localization of cytoskeleton proteins and polysomes with a membrane fraction from peas. J Exp Bot 45:253-259.
140. Jackson D, Hake S. 1997. Morphogenesis on the move: cell-to-cell trafficking of plant regulatory proteins. Curr Opin Gen Dev 7:495-500.
141. Jackson SL, Heath BI. 1990. Evidence that actin reinforces the extensible hyphal apex of the oomycete Saprolegnia ferax. Protoplasma 157:144-153.
142. Jackson SL, Heath BI. 1993. The dynamic behavior of cytoplasmic F-actin in growing hyphae. Protoplasma 173:23-34.
143. Jaffe LF. 1958. Tropistic responses of zygotes of the Fucaceae to polarized light. Exp Cell Res 15:282-299.
144. Janβen M, Hunte C, Schulz M, Schnabl H. 1996. Tissue specification and intracellular distribution of actin isoforms in Vicia faba L. Protoplasma 191:158-163.
145. Jarosch R. 1958. Die Protoplasmafibrillen der Characeen. Protoplasma 50:93-108.
146. Jiang CJ, Weeds AG, Khan S, Hussey PJ. 1997. F-actin and G-actin binding are uncoupled by mutation of conserved tyrosine residues in maize actin depolymerizing factor (ZmADF). Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94:9973-9978.
147. Jung G, Wernicke W. 1991. Patterns of actin filaments during cell shaping in developing mesophyll of wheat (Triticum aestivum L). Eur J Cell Biol 56:139-146.
148. Kabsch W, Vandekerckhove J. 1992. Structure and function of actin. Annu Rev Biophys Biomol Struct 21:49-76.
149. Kachar B, Reese TS. 1988. The mechanism of cytoplasmic streaming in Characean algal cells: sliding of endoplasmic reticulum along actin filaments. J Cell Biol 106:1545-1552.
150. Kadota A, Wada M. 1992. Photoinduction of formation of circular structures by microfilaments on chloroplasts during intracellular orientation in protonemal cells of the fern Adiantum capillus-veneris. Protoplasma 167:97-107.
151. Kakimoto T, Shibaoka H. 1987. Actin filaments and microtubules in the preprophase band and phragmoplast of tobacco cells. Protoplasma 140:151-156.
152. Kakimoto T, Shibaoka H. 1988. Cytoskeletal ultrastructure of phragmoplast-nuclei complexes isolated from cultured tobacco cells. Protoplasma Suppl 2:95-103.
153. Kamiya N. 1986. Cytoplasmic streaming in giant algal cells: a historical survey of experimental approaches. Bot Mag 99:444-467.
154. Kiermayer O. 1981. Cytoplasmic basis of morphogenesis in Micrasterias. In: Kiermayer O, editor. Cytomorphogenesis in plants, vol 8. Wien/New York: Springer Verlag. p 147-189.
155. Kikuyama M, Tazawa M, Tominaga Y, Shimmen T. 1996. Membrane control of cytoplasmic streaming in Characean cells. J Plant Res 109:113-118.
156. Kim SR, Kim Y, An G. 1993. Molecular cloning and characterization of anther-preferential cDNA encoding a putative actin-depolymerizing factor. Plant Mol Biol 21:39-45.
157. Kim M, Hepler PK, Eun S-O, Ha KS, Lee Y. 1995. Actin filaments in mature guard cells are radially distributed and involved in stomatal movement. Plant Physiol 109:1077-1084.
158. Kimura S, Mizuta S. 1994. Role of the microtubule cytoskeleton in alternating changes in cellulose-microfibril orientation in the coenocytic green alga, Chaetomorpha moniligera. Planta 193:21-31.
159. Kinkema M, Wang H, Schiefelbein J. 1994. Molecular analysis of myosin gene family in Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant Mol Biol 26:1139-1153.
160. Klein K, Wagner G, Blatt MR. 1980. Heavy-meromyosin-decoration of microfilaments from Mougeotia protoplasts. Planta 150:354-356.
161. Knebel W, Quader H, Schnepf E. 1990. Mobile and immobile endoplasmic reticulum in onion bulb epidermis cells: short- and long-term observations with a confocal laser scanning microscope. Eur J Cell Biol 52:328-340.
162. Knight AE, Kendrick-Jones J. 1993. A myosin-like protein from a higher plant. J Mol Biol 231:148-154.
163. Knoblich JA, Jan LY, Jan YN. 1997. The N terminus of the Drosophila Numb protein directs membrane association and actin-dependent asymmetric localization. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94:13005-13010.
164. Kobayashi H. 1996. Changes in the relationship between actin filaments and the plasma membrane in cultured Zinnia cells during tracheary element differentiation investigated by using plasma membrane ghosts. J Plant Res 109:61-65.
165. Kobayashi I, Kobayashi Y, Hardham AR. 1994. Dynamic reorganization of microtubules and microfilaments in flax cells during the resistance response to flax rust infection. Planta 195:237-247.
166. Kobayashi I, Yamada M, Kobayashi Y, Kunoh H. 1997a. Actin microfilaments are required for the expression of non-host resistance in higher plants. Plant Cell Physiol 38:725-733.
167. Kobayashi Y, Kobayashi I, Funaki Y, Fujimoto S, Takemoto T, Kunoh H. 1997b. Dynamic reorganization of microfilaments and microtubules is necessary for the expression of non-host resistance in barley coleoptile cells. Plant J 11:525-537.
168. 2+ inhibition of cytoplasmic streaming in lily pollen tubes. J Cell Sci 91:501-509.
169. Kohno T, Okagaki T, Kohama K, Shimmen T. 1991. Pollen tube extract supports the movement of actin filaments in vitro. Protoplasma 161:75-77.
170. Koropp K, Volkmann D. 1994. Monoclonal antibody CRA against a fraction of actin from cress roots recognizes its antigen in different plant species. Eur J Cell Biol 64:153-162.
171. Kost B, Spielhofer P, Chua N-H. 1998. A GFP-mouse talin fusion protein labels plant actin filaments in vivo and visualizes the actin cytoskeleton in growing pollen tubes, Plant J 16:393-402.
172. Kost B, Lemichez E, Spielhofer P, Hong Y, Tolias K, Carpenter C, Chua N-H. 1999. Roc homologues and compartmentalized phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate act in a common pathway to regulate polar pollen tube growth. J Cell Biol 145:317-330.
173. Kotlitzky G, Shurtz S, Yahalom A, Malik Z, Traub O, Epel BL. 1992. An improved procedure for the isolation of plasmodesmata embedded in clean maize cell walls. Plant J 2:623-630.
174. Kragler F, Lucas WJ, Monzer J. 1998. Plasmodesmata: dynamics, domains and patterning. Ann Bot 81:1-10.
175. Kropf D. 1994. Cytoskeletal control of cell polarity in a plant zygote. Dev Biol 165:361-371.
176. Kropf DL, Berge SK, Quatrano RS. 1989. Actin localization during Fucus embryogenesis. Plant Cell 1:191-200.
177. Kropf DL, Bisgrove SR, Hable WE. 1998. Cytoskeletal control of polar growth in plant cells. Curr Opin Cell Biol 10:117-122.
178. Kropf DL, Kloareg B, Quatrano RS. 1988. Cell wall is required for fixation of the embryonic axis in Fucus zygotes. Science 239:187-190.
179. Kuroda K. 1990. Cytoplasmic streaming in plant cells. Int Rev Cytol 121:267-307.
180. Kuroiwa T, Kuroiwa H, Sakai A, Takahashi H, Toda K, Itoh R. 1998. The division apparatus of plastids and mitochondria. Int Rev Cytol 181:1-41.
181. Lancelle SA, Hepler PK. 1988. Cytochalasin-induced ultrastructural alterations in Nicotiana pollen tubes. Protoplasma Suppl 2:65-75.
182. Lancelle SA, Hepler PK. 1991. Association of actin with cortical microtubules revealed by immunogold localization in Nicotiana pollen tubes. Protoplasma 165:167-172.
183. Lancelle SA, Hepler PK. 1992. Ultrastructure of freeze-substituted pollen tubes of Lilium longiflorum. Protoplasma 167:215-230.
184. Lancelle SA, Cresti M, Hepler PK. 1987. Ultrastructure of the cytoskeleton in freeze-substituted pollen tubes of Nicotiana alata. Protoplasma 140:141-150.
185. Leech RM, Pyke KA. 1988. Chloroplast division in higher plants with particular reference to wheat. In: Boffey SA, Lloyd CW, editors. The division and segregation of organelles. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. p 39-62.
186. Li H, Wu G, Ware D, Davis KR, Yang Z. 1998. Arabidopsis Rho-related GTPases: differential gene expression in pollen and polar localization in fission yeast. Plant Physiol 118:407-417.
187. Lin Y, Yang Z. 1997. Inhibition of pollen tube elongation by microinjected anti-Rop1Ps antibodies suggests a crucial role for Rho-type GTPases in the control of tip growth. Plant Cell 9:1647-1659.
188. Lin Y, Wang Y, Zhu J-K, Yang Z. 1996. Localization of a Rho GTPase implies a role in tip growth and movement of the generative cell in pollen tubes. Plant Cell 8:293-303.
189. Lichtscheidl IK, Url WG. 1990. Organization and dynamics of cortical endoplasmic reticulum in inner epidermal cells of onion bulb scales. Protoplasma 157:203-215.
190. Lichtscheidl IK, Lancelle SA, Hepler PK. 1990. Actin-endoplasmic reticulum complexes in Drosera. Their structural relationship with the plasmalemma, nucleus, and organelles in cells prepared by high pressure freezing. Protoplasma 155:116-126.
191. Liebe S, Menzel D. 1995. Actomyosin-based motility of endoplasmic reticulum and chloroplasts in Vallisneria mesophyll cells. Biol Cell 85:207-222.
192. Liu B, Palevitz BA. 1992. Organization of cortical microfilaments in dividing root cells. Cell Motil Cytoskel 23:252-264.
193. + channels as targets of osmosensing in guard cells. Plant Cell 10:1957-1970.
194. Liu X, Yen L-F. 1992. Purification and characterization of actin from maize pollen. Plant Physiol 99:1151-1155.
195. Lloyd CW, Traas JA. 1988. The role of F-actin in determining the division plane of carrot suspension cells. Drug Studies Dev 102:211-221.
196. Lloyd CW, Pearce KJ, Rawlins DJ, Ridge RW, Shaw PJ. 1987. Endoplasmic microtubules connect the advancing nucleus to the tip of legume root hairs, but F-actin is involved in basipetal migration. Cell Motil Cytoskel 8:27-36.
197. Lopez I, Anthony RG, Maciver SK, Jiang C-J, Khan S, Weeds AG, Hussey PJ. 1996. Pollen specific expression of maize genes encoding actin depolymerizing factor-like proteins. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93:7415-7420.
198. Lord EM, Sanders LC. 1992. Roles for the extracellular matrix in plant development and pollination: a special case of cell movement in plants. Dev Biol 153:16-28.
199. 2+ and calmodulin dynamics during photopolarization in Fucus serratus zygotes. Plant Physiol 115:249-261.
200. Lucas WJ, Ding B, Van Der Schoot C. 1993. Plasmodesmata and the supracellular nature of plants. New Phytol 125:435-476.
201. Ma Y-Z, Yen L-F. 1989. Actin and myosin in pea tendrils. Plant Physiol 89:586-589.
202. Machesky LM, Pollard TD. 1993. Profilin as a potential mediator of membrane-cytoskeleton communication. Trends Cell Biol 3:381-385.
203. MacLean-Fletcher S, Pollard TD. 1980. Mechanism of action of cytochalasin B on actin. Cell 20:329-341.
204. Mandelkow E, Mandelkow E-M. 1995. Microtubules and microtubule-associated proteins. Curr Opin Cell Biol 7:72-81.
205. Marchant HJ. 1976. Actin in the green algae Coleochaete and Mougeotia. Planta 131:119-120.
206. Masuda Y, Takagi S, Nagai R. 1991. Protease-sensitive anchoring of microfilament bundles provides tracks for cytoplasmic streaming in Vallisneria. Protoplasma 162:151-159.
207. May KM, Wheatley SP, Amin V, Hyams JS. 1998. The myosin ATPase inhibitor 2,3-butanedione-2-monoxime (BDM) inhibits tip growth and cytokinesis in the fission yeast, Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Cell Motil Cytoskel 41:117-125.
208. McCurdy DW, Gunning BES. 1990. Reorganization of cortical actin microfilaments and microtubules at preprophase and mitosis in wheat root-tip cells: a double label immunofluorescence study. Cell Motil Cytoskel 15:76-87.
209. McCurdy DW, Kim M. 1998. Molecular cloning of a novel fimbrin-like cDNA from Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant Mol Biol 36:23-31.
210. McCurdy DW, Williamson RE. 1991. Actin and actin-associated proteins. In: Lloyd CW, editor. The cytoskeletal basis of plant growth and form. London: Academic Press. p 3-14.
211. McCurdy DW, Sammut M, Gunning BES. 1988. Immunofluorescent visualization of arrays of transverse cortical actin microfilaments in wheat root-tip cells. Protoplasma 147:204-206.
212. McDowell JM, Huang S, McKinney AC, An Y-Q, Meagher RB. 1996. Structure and evolution of the actin gene family in Arabidopsis thaliana. Genetics 142:587-602.
213. McKinney EC, Meagher RB. 1998. Members of the Arabidopsis actin gene family are widely dispersed in the genome. Genetics 149:663-675.
214. McLean BG, Hempel FD, Zambryski PC. 1997. Plant intercellular communication via plasmodesmata. Plant Cell 9:1043-1054.
215. McLusky SR, Bennett MH, Beale MH, Lewis MJ, Gaskin P, Mansfield JW. 1999. Cell wall alterations and localized accumulation of feruloyl-3'-methoxytyramine in onion epidermis at sites of attempted penetration by Botrytis allii are associated with actin polarisation, peroxidase activity and suppression of flavonoid biosynthesis. Plant J 17:523-534.
216. McNulty AK, Saunders MJ. 1992. Purification and immunological detection of pea nuclear intermediate filaments: evidence for plant nuclear lamins. J Cell Sci 103:407-414.
217. Meagher RB. 1991. Divergence and differential expression of actin gene families in higher plants. Int Rev Cytol 125:139-163.
218. Meindl U. 1993. Micrasterias as a model system for research on morphogenesis. Microbiol Rev 57:415-433.
219. Meindl U, Lancelle S, Hepler PK. 1992. Vesicle production and fusion during lobe formation in Micrasterias visualized by high-pressure freeze fixation. Protoplasma 170:104-114.
220. Meindl U, Zhang D, Hepler PK. 1994. Actin microfilaments are associated with the migrating nucleus and the cell cortex in the green alga Micrasterias. Studies on living cells. J Cell Sci 107:1929-1934.
221. Menzel D. 1986. Visualization of cytoskeletal changes through the life cycle in Acetabularia. Protoplasma 134:30-42.
222. Menzel D. 1993. Chasing coiled coils: intermediate filaments in plants. Bot Acta 106:294-300.
223. Menzel D. 1994a. Dynamics and pharmacological perturbations of the endoplasmic reticulum in the unicellular green alga Acetabularia. Eur J Cell Biol 64:113-119.
224. Menzel D. 1994b. Cell differentiation and the cytoskeleton in Acetabularia. New Phytol 128:369-393.
225. Menzel D. 1996. The role of the cytoskeleton in polarity and morphogenesis of algal cells. Curr Opin Cell Biol 8:38-42.
226. Menzel D, Elsner-Menzel, C. 1989. Actin-based chloroplast rearrangements in the cortex of the giant coenocytic green alga Caulerpa. Protoplasma 150:1-8.
227. Menzel D, Schliwa, M. 1986. Motility in the siphonous green alga Bryopsis II Chloroplast movement requires organized arrays of both microtubules and actin filaments. Eur J Cell Biol 40:286-295.
228. Mezitt, LA, Lucas, WJ. 1996. Plasmodesmal cell-to-cell transport of proteins and nucleic acids. Plant Mol Biol 32:251-273.
229. Miller, CCJ, Duckett, JG, Downs, MJ, Cowell, I, Dowding, AJ, Virtanen, I, Anderton, BH. 1985, Plant cytoskeletons contain intermediate filament-related proteins. Biochem Soc Trans 13:960-961.
230. Miller DD, Lancelle SA, Hepler PK. 1996. Actin microfilaments do not form a dense meshwork in Lilium longiflorum pollen tube tips. Protoplasma 195:123-132.
231. Miller DD, de Ruijter NCA, Emons AMC. 1997. From signal to form: aspects of the cytoskeleton-plasma membrane-cell wall continuum in root hair tips. J Exp Bot 48:1881-1896.
232. Miller DD, de Ruijter NCA, Bisseling T Emons, AMC, 1999. The role of actin in root hair morphogenesis: studies with lipochito-oligosaccharide as a growth stimulator and cytochalasin as an actin perturbing drug. Plant J 17:141-154.
233. Mineyuki Y, Gunning BES. 1988. Streak time-lapse video microscopy: analysis of protoplasmic motility and cell division in Tradescantia stamen hair cells. J Microsc 150:41-55.
234. Mineyuki Y, Gunning BES. 1990. A role for preprophase bands of microtubules in maturation of new cell walls, and general proposal on the function of preprophase band sites in cell division in higher plants. J Cell Sci 97:527-537.
235. Mineyuki Y, Takagi M, Furuya M. 1984. Changes in organelle movement in the nuclear region during the cell cycle of Adiantum protonema. Plant Cell Physiol 25:297-308.
236. Mineyuki Y, Kataoka H, Masuda Y, Nagai R. 1995. Dynamic changes in the actin cytoskeleton during the high-fluence rate response of the Mougeotia chloroplast. Protoplasma 185:222-229.
237. Minin AA. 1997. Dispersal of Golgi apparatus in nocodazole-treated fibroblasts is a kinesin-driven process. J Cell Sci 110:2495-2505.
238. Moepps B, Conrad S, Schraudolf H. 1993. PCR-dependent amplification and sequence characterization of partial cDNAs encoding myosin-like proteins in Anemia phyllitidis (L) Sw and Arabidopsis thaliana. (L) Plant Mol Biol 21:1077-1083.
239. Mole-Bajer J, Bajer AS. 1988. Relation of F-actin organization to microtubules in drug treated Haemanthus mitosis. Protoplasma Suppl 1:99-112.
240. Mole-Bajer J, Bajer AS, Inoue S. 1988. Three-dimensional localization and redistribution of F-actin in higher plant mitosis and cell plate formation. Cell Motil Cytoskel 10:217-228.
241. Muench DG, Wu Y, Coughlan SJ, Okita TW. 1998. Evidence for a cytoskeleton-associated binding site involved in prolamine mRNA localization to the protein bodies in rice endosperm tissue. Plant Physiol 116:559-569.
242. Müller A, Guan C, Gälweiler L, Tänzler P, Huijser P, Marchant A, Parry G, Bennett M, Wisman E, Palme K. 1998. AtPIN2 defines a locus of Arabidopsis for root gravitropism control. EMBO J 23:6903-6911.
243. Nagai R. 1993. Regulation of intracellular movements in plant cells by environmental stimuli. Int Rev Cytol 145:251-310.
244. Nagao RT, Shah DM, Eckenrode VK, Meagher RB. 1981. Multigene family of actin-related sequences isolated from soybean genomic library. DNA 2:1-9.
245. Nick P. 1999. Signals, motors, morphogenesis - the cytoskeleton in plant development. Plant Biol 1:169-179.
246. Osteryoung KW, Pyke KA. 1998. Plastid division: evidence for a prokaryotically derived mechanism. Curr Opin Plant Biol 1:475-479.
247. Osteryoung KW, Stokes KD, Rutherford SM, Percival AL, Lee WY. 1998. Chloroplast division in higher plants requires members of two functionally divergent gene families with homology to bacterial ftsZ. Plant Cell 10:1991-2004.
248. Overall RL, Blackman LM. 1996. A model of the macromolecular structure of plasmodesmata. Trends Plant Sci 1:307-311.
249. Palevitz BA. 1980. Comparative effects of phalloidin and cytochalasin B on motility and morphogenesis in Allium. Can J Bot 58:773-785.
250. Palevitz BA. 1987a. Actin in the preprophase band of Allium cepa. J Cell Biol 104:1515-1519.
251. Palevitz BA. 1987b. Accumulation of F-actin during cytokinesis in Allium. Correlation with microtubule distribution and the effects of drugs. Protoplasma 141:24-32.
252. Palevitz BA. 1988. Cytochalasin-induced reorganization of actin in Allium root cells. Cell Motil Cytoskel 9:283-298.
253. Palevitz BA, Ash JF, Hepler PK. 1974. Actin in the green alga, Nitella. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 71:363-366.
254. Panteris E, Apostolakos P, Galatis B. 1992. The organization of F-actin in root tip cells of Adiantum capillus veneris throughout the cell cycle. A double label fluorescence microscopy study. Protoplasma 170:128-137.
255. Parthasarathy MV, Perdue TD, Witztum A, Alvernaz J. 1985. Actin network as a normal component of the cytoskeleton in many vascular plant cells. Am J Bot 72:1318-1323.
256. Perbal G, Driss-Ecole D, Tewinkel M, Volkmann D. 1997. Statocyte polarity and gravisensitivity in seedling roots grown in microgravity. Planta 203:S57-S62.
257. Perdue TD, Parthasarathy MV. 1985. In situ localization of F-actin in pollen tubes. Eur J Cell Biol 39:13-20.
258. Pickett-Heaps JD, Klein AG. 1998. Tip growth in plant cells may be amoeboid and not generated by turgor pressure. Proc R Soc Lond B 265:1453-1459.
259. Picton JM, Steer MW. 1982. A model for the mechanism of tip extension in pollen tubes. J Theor Biol 98:15-20.
260. Pierson ES. 1988. Rhodamine-phalloidin staining of F-actin in pollen after dimethylsulphoxide permeabilization. Sex Plant Reprod 1: 83-87.
261. Pierson ES, Cresti M. 1992. Cytoskeleton and cytoplasmic organization of pollen and pollen tubes. Int Rev Cytol 140:73-125.
262. Pierson ES, Derksen J, Traas JA. 1986. Organization of microfilaments and microtubules in pollen tubes grown in vitro or in vivo in various angiosperms. Eur J Cell Biol 41:14-18.
263. Pierson ES, Kengen HMP, Derksen J. 1989. Microtubules and actin filaments co-localize in pollen tubes of Nicotiana tabacum L and Lilium longiflorum Thunb. Protoplasma 150:75-77.
264. Plazinski J Elliott, J Hurley, UA Burch, J Arioli, T Williamson, RE. 1997. Myosins from angiosperms ferns, and algae. Amplification of gene fragments with versatile PRC primers and detection of protein products with a monoclonal antibody to a conserved head epitope. Protoplasma 196:78-86.
265. Pollard TD, Almo S, Quirk S, Vinson V, Lattman EE. 1994. Structure of actin binding proteins: insights about function at atomic resolution. Annu Rev Cell Biol 10:207-249.
266. Pyke KA. 1997. The genetic control of plastid divison in higher plants. Am J Bot 84:1017-1027.
267. Pyke K. 1998. Plastid division: the origin of replication. Plant Cell 10:1971-1972.
268. Pyke KA, Rutherford SM, Robertson EJ, Leech RM. 1994. arc6, a fertile Arabidopsis mutant with only two mesophyll cell chloroplasts. Plant Physiol 106:1169-1177.
269. Quader H. 1990. Formation and disintegration of cisternae of the endoplasmic reticulum visualized in live cells by conventional fluorescence and confocal laser scanning microscopy: evidence for the involvement of calcium and the cytoskeleton. Protoplasma 155:166-175.
270. Quader H, Fast H. 1990. Influence of cytosolic pH changes on the organisation of the endoplasmic reticulum in epidermal cells of onion bulb scales: acidification by loading with weak organic acids. Protoplasma 157:216-224.
271. Quader H, Schnepf E. 1989. Actin filament array during side branch initiation in protonema cells of the moss Funaria hygrometrica: an actin organizing center at the plasma membrane. Protoplasma 151:167-170.
272. Quader H, Hofmann A, Schnepf E. 1987. Shape and movement of the endoplasmic reticulum in onion bulb epidermis cells: possible involvement of actin. Eur J Cell Biol 44:17-26.
273. Quader H, Hofmann A, Schnepf E. 1989. Reorganization of the endoplasmic reticulum in epidermis cells of onion bulb scales after cold stress: involvement of cytoskeletal elements. Planta 127:273-280.
274. Quatrano RS. 1973. Separation of processes associated with differentiation of two-celled Fucus embryos. Dev Biol 30:209-213.
275. Quatrano RS, Shaw SL. 1997. Role of the cell wall in the determination of cell polarity and the plane of cell division in Fucus embryos. Trends Plant Sci 2:15-21.
276. Quatrano RS, Brian L, Aldridge J, Schultz Th. 1991. Polar axis fixation in Fucus zygotes: components of the cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix. Development Suppl 1:11-16.
277. Radford JE, White RG. 1998. Localization of a myosin-like protein to plasmodesmata. Plant J 14:743-750.
278. Reichelt S, Ensikat H-J, Barthlott W, Volkmann D. 1995. Visualization of immunogold-labeled cytoskeletal proteins by scanning electron microscopy. Eur J Cell Biol 67:89-93.
279. Reichelt S, Knight AE, Hodge TP, Baluška F, Šamaj J, Volkmann D, Kendrick-Jones J. 1999. Characterization of the unconventional myosin VIII in plant cells and its localization at the post-cytokinetic cell wall. Plant J (in press).
280. Ren H, Gibbon BC, Ashworth SL, Sherman DM, Yuan M, Staiger CJ. 1997. Actin purified from maize pollen functions in living plant cells. Plant Cell 9:1445-1457.
281. Reuzeau C, Doolittle KW, McNally JG, Pickard BG. 1997. Covisualization in living onion cells of putative integrin, putative spectrin, actin, putative intermediate filaments, and other proteins at the cell membrane and in an endomembrane sheath. Protoplasma 199:173-197.
282. Roy S, Eckard KJ, Lancelle S, Hepler PK, Lord EM. 1997. High-pressure freezing improves the ultrastructural preservation of in vivo grown lily pollen tubes. Protoplasma 200:87-98.
283. Rozycka M, Khan S, Lopez I, Greenland AJ, Hussey PJ. 1995. A Zea mays pollen cDNA encoding a putative actin-depolymerizing factor. Plant Physiol 107:1011-1012.
284. Ryu J-H, Takagi S, Nagai R. 1995. Stationary organization of the actin cytoskeleton in Vallisneria: the role of stable microfilaments at the end walls. J Cell Sci 108:1531-1539.
285. Sack FD. 1997. Plastids and gravitropic sensing. Planta 203:S63-S68.
286. Sack FD, Suyemoto MM, Leopold AC. 1986. Amyloplast sedimentation and organelle saltation in living corn columella cells. Am J Bot 73:1692-1698.
287. Šamaj J, Baluška F, Volkmann D. 1998. Cell-specific expression of two arabinogalactan-protein epitopes recognized by monoclonal antibodies JIM8 and JIM13 in maize roots. Protoplasma 204:1-12.
288. Satiat-Jeunemaitre B, Steele C, Hawes C. 1996. Golgi-membrane dynamics are cytoskeleton dependent: a study on Golgi stack movement induced by brefeldin A. Protoplasma 191:21-33.
289. Schliwa M. 1986. The cytoskeleton. An introductory survey. Cell Biol Monogr Vol. 13, Wien: Springer.
290. Schlüter K, Jockusch BM, Rothkegel M. 1997. Profilins as regulators of actin dynamics. Biochim Biophys Acta 1359:97-109.
291. Schmidt A, Hall MN. 1998. Signaling to the actin cytoskeleton. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 14:305-338.
292. Schmit A-C, Lambert A-M. 1987. Characterization and dynamics of cytoplasmic F-actin in higher plant endosperm cells during interphase, mitosis, and cytokinesis. J Cell Biol 105:2157-2166.
293. Schmit A-C, Lambert A-M. 1990. Microinjected fluorescent phalloidin in vivo reveals the F-actin dynamics and assembly in higher plant mitotic cells. Plant Cell 2:129-138.
294. Schönbohm E. 1973a. Kontraktile Fibrillen als aktive Elemente bei der Mechanik der Chloroplastenverlagerung. Ber Dtsch Bot Ges 86:407-422.
295. Schönbohm E. 1973b. Die lichtinduzierte Verankerung der Plastiden im cytoplasmatischen Wandbelag: Eine phytochromgesteuerte Kurzzeitreaktion. Ber Dtsch Bot Ges 86:423-430.
296. Seagull RW. 1989. The plant cytoskeleton. CRC Crit Rev Plant Sci 8:131-167.
297. Seagull RW. 1990. The effects of microtubule and microfilament disrupting agents on cytoskeletal arrays and wall deposition in developing cotton fibers. Protoplasma 159:44-59.
298. Seagull RW, Falconer MM, Weerdenburg CA. 1987. Microfilaments: dynamic arrays in higher plant cells. J Cell Biol 104:995-1004.
299. Sedbrook JC, Chen R, Masson PH. 1999. ARG1 (altered response to gravity) encodes a DnaJ-like protein that potentially interacts with the cytoskeleton. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96:1140-1145.
300. Shah DM, Hightower RC, Meagher RB. 1982. Complete nucleotide sequence of a soybean actin gene. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 79:1022-1026.
301. Shah DM, Hightower RC, Meagher RB. 1983. Genes encoding actin in higher plants are highly conserved but the coding sequences are not. J Mol Appl Gen 2:111-126.
302. Shaw SL, Quatrano RS. 1996. The role of targeted secretion in the establishment of cell polarity and orientation of the division plane in Fucus zygotes. Development 122:2623-2630.
303. Sheetz MP, Spudich JA. 1983. Movement of myosin-coated fluorescent beads on actin cables in vitro. Nature 303:31-35.
304. Shibaoka H, Nagai R. 1994. The plant cytoskeleton. Curr Opin Cell Biol 6:10-15.
305. Shimmen T, Yano M. 1984. Active sliding movement of latex beads coated with skeletal myosin on Chara actin bundles. Protoplasma 121:132-137.
306. Shimmen T, Yokota E. 1994. Physiological and biochemical aspects of cytoplasmic streaming. Int Rev Cytol 155:97-139.
307. Sievers A, Schnepf E. 1981. Morphogenesis and polarity of tubular cells with tip growth. In: Kiermayer O, editor. Cytomorphogenesis in plants, vol 8. Wien/New York: Springer Verlag. p 265-299.
308. Sievers A, Buchen B, Hodick D. 1996. Gravity sensing in tip-growing cells. Trends Plant Sci 1:273-279.
309. Sitte P. 1993. Symbiogenetic evolution of complex cells and complex plastids. Eur J Protistol 29:131-143.
310. Skalamera D, Heath MC. 1996. Cellular mechanisms of callose deposition in response to fungal infection or chemical damage. Can J Bot 74:1236-1242.
311. Skalamera D, Heath MC. 1998. Changes in the cytoskeleton accompanying infection-induced nuclear movements and the hypersensitive response in plant cells invaded by rust fungi. Plant J 16:191-200.
312. Skalamera D, Jibodh S, Heath MC. 1997. Callose deposition during the interaction between cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) and the monokaryotic stage of the cowpea rust fungus (Uromyces vignae.) New Phytol 136:511-524.
313. Smith HMS, Raikhel NV. 1998. Nuclear localization signal receptor importin a associates with the cytoskeleton. Plant Cell 10:1791-1799.
314. Smith JD, Todd P, Staehelin LA. 1997. Modulation of statolith mass and grouping in white clover (Trifolium repens) grown in 1-g, microgravity and on the clinostat. Plant J 12:1361-1373.
315. Sonesson A, Widell S. 1993. Cytoskeleton components of inside-out and right-side-out plasma membrane vesicles from plants. Protoplasma 177:45-52.
316. Sonesson A, Widell S. 1998. The association of actin and tubulin with plasma membranes: characterization using inside-out vesicles formed by Brij 58. Physiol Plant 103:354-362.
317. Staiger CJ, Cande WZ. 1991. Microfilament distribution in maize meiotic mutants correlates with microtubule organization. Plant Cell 3:637-644.
318. Staiger CJ, Lloyd CW. 1991. The plant cytoskeleton. Curr Opin Cell Biol 3:33-42.
319. Staiger CJ, Schliwa M. 1987. Actin localization and function in higher plants. Protoplasma 141:1-12.
320. Staiger CJ, Goodbody KC, Hussey PJ, Valenta R, Drøbak BK, Lloyd CW. 1993. The profilin multigene family of maize: differential expression of three isoforms. Plant J 4:631-641.
321. Staiger CJ, Yuan M, Valenta R, Shaw PJ, Warn RM, Lloyd CW. 1994. Microinjected profilin affects cytoplasmic streaming in plant cells by rapidly depolymerizing actin filaments. Curr Biol 4:215-219.
322. Staiger CJ, Gibbon BC, Kovar DR, Zonia LE. 1997. Profilin and actin-depolymerizing factor: modulators of actin organization in plants. Trends Plant Sci 2:275-281.
323. Stankovic B, Abe S, Davies E. 1993. Co-localization of polysomes, cytoskeleton, and membranes with protein bodies from corn endosperm. Evidence from fluorescence microscopy. Protoplasma 177: 66-72.
324. Staves M. 1997. Cytoplasmic streaming and gravity sensing in Chara internodal cells. Planta 203:S79-S84.
325. Staves MP, Wayne R, Leopold AC. 1995. Detection of gravity-induced polarity of cytoplasmic streaming in Chara. Protoplasma 188:38-48.
326. Staves MP, Wayne R, Leopold AC. 1997. Cytochalasin D does not inhibit gravitropism in roots. Am J Bot 84:1530-1535.
327. Stockem W, Brix K. 1994. Analysis of microfilament organization and contractile activities in Physarum. Int Rev Cytol 149:145-215.
328. Strepp R, Scholz S, Kruse S, Speth V, Reski R. 1998. Plant nuclear gene knockout reveals a role in plastid division for the homolog of the bacterial cell division protein FtsZ, an ancestral tubulin. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95:4368-4373.
329. Takemoto D, Furuse K, Doke N, Kawakita K. 1997. Identification of chitinase and osmotin-like protein as actin-binding proteins in suspension-cultured potato cells. Plant Cell Physiol 38:441-448.
330. Takemoto D, Maeda H, Yoshioka H, Doke N, Kawakita K. 1999. Effect of cytochalasin D on defense responses of potato tuber discs treated with hyphal wall components of Phytophthora infestans. Plant Sci 141:219-226.
331. Takesue K, Shibaoka H. 1998. The cyclic reorientation of cortical microtubules in epidermal cells of azuki bean epicotyls: the role of actin filaments in the progression of the cycle. Planta 205:539-546.
332. Tan Z, Boss WF. 1992. Association of phosphatidylinositol kinase, phosphatidylinositol monophosphate kinase, and diacylglycerol kinase with the cytoskeleton and F-actin fractions of carrot (Daucus carota L) cells grown in suspension culture. Response to cell wall-degrading enzymes. Plant Physiol 100:2116-2120.
333. Tang X, Lancelle SA, Hepler PK. 1989. Fluorescence microscopic localization of actin in pollen tubes: comparison of actin antibody and phalloidin staining. Cell Motil Cytoskel 12:216-224.
334. Tazawa M. 1968. Motive force of the cytoplasmic streaming in Nitella. Protoplasma 65:207-222.
335. Tewinkel M, Volkmann D. 1987. Observations on dividing plastids in the protonema of the moss Funaria hygrometrica Sibth. Arrangement of microtubules and filaments. Planta 172:309-320.
336. Thimann KV, Biradivolu R. 1994. Actin and the elongation of plant cells. II. The role of divalent ions. Protoplasma 183:5-9.
337. Thimann KV, Reese K, Nachmias VT. 1992. Actin and the elongation of plant cells. Protoplasma 171:153-166.
338. Thorn KS, Christensen HEM, Shigeta R Jr, Huddler D Jr, Shalaby L, Lindberg U, Chua NH, Schutt CE. 1997. The crystal structure of a major allergen from plants. Structure 5:19-32.
339. Thuleau P, Schroeder JI, Ranjeva R. 1998. Recent advances in the regulation of plant calcium channels: evidence for regulation by G-proteins, the cytoskeleton and second messengers. Curr Opin Plant Biol 1:424-427.
340. Tippit DH, Pickett-Heaps JD. 1974. Experimental investigations into morphogenesis in Micrasterias. Protoplasma 81:271-296.
341. Tiwari SC, Polito VS. 1988a. Spatial and temporal organization of actin during hydration, activation, and germination of pollen in Pyrus communis L: a population study. Protoplasma 147:5-15.
342. Tiwari SC, Polito VS. 1988b. Organization of the cytoskeleton in pollen tubes of Pyrus communis: a study employing conventional and freeze-substitution electron microscopy, immunofluorescence, and rhodamine-phalloidin. Protoplasma 147:100-112.
343. Tiwari SC, Wick SM, Williamson RE, Gunning BES. 1984. Cytoskeleton and integration of cellular function in cells of higher plants. J Cell Biol 99:63s-69s.
344. 2+-controlled cytoplasmic streaming of Characean cells. Protoplasma 136:161-169.
345. Tominaga M, Morita K, Sonobe S, Yokota E, Shimmen T. 1997. Microtubules regulate the organization of actin filaments at the cortical region in root hair cells of Hydrocharis. Protoplasma 199:83-92.
346. Tomiyama K, Sato K, Doke N. 1982. Effect of cytochalasin B and colchicine on hypersensitive death of potato cells infected by incompatible race of Phytophthora infestans. Ann Phytopath Soc Japan 48:228-230.
347. Traas JA, Doonan JH, Rawlins DJ, Shaw PJ, Watts J, Lloyd CW. 1987. An actin network is present in the cytoplasm throughout the cell cycle of carrot cells and associates with the dividing nucleus. J Cell Biol 105:387-395.
348. Trewavas AJ, Malhó R. 1997. Signal perception and transduction: the origin of the phenotype. Plant Cell 9:1181-1195.
349. Tucker EB. 1982. Translocation in the staminal hairs of Setcreasea purpurea. I. A study of cell ultrastructure and cell-to-cell passage of molecular probes. Protoplasma 113:193-201.
350. Turner A, Wells B, Roberts K. 1994. Plasmodesmata of maize root tips: structure and composition. J Cell Sci 107:3351-3361.
351. Ueda K, Noguchi T. 1988. Microfilament bundles of F-actin and cytomorphogenesis in the green alga Micrasterias crux-melitensis. Eur J Cell Biol 46:61-67.
352. Vahey M, Scordilis SP. 1980. Contractile proteins from the tomato. Can J Bot 58:797-801.
353. Valenta R, Duchêne M, Petterburgerm K, Sillaber C, Valenta P, Bettelheim P, Breitenbach M, Rumpold H, Kraft D, Scheiner O. 1991. Identification of profilin as a novel pollen allergen; IgE autoreactivity in sensitized individuals. Science 253:557-560.
354. Valenta R, Duchêne M, Ebner C, Valent P, Sillaber C, Deviller P, Ferreira F, Tejkl M, Edelman H, Kraft D, Scheiner O. 1992. Profilins constitute a novel family of functional plant pan-allergens. J Exp Med 175:377-385.
355. Valenta R, Ferreira F, Grote M, Swoboda I, Vrtala S, Duchêne M, Deviller P, Meagher RB, McKinney E, Heberle-Bors E, Kraft D, Scheiner O. 1993. Identification of profilin as an actin-binding protein in higher plants. J Biol Chem 268:22777-22781.
356. Valster AH, Hepler PK. 1997. Caffeine inhibition of cytokinesis: effect on the phragmoplast cytoskeleton in living Tradescantia stamen hair cells. Protoplasma 196:155-166.
357. Valster AH, Pierson ES, Valenta R, Hepler PK, Emons AMC. 1997. Probing the plant actin cytoskeleton during cytokinesis and interphase by profilin microinjection. Plant Cell 9:1815-1824.
358. Vandekerckhove J, Vankampernolle K. 1992. Structural relationships of actin-binding proteins. Curr Opin Cell Biol 4:36-42.
359. Vidali L, Hepler PK. 1997. Characterization and localization of profilin in pollen grains and tubes of Lillium longiflorum. Cell Motil Cytoskel 36:323-338.
360. Vitha S, Baluška F, Mews M, Volkmann D. 1997. Immunofluorescence detection of F-actin on low melting point wax sections from plant tissues. J Histochem Cytochem 45:89-95.
361. Volkmann D, Tewinkel M. 1996. Gravisensitivity of cress roots: investigations of threshold values under specific conditions of sensor physiology in microgravity. Plant Cell Environ 19:1195-1202.
362. Volkmann D, Buchen B, Hejnowicz Z, Tewinkel M, Sievers A. 1991. Oriented movement of statoliths studied in a reduced gravitational field during parabolic flights of rockets. Planta 185:153-161.
363. Volkmann D, Baluška F, Lichtscheidl I, Driss-Ecole D, Perbal G. 1999. Statoliths motions in gravity-perceiving plant cells: does actomyosin counteract gravity? FASEB J 13:S143-S147.
364. von Witsch M, Baluška F, Staiger CJ, Volkmann D. 1999. Profilin is associated with the plasma membrane in microspores and pollen. Eur J Cell Biol 77:303-312.
365. Wagner G, Haupt W, Laux A. 1972. Reversible inhibition of chloroplast movement by cytochalasin B in the green alga Mougeotia. Science 176:808-809.
366. Wakasugi T, Nagai T, Kapoor M, Sugita M, Ito M, Ito S, Tsudzuki J, Nakashima K, Tsudzuki T, Suzuki Y, Hamada A, Ohta T, Inamura A, Yoshinaga K, Sugiura M. 1997. Complete nucleotide sequence of the chloroplast genome from the green alga Chlorella vulgaris: the existence of genes possibly involved in chloroplast division. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94:5967-5972.
367. Walker LM, Sack FD. 1995. Microfilament distribution in protonemata of the moss Ceratodon. Protoplasma 189:229-237.
368. Waller F, Nick P. 1997. Response of actin microfilaments during phytochrome-controlled growth of maize seedlings. Protoplasma 200:154-162.
369. Wang QY, Nick P. 1998. The auxin response of actin is altered in the rice mutant Yin-Yang. Protoplasma 204:22-33.
370. Wasteneys OG, Willingale-Theune J, Menzel D. 1997. Freeze shattering: a simple and effective method for permeabilizing higher plant cell walls. J Microsc 188:51-61.
371. Wayne R, Staves MP, Leopold AC. 1990, Gravity-dependent polarity of cytoplasmic streaming in Nitellopsis. Protoplasma 155:43-57.
372. Weiler EW. 1997. Octadecanoid-mediated signal transduction in higher plants. Naturwissenschaften 84:340-349.
373. Wernicke W, Jung G. 1992. Role of cytoskeleton in cell shaping of developing mesophyll of wheat (Triticum aestivum L). Eur J Cell Biol 57:88-94.
374. White RG, Sack FD. 1990. Actin microfilaments in presumptive statocytes of root caps and coleoptiles. Am J Bot 77:17-26.
375. White RG, Badelt K, Overall RL, Vesk M. 1994. Actin associated with plasmodesmata. Protoplasma 180:169-184.
376. Williamson RE. 1993. Organelle movements. Annu Rev Plant Physiol Plant Mol Biol 44:181-202.
377. 2+ and cytoplasmic streaming in the alga Chara. Nature 296:647-651.
378. Williamson RE, Hurley UA. 1986. Growth and regrowth of actin bundles in Chara: bundle assembly by mechanisms differing in sensitivity to cytochalasin. J Cell Sci 85:21-32.
379. Winter H, Huber JL, Huber SC. 1998. Identification of sucrose synthase as an actin-binding protein. FEBS Lett 430:205-208.
380. Witztum A, Parthasarathy MV. 1985. Role of actin in chloroplast clustering and banding in leaves of Egeria, Elodea and Hydrilla. Eur J Cell Biol 39:21-26.
381. Wu Y Muench, DG Kim, Y-T Hwang, Y-S Okita, TW. 1998. Identification of polypeptides associated with an enriched cytoskeleton-protein body fraction from developing rice endosperm. Plant Cell Physiol 39:1251-1257.
382. Wulf E, Deboben A, Bautz FA, Faulstich H, Wieland T. 1979. Fluorescent phallotoxin, the tool for visualization of cellular actin. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 76:4498-4502.
383. Wunsch C, Volkmann D. 1993. Immunocytological detection of myosin in the root tip cells of Lepidium sativum. Eur J Cell Biol supp 61:46.
384. Wyatt SE, Carpita NC. 1993. The plant cytoskeleton-cell-wall continuum. Trends Cell Biol 3:413-417.
385. Yahalom A, Lando R, Katz A, Epel BL. 1998. A calcium-dependent protein kinase is associated with maize mesocotyl plasmodesmata. J Plant Physiol 153:354-362.
386. Yen L-F, Liu X, Cai S. 1995. Polymerization of actin from maize pollen. Plant Physiol 107:73-76.
387. Yokoto E, Shimmen T. 1994. Isolation and characterization of plant myosin from pollen tubes of lily. Protoplasma 177:153-162.
388. 2+ ions. Plant Physiol 119:231-239.
389. Yokota E, Takahara K, Shimmen T. 1998. Actin-bundling protein isolated from pollen tubes of lily. Biochemical and immunocytochemical characterization. Plant Physiol 116:1421-1429.
390. Zak EA, Sokolov OI, Greengauz OK, Bocharova MA, Klyachko NL. 1997. Polysomes from Vicia faba L leaves bound to the actin cytoskeleton. J Exp Bot 48:1019-1026.
391. Zigmond SH. 1996. Signal transduction and actin filament organization. Curr Opin Cell Biol 8:66-73.
392. Zhang D, Wadsworth P, Hepler PK. 1993. Dynamics of microfilaments are similar, but distinct from microtubules during cytokinesis in living, dividing plant cells. Cell Motil Cytoskeleton 24:151-155.
393. Xu J-R, Staiger CJ, Hamer JE. 1998. Inactivation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase Mps1 from the rice blast fungus prevents penetration of host cells but allows activation of plant defense responses. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95:12713-12718.