Southeast Asia as the 'Second Front' in the War Against Terrorism: Evaluating the Threat and Responses

Terrorism and Political Violence

Volumn 15, Issue 2, 2003, Pages

  Tan, Andrew ^a  

^a NANYANG TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY   (Singapore)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0345446543     PISSN: 09546553     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/09546550312331293067     Document Type: Review

References (135)

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2. Straits Times (Singapore), 12 Jan. 2002, p.1, and Asian Wall Street Journal, 14 Jan. 2002.
3. Rohan Gunaratna, Inside al-Qaeda: Global Network of Terror (London: Hurst, 2002) pp.93-4.
4. Gunaratna (note 2) pp. 182-5.
5. Eliseo R. Mercado, 'Culture, Economics and Revolt in Mindanao: The Origins of the MNLF and the Politics of Moro Separatism' in Lim Joo-Jock and S. Vani (eds.), Armed Separatism in Southeast Asia (Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies 1984) pp. 168-75.
6. Mercado (note 4) pp. 160-61.
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8. Mercado (note 4) p. 157.
9. Mercado (note 4) p. 157.
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11. 'Hidden Strength', Far Eastern Economic Review, 23 Feb. 1995, p.23.
12. 'Professional Style', in Far Eastern Economic Review, 23 Feb.1995, p.26.
13. Peter L. Bergen, Holy War: Inside the Secret World of Osama bin Laden Inc (London: Orion, 2001), p.237.
14. Gunaratna (note 2) pp. 181-4.
15. See, for instance, the very strong denial of al-Qaeda links by the MILF spokesperson, in Straits Times, 4 Nov. 2002, p.A6.
16. GAM-7 TV (Quezon City, in Tagalog) 0930 GMT 30 June 1994 in BBC/SWB FE/2039 B/3 (9), 5 July 1994.
17. Bergen (note 12) pp.237-8.
18. Simon Reeve, The New Jackals: Ramzi Yousef, Osama bin Laden and the Future of Terrorism (London: Andre Deutsch, 1999) pp.72-3.
19. Straits Times, 29 March 2000, p.35.
20. Straits Times, 27 April 2000, p.20.
21. Straits Times, 27 May 2000, p.29.
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23. Asiaweek, 2 June 2000, p.31.
24. Straits Times, 2 Aug. 2000, p.35.
25. Straits Times, 26 June 2000, p.26.
26. Michael Leifer, Dictionary of the Modern Politics of Southeast Asia (London: Routledge, 1995) p.45. See also Tim Kell, The Roots of Acehnese Rebellion, 1989-1992 (Ithaca, New York: Cornell University, 1995).
27. Michael Leifer, Dictionary of the Modern Politics of Southeast Asia (London: Routledge, 1995) p.45. See also Tim Kell, The Roots of Acehnese Rebellion, 1989-1992 (Ithaca, New York: Cornell University, 1995).
28. Kell (note 25) p.61.
29. Straits Times Interactive, >asia1.com.sg/straitstimes< 3 Sept. 1998.
30. Straits Times, 25 Nov. 1999. Further details of human rights violations are detailed in Aceh: The Untold Story (Bangkok: Asian Forum for Human Rights and Development, 2000).
31. Straits Times, 25 Nov. 1999. Further details of human rights violations are detailed in Aceh: The Untold Story (Bangkok: Asian Forum for Human Rights and Development, 2000).
32. Straits Times, 22 Feb. 2000, p.45.
33. Straits Times, 31 July 1999, p.37. See also Straits Times, 27 July 1999 and 'Worse to Come', Far Eastern Economic Review, 29 July 1999, p. 16.
34. Straits Times, 31 July 1999, p.37. See also Straits Times, 27 July 1999 and 'Worse to Come', Far Eastern Economic Review, 29 July 1999, p. 16.
35. Straits Times, 31 July 1999, p.37. See also Straits Times, 27 July 1999 and 'Worse to Come', Far Eastern Economic Review, 29 July 1999, p. 16.
36. Straits Times, 25 Aug. 2001, p.A11, and 'Aceh Won't Be Allowed to Split', Strain Times, 23 Aug. 2001, p.A5.
37. Straits Times, 25 Aug. 2001, p.A11, and 'Aceh Won't Be Allowed to Split', Strain Times, 23 Aug. 2001, p.A5.
38. 'Worse to Come' (note 30) p.18. See also Straits Times, 3 Dec. 1999, p.48.
39. 'Worse to Come' (note 30) p.18. See also Straits Times, 3 Dec. 1999, p.48.
40. 'Aceh Rebels Smuggling Weapons from Malaysia', Straits Times, 24 Dec. 1999, p.2, and 'We Have Never Helped Acehnese Rebels: Abdullah', Straits Times, 27 Dec. 1999, p.19.
41. 'Aceh Rebels Smuggling Weapons from Malaysia', Straits Times, 24 Dec. 1999, p.2, and 'We Have Never Helped Acehnese Rebels: Abdullah', Straits Times, 27 Dec. 1999, p.19.
42. See Straits Times, 4 Dec. 2001, p.12.
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44. Straits Times, 19 Feb. 2002, p.A5.
45. As revealed to the author by a prominent Acehnese scholar and Muhammadiyah leader. Syafi'ie was later killed by Indonesian forces in early 2002.
46. Straits Times, 9 Dec. 2002, p. 1.
47. Straits Times, 29 Sept. 2001, p.A15.
48. 'Worse to Come' (note 30) p. 18. See also Straits Times, 3 Dec. 1999, p.48.
49. 'Worse to Come' (note 30) p. 18. See also Straits Times, 3 Dec. 1999, p.48.
50. 'New Rebel Group to Blame?' Straits Times, 9 April 2001, p.A1.
51. Recounted in Andrew Tan, Armed Rebellion in the ASEAN States: Persistence and Implications (Canberra: Australian National University 2000) pp.96-102.
52. New Straits Times (Kuala Lumpur), 25 Nov. 1980.
53. Far Eastern Economic Review, 11 Aug. 1994.
54. Straits Times, 3 July 2000.
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56. Straits Times, 5 Jan. 2002.
57. Straits Times, 6 Jan. 2002.
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59. Indonesia's own manpower minister reported in Jan. 1995 that 52.5 per cent (or more than half) of the 7.33 million unemployed were young Indonesians aged 15 to 25, many with high school education. The dangers of not meeting the rising aspirations of these Indonesians are obvious. See 'Indonesia; Social Dynamite", Far Eastern Economic Review, 15 Feb. 1996, p.21.
60. Radio Republic Indonesia (Jakarta, in Indonesian), 0600 GMT 3 Aug. 1994, in BBC/SWB FE/2066 B/1 (1), 5 Aug. 1994
61. Far Eastern Economic Review, 15 Feb. 1996 p.23.
62. David Jenkins, 'Islam's New Bastion', Sydney Morning Herald, 10 Jan. 1998.
63. See, for instance, 'Maluku Conflict Getting Worse', Straits Times, 9 Dec. 1999.
64. Straits Times, 15 Jan. 2000, p.63.
65. Sunday Times (Singapore), 7 May 2000, p.21.
66. Straits Times, 13 Oct. 2000, p.36.
67. Straits Times, 20 Jan. 2000.
68. Straits Times, 5 Dec. 2001, p.5.
69. Jakarta Post, 21 Aug. 2001.
70. Straits Times, 18 Aug. 2001.
71. Peter Chalk, 'Low Intensity Conflict in Southeast Asia: Piracy, Drug Trafficking and Political Terrorism', Conflict Studies, Jan./Feb. 1998, pp.126-8.
72. Straits Times, 20 Aug. 2001.
73. Straits Times, 21 Sept. 2001.
74. Straits Times, 12 Jan. 2002, p. 1, and Asian Wall Street Journal, 14 Jan. 2002.
75. Straits Times, 12 Jan. 2002, p. 1, and Asian Wall Street Journal, 14 Jan. 2002.
76. Straits Times, 12 Jan. 2002, p.1.
77. Straits Times, 11 Feb. 2002, p.1.
78. Straits Times, 24 Jan. 2002, p.1.
79. Straits Times, 1 Jan. 2002, p.A7.
80. Sunday Times (Singapore), 3 Feb. 2002, p.5.
81. The Malaysian authorities, whilst cooperative with the US and with other countries in the region, strenuously denied that Malaysia had been a platform for attacks on the US on 11 September and doubted Yazid's involvement. See Straits Times, 29 Jan. 2002, p.1.
82. Straits Times, 24 Jan. 2002, p. 1.
83. Sunday Times (Singapore), 3 Feb. 2002, p.5.
84. Straits Times, 18 Jan. 2002, p.3, and Straits Times, 19 Jan. 2002, p.3.
85. Straits Times, 18 Jan. 2002, p.3, and Straits Times, 19 Jan. 2002, p.3.
86. Tempo, 29 Jan.- 4 Feb. 2002.
87. Straits Times, 23 July 2002.
88. Washington Post, 19 Sept. 2002, at 〈washingtonpost.com〉.
89. Straits Times Interactive, 23 Oct. 2002.
90. Straits Times Interactive, 2 Nov. 2002, and CNN, 13 Oct. 2002, at 〈www.cnn.com/2002/World/asiapcf/southeast/10/13/bali.blast〉.
91. Straits Times, 30 Nov. 2002, p.A12.
92. Gunaratna (note 2) pp. 185-6.
93. Zachary Abuza, Tentacles of Terror: al-Qaeda's Southeast Asian Network (Paper for the APCSS Biennial Conference: Enhancing Regional Security Cooperation, 16-18 July 2002, Honolulu, Hawaii) pp.17-19.
94. Sunday Times (Singapore), 20 Jan. 2002.
95. Straits Times, 9 July 2002.
96. Abuza (note 83) p. 19.
97. 'Hizbollah recruited Singaporeans', Sunday Times (Singapore), 9 June 2002.
98. Gunaratna (note 2) p. 149.
99. Straits Times Interactive, 24 Sept. 2001. Emphasis mine.
100. See for instance his speech at the ISIS conference on terrorism in Kuala Lumpur on 16 Nov. 2001.
101. Straits Times, 26 Jan. 2002, p.A23.
102. Hadi Soesastro, 'Southeast Asia and Global Terrorism: Implications on State and Human Security', Indonesian Quarterly 30/1 (2002) p.32.
103. Bantarto Bandoro, 'Global Coalition Against Terrorism: Security Perspective and ASEAN's Role', Indonesian Quarterly 30/1 (2002) p.55.
104. Bandoro (note 93) pp.47-8.
105. Chalk (note 62).
106. Straits Times Interactive, 4 Nov. 2001.
107. Straits Times Interactive, 6 Nov. 2001.
108. Straits Times, 30 Jan. 2002.
109. Straits Times, 8 Jan. 2002.
110. Straits Times, 29 Jan. 2002, p.A4.
111. Straits Times, 16 Jan. 2002.
112. Straits Times, 18 May 2002.
113. Straits Times, 30 July 2002.
114. 'War Against Terrorism Breathes New Life into ASEAN Forum', Straits Times, 2 Aug. 2002.
115. APEC Leaders' Statement on Fighting Terrorism and Promoting Growth, Los Cabos, Mexico, 26 Oct. 2002, at 〈www.apec.org.sg〉.
116. Declaration on Terrorism by the Eighth ASEAN Summit, at 〈www.aseansec.org〉.
117. Straits Times, 8 Jan. 2002, p.5.
118. Straits Times, 19 Jan. 2002, p.A22-3.
119. CAW, 13 Oct. 2002, at 〈www.cnn.com/2002/World/asiapcf/southeast/10/ 13/bali.blast〉.
120. Straits Times Interactive, 23 Oct. 2002.
121. AFP, 22 Oct. 2002.
122. See Andrew Tan, Intra-ASEAN Tensions (London: Royal Institute of International Affairs, 2000).
123. Jusuf Wanandi and Simon Tay, 'Indonesia and Singapore: Understand and Being Understood', Indonesian Quarterly 30/1 (2002) pp.8-9.
124. For a detailed account, see Andrew Tan, Malaysia-Singapore Relations: Troubled Past and Uncertain Future? (Hull: University of Hull, 2000).
125. Straits Times, 27 Aug. 2002, p.3.
126. Mohamad Najib Abdul Razak, Defending Malaysia: Facing the Twenty-First Century (London: ASEAN Academic, 2001), pp.83-5, 97.
127. 'Muslim Militants: Military Must be on Guard', Straits Times, 11 Nov. 2000, p.A29.
128. The professionalism of the Malaysian Armed Forces, instilled by the British during colonial days, has remained largely intact at the senior officer level. The question is the rank and file (Personal interviews with analysts in Malaysia in Nov. 2001).
129. Najib and Razak (note 115) p.85.
130. 'Malaysians Studying in Pakistan Worry Government', Straits Times, 26 Jan. 2002, p.A23.
131. Far Eastern Economic Review, 6 Dec. 2001, pp.24-5 and Time, 28 Jan. 2002.
132. Far Eastern Economic Review, 6 Dec. 2001, pp.24-5 and Time, 28 Jan. 2002.
133. 'Next Stop Mindanao', Time, 28 Jan. 2002, pp.20-21.
134. Straits Times Interactive, 5 Nov. 2001.
135. Soesastro (note 91) pp.32, 37.