Chapter 7 The Trabecular Meshwork and Aqueous Humor Reabsorption

Current Topics in Membranes and Transport

Volumn 45, Issue C, 1997, Pages 163-202

  Wiederholt, Michael ^a   Stumpff, Friederike ^a  

^a CHARITÉ UNIVERSITÄTSMEDIZIN BERLIN   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0345430747     PISSN: 00702161     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1016/S0070-2161(08)60247-6     Document Type: Article

References (114)

1. Abdel-Latif A.A. Cross talk between cyclic AMP and the polyphosphoinositide signaling cascade in iris sphincter and other nonvascular smooth muscle. P.S.E.B.M. 211 (1996) 163-177
2. Alvarado J.A., Frame-Carman L., McHolm G., and Murphy C. Epinephrine effects on major cell types of the aqueous outflow pathway: In vitro studies/clinical implications. Trans. Am. Ophthalmol. Soc. 88 (1990) 267-282
3. Archer S.L., Huang J.M.C., Hampl V., Nelson D.P., Shultz P.J., and Weir E.K. Nitric oxide and cGMP cause vasorelaxation by activation of a charybdotoxin-sensitive K channel by cGMP-dependent protein kinase. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 91 (1994) 7583-7587
4. Bárány E.H. The mode of action of pilocarpine on outflow resistance in the eye of a primate. Invest. Ophthalmol. 1 (1962) 712-727
5. Bárány E.H. The immediate effect on outflow resistance of intravenous pilocarpine in the vervet monkey, Cercopithecos ethiops. Invest. Ophthalmol. 6 (1967) 373-380
6. Berridge M.J. Inositol trisphosphate and calcium signaling. Nature 361 (1993) 315-325
7. Bito L.Z., Draga A., Blanco J., and Camras C.B. Long-term maintenance of reduced intraocular pressure by daily or twice daily topical application of prostaglandins to cat or rhesus monkey eyes. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 24 (1983) 312-319
8. Bolotina V.M., Najibi S., Palacino J.J., Pagano P.J., and Cohen R.A. Nitric oxide directly activates calcium-dependent potassium channels in vascular smooth muscle. Nature 368 (1994) 850-853
9. Brubaker R.F. The effect of intraocular pressure on conventional outflow resistance in the enucleated human eye. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 14 (1975) 286-292
10. Brutsaert D., Meulemans A., Sipido K., and Sys S. Effects of damaging the endocardial surface on the mechanical performance of isolated cardiac muscle. Circ. Res. 62 (1988) 358-366
11. + exchanger in cultured bovine trabecular cells. Acta Ophthalmol. 70 (1992) 772-779
12. Coroneo M.T., Korbmacher C., Stiemer B., Flügel C., Lütjen-Drecoll E., and Wiederholt M. Electrical and morphological evidence for heterogenous populations of cultured bovine trabecular meshwork cells. Exp. Eye Res. 52 (1991) 375-388
13. 1TM) derived from human trabecular meshwork. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 32 (1991) 942
14. Coroneo M.T., Rossner A., Lepple-Wienhues A., and Wiederholt M. Cytoplasmic pH regulation in cultured bovine trabecular meshwork cells. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 33 (1992) 1165
15. Crawford K.S., Gange S.J., Gabelt B.T., Heideman W., Robinson J.C., Hubbard W.C., and Kaufman P.L. Indomethacin and epinephrine effects on outflow facility and cyclic adenosine monophosphate formation in monkeys. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 37 (1996) 1348-1359
16. De Kater A.W., Shahsafaei A., and Epstein D.L. Localization of smooth muscle and nonmuscle actin isoforms in the human aqueous outflow pathway. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 33 (1992) 424-429
17. Dörje F., Wess J., Lambrecht G., Tacke R., Mutschler E., and Brann M.R. Antagonist binding profiles of five cloned human muscarinic receptor subtypes. J. fharmacol. Exp. Ther. 256 (1991) 727-733
18. Erickson K.A., Schroeder A., and Netland P.A. Verapamil increases outflow facility in the human eye. Exp. Eye Res. 61 (1995) 565-567
19. Erickson-Lamy K.A., and Nathanson J.A. Epinephrine increases facility of outflow and cyclic AMP content in the human eye in vitro. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 33 (1992) 2672-2678
20. Erickson-Lamy K., Rohen J.W., and Grant W.M. Outflow facility studies in the perfused human ocular anterior segment. Exp. Eye Res. 7 (1988) 799-807
21. Erickson-Lamy K.A., Korbmacher C., Schuman J.S., and Nathanson J.A. Effect of endothelin on outflow facility and accommodation in the monkey eye in vivo. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 32 (1991) 492-495
22. Erickson-Lamy K.A., Schroder A., and Epstein D.L. Ethacrynic acid induces reversible shape and cytoskeletal changes in cultured cells. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 33 (1992) 2631-2640
23. Flocks M., and Zweng H.C. Studies on the mode of action of pilocarpine on aqueous outflow. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 44 (1957) 380-388
24. Flügel C., Tamm E., and Lütjen-Drecoll E. Different cell populations in bovine trabecular meshwork: An ultrastructural and immunohistochemical study. Exp. Eye Res. 52 (1991) 681-690
25. Flügel C., Tamm E., Lütjen-Drecoll E., and Stefani F.H. Age related loss of α-smooth muscle actin in normal and glaucomatous human trabecular meshwork of different age groups. J. Glaucoma 1 (1992) 165-173
26. Gabelt B.T., and Kaufman P.L. The effect of prostaglandin F2,0n trabecular outflow facility in cynomolgus monkeys. Exp. Eye Res. 51 (1990) 87-91
27. Gabelt B.T., and Kaufman P.L. Inhibition of outflow facility and accommodation and miotic responses to pilocarpine in rhesus monkeys by muscarinic receptor subtype antagonists. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 263 (1992) 1131-1139
28. Gabelt B.T., Kiland J.A., Peterson J.A., and Kaufman P.L. Effects of the Na/K/2CI cotransport inhibitor bumetanide on aqueous humor formation and outflow facilityin monkeys. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 37 (1996) S201
29. Geyer O., Podos S.M., and Mittag T.W. Nitric oxide synthase: Distribution and biochemical properties of the enzyme in the bovine eye. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 34 (1993) 826
30. Grant W.M. Experimental aqueous perfusion in enucleated human eyes. Arch. Ophthalmol. 69 (1963) 783-801
31. Greger R., and Wangemann P. Loop diuretics. Renal Physiol. 10 (1987) 174-183
32. Grierson I., Lee W.R., and Abraham S. Effects of pilocarpine on the morphology of the human outflow apparatus. Br. J. Ophthalmol. 62 (1978) 302-313
33. Grierson I., Millar L., DeYong J., Day J., McKechnie N., Hitchins C., and Boulton M. Investigations of cytoskleral elements in cultured bovine meshwork cells. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 27 (1986) 1318-1330
34. 3 muscarinic receptor subtype and mRNA in the human eye. Ophthalmol. Res. 26 (1994) 207-213
35. Hamanaka T., and Bill A. Platelet aggregation on the endothelium of Schlemm's canal. Exp. Eye Res. 59 (1994) 249-256
36. 3 - in the regulation of cytoplasmic pH in a cell clone derived from bovine pigmented ciliary epithelium. Am. J. Physiol. 257 (1989) C696-C705
37. Holmberg A., and Barany E.H. The effect of pilocarpine on the endothelium formed on the inner wall of Schlemm's canal; Schlemm's canal, an electronmicroscopic study in the monkey. Invest. Ophthalmol. 5 (1966) 53-58
38. Ito Y., and Yoshitomi T. Membrane and contractile properties of the dog ciliary muscle. Br. J. Pharmacol. 88 (1986) 629-638
39. Jampel H.D., Lynch M.G., Brown R.H., Kuhar M.J., and DeSouza E.B. β-Adrenergic receptors in human trabecular meshwork. Identification and autoradiographic localization. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 28 (1987) 772-779
40. Jentsch T.J., Koch M., Bleckmann H., and Wiederholt M. Effect of bicarbonate, methazolamide and stilbenes on the intracellular potentials of cultured bovine corneal endothelial cells. J. Membr. Biol. 78 (1984) 103-107
41. Jentsch T.J., Korbmacher C., Janicke I., Fischer D.G., Stahl F., Helbig H., Cragoe Jr. E.J., Keller S.K., and Wiederholt M. The regulation of cytoplasmic pH of cultured bovine corneal endothelial cells in the absence and presence of bicarbonate. J. Membr. Biol. 103 (1988) 29-40
42. Kaczorowski G., Slaughter R.S., King V.F., and Garcia M.L. Inhibitors of sodiumcalcium exchange: Identification and development of probes of transport activity. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 988 (1989) 287-302
43. Kaufman P. Aqueous humor outflow. Curr. Top. Eye Res. 4 (1984) 97-138
44. Kaufman P.L. Epinephrine, norepinephrine, and isoproterenol dose-outflow facility response relationships in cynomolgus monkey eyes with and without ciliary muscle retrodisplacement. Acta Ophthalmol. 44 (1986) 356-363
45. Kaufman P., and Bárány E. Loss of acute pilocarpine effect on outflow facility following surgical disinsertion and retrodisplacement of the ciliary muscle from the scleral spur in the cynomolgus monkey. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 15 (1976) 793-807
46. Kaulen P., Kahle G., Keller K., and Wollensak J. Autoradiographic mapping of the glucose transporter with cytochalasin B in the mammalian eye. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 32 (1991) 1903-1911
47. Kodama M., Kanaide H., Abe S., Hirano K., Kai H., and Nakamura M. Endothelininduced calcium-independent contraction of the porcine coronary artery. Biochem. Eiophys. Res. Comm. 160 (1989) 1302-1308
48. i in trabecular meshwork cells. Curr. Eye Res. 13 (1994) 197-202
49. Korbmacher C., Helbig H., Haller H., Erickson-Lamy K.A., and Wiederholt M. Endothelin depolarizes membrane voltage and increases intracellular calcium Concentration in human ciliary muscle cells. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 164 (1989) 1031-1039
50. Krauss A.H.-P., Wiederholt M., Sturm A., and Woodward D.F. Prostaglandin effects on contractility of bovine trabecular meshwork and ciliary muscle. Exp. Eye Res. 64 (1997) 447-453
51. Lepple-Wienhues A., Stahl F., and Wiederholt M. Differential smooth muscle-like contractile properties of trabecular meshwork and ciliary muscle. Exp. Eye Res. 53 (1991) 33-38
52. Lepple-Wienhues A., Stahl F., Willner U., Schlfer R., and Wiederholt M. Endothelin-evoked contractions in bovine ciliary muscle and trabecular meshwork Interaction with calcium, nifedipine and nickel. Curr. Eye Res. 10 (1991) 983-989
53. Lepple-Wienhues A., Stahl F., Wunderling D., Willner U., Schneider U., and Wiederholt M. Membrane properties of trabecular meshwork endothelial cells-action of barium and endothelin. Pflügers Arch. 418 (1991) R76
54. Lepple-Wienhues A., Stahl F., Wunderling D., and Wiederholt M. Effects of endothelin and calcium channel blockers on membrane voltage and intracellular calcium in cultured bovine trabecular meshwork. Ger. J. Ophthalmol. 1 (1992) 159-163
55. Lepple-Wienhues A., Becker M., Stahl F., Berweck S., Hensen J., Noske W., Eichhorn M., and Wiederholt M. Endothelin-like immunoreactivity in the aqueous humour and in conditioned medium from cultured ciliary epithelial cells. Curr. Eye Res. 11 (1992) 1041-1046
56. Lepple-Wienhues A., Rauch R., Clark A.F., Grässmann A., Berweck S., and Wiederholt M. Electrophysiological properties of cultured human trabecular meshwork cells. Exp. Eye Res. 59 (1994) 305-311
57. Liang L.L., Epstein D.L., de Kater A.W., Shahsafaei A., and Erickson-Lamy K.A. Ethacrynic acid increases facility of outflow in the human eye in vitro. Arch. Ophthalmol. 110 (1992) 106-109
58. Lograno M., and Reibaldi A. Receptor responses in fresh human ciliary muscle. Br. J. Pharmacol. 87 (1986) 379-385
59. Lütjen-Drecoll E., and Rohen J.W. Morphology of aqueous outflow pathways in normal and glaucomatous eyes. In: Klein E.A. (Ed). "The Glaucomas" (1989), C. V. Mosby, St. Louis 89-123
60. Lütjen-Drecoll E., Futa R., and Rohen J.W. Ultrahistochemical studies on tangential sections of the trabecular meshwork in normal and glaucomatous eyes. Invest Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 21 (1981) 513-563
61. Madshus I.H., and Olsnes S. Selective inhibition of sodium-linked and sodiumindependent bicarbonate/chloride antiport in vero cells. J. Biol. Chem. 262 (1987) 7486-7491
62. Mäepea O., and Bill A. Pressures in the juxtacanalicular tissue and Schlemm's canal in monkeys. Exp. Eye Res. 54 (1992) 879-883
63. Marsault R., Vigne P., and Frelin C. The effect of extracellular calcium on the contractile action of endothelin. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 171 (1990) 301-305
64. Nathanson J.A., and McKee M. Identification of an extensive system of nitric oxide-producing cells in the ciliary muscle and outflow pathway of the human eye. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 36 (1995) 1765-1773
65. Nathanson J.A., and McKee M. Alterations of ocular nitric oxide synthase in human glaucoma. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 36 (1995) 1774-1784
66. Nelson M.T., and Quayle J.M. Physiological roles and properties of potassium channels in arterial smooth muscle. Am. J. Physiol. 268 (1995) C799-C822
67. Nelson M.T., Patlak J.B., Worley J.F., and Standen N.B. Calcium channels. potassium channels, and voltage dependence of arterial smooth muscle tone. Am. J. Physiol. 259 (1990) C3-C18
68. 2α-isopropylester (PGF2α-1E) on uveoscleral outflow. In: Bito L.Z., and Stjernschantz J. (Eds). "The Ocular Effects of Prostaglandins and Other Eicosanoids" (1989), Alan R. Liss, New York 429-436
69. Noske W., Hensen J., and Wiederholt M. Endothelin-like immunoreactivity in aqueous humor of patients with primary open angle glaucoma and cataract patients. Graefe's Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol. 235 (1997)
70. O'Donnell M.E., Brandt J.D., and Curry F.R.E. Na-K-CI cotransport regulates intracellular volume and monolayer permeability of trabecular meshwork cells. Am. J. Physiol. 268 (1995) C1067-C1074
71. I transients in cultured bovine trabecular cells. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 33 (1992) 1676-1684
72. Pang I.H., Shade D.L., Clark A.F., Steely H.T., and DeSantis L. Preliminary characterization of a transformed cell strain derived from human trabecular meshwork. Curr. Eye Res. 13 (1994) 51-63
73. Perkins T.W., Alvarado J.A., Stilwell L., Maglio M., and Juster R. Trabecular meshwork cells grown on filters: Conductivity and cytochalasin effects. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 29 (1988) 1836-1846
74. Pollock D.M., Keith T.L., and Highsmith R.F. Endothelin receptors and calcium signaling. FASEB J. 9 (1995) 1196-1204
75. Resink T.J., Scott-Burden T., and Bühler F.R. Activation of multiple signal transduction pathways by endothelin in cultured human vascular smooth muscle cells. Eur. J. Biochem. 189 (1990) 415-421
76. Ringvold A. Actin filaments in trabecular endothelial cells in eyes of the vervet monkey. Acta Ophthalmol. 56 (1978) 217-227
77. Robinson J.C., and Kaufman P.L. Effects and interactions of epinephrine, norepinephrine, timolol, and betaxolol on outflow facility in the cynomolgus monkey. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 109 (1990) 189-194
78. Rohen J. Das Auge und seine Hilfsorgane. In: Möllendorff W.V., and Bargmann W. (Eds). "Handbuch der mikroskopischen Anatomie des Menschen", Bd. III/2, "Haut und Sinnesorgane" (1964), Springer Verlag, Berlin 189-328
79. Rohen J., and Lütjen-Drecoll E. Biology of the trabecular meshwork. In: Lütjen-Drecoll E. (Ed). "Basic Aspects of Glaucoma Research" (1982), Schattauer Verlag, Stuttgart 141-166
80. Rohen J., Futa R., and Lütjen-Drecoll E. The fine structure of the cribriform meshwork in normal and glaucomatous eyes. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 21 (1981) 574-585
81. Roos A., and Boron W.F. Intracellular pH. Physiol. Rev. 61 (1981) 296-434
82. Rubanyi G.M., and Polokoff M.A. Endothelins: Molecular biology, biochemistry, pharmacology, physiology, and pathophysiology. Pharmacol. Rev. 46 (1994) 325-415
83. Schumer R.A., and Podos S.M. The nerve of glaucomal. Arch. Ophthalmol. 112 (1994) 37-44
84. Shade D.L., Clark A.F., and Pang I.H. Effects of muscarinic agents on cultured human trabecular meshwork cells. Exp. Eye Res. 62 (1996) 201-210
85. Sims S.M., and Janssen L.J. Cholinergic excitation of smooth muscle. NIPS 8 (1993) 207-212
86. Somlyo A.V., and Somlyo A.P. Electromechanical and pharmacomechanical coupling in vascular smooth muscle. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Therap. 159 (1968) 129-145
87. Somlyo A.V., and Somlyo A.P. Signal transduction and regulation in smooth muscle. Nature 372 (1994) 231-236
88. Stahl F., Lepple-Wienhues A., Kuppinger M., Schneider U., and Wiederholt M. Measurements of intracellular calcium and contractility in human ciliary muscle. Pflügers Arch. 418 (1991) 531-537
89. Stahl F., Lepple-Wienhues A., Kuppinger M., and Wiederholt M. Electrogenic sodium-bicarbonate cotransport in human ciliary muscle cells. Am. J. Physiol. 262 (1992) C327-C3435
90. Stamer W.D., Snyder R.W., Smith B.L., Agre P., and Regan J.W. Localization of aquaporin CHIP in the human eye: Implications in the pathogenesis of glaucoma and other disorders of ocular fluid balance. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 35 (1994) 3812-3867
91. Stamer W.D., Seftor R.E.B., Snyder R.W., and Regan J.W. Cultured human trabecular meshwork cells express aquaporin-1 water channels. Curr. Eye Res. 14 (1995) 1095-1100
92. Stumpff F., Strauss O., Wagner U., and Wiederholt M. Cultured bovine trabecular meshwork cells possess maxi-K-channels in high density. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 37 (1996) S205
93. Tamm E., Flügel C., Stefani F.H., and Rohen J.W. Contractile cells in the human scleral spur. Exp. Eye Res. 54 (1992) 531-543
94. Tamm E.R., Flügel C., Stefani F.H., and Lütjen-Drecoll E. Nerve endings with structural characteristics of mechanoreceptors in the human scleral spur. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 35 (1994) 1157-1166
95. Tamm E.R., Koch T.A., Mayer B., Stefani F.H., and Lütjen-Drecoll E. Innervation of myofibroblast-like scleral spur cells in human and monkey eyes. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 36 (1995) 1633-1644
96. Tang C.M., Presser F., and Morad M. Amiloride selectivity blocks the low threshold (T) calcium channel. Science 240 (1989) 213-215
97. Tripathi R.C. Comparative physiology and anatomy of the aqueous outflow pathway. In: Davson H., and Graham L. (Eds). "The Eye" 5 (1974), Academic Press, New York 163-356
98. Tripathi B.J., and Tripathi R.C. Contractile protein alteration in trabecular endothehum in primary open-angle glaucoma. Exp. Eye Res. 31 (1980) 721-724
99. Tripathi B.J., and Tripathi R.C. Effect of epinephrine in vitro on the morphology, phagocytosis and mitotic activity of human trabecular endothelium. Exp. Eye Res. 39 (1984) 731-744
100. Tripathi R.C., Borisuth N.S., Kolli S.P., and Tripathi B.J. Trabecular cells express receptors that bind TGF-beta 1 and TGF-beta 2: A qualitative and quantitative characterization. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 34 (1993) 260-263
101. van Renterghem C., Vigne P., Barhanin J., Schmid Alliana A., Frelin C., and Lazdunski M. Molecular mechanism of action of the vasoconstrictor peptide endothelin. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 157 (1989) 977-985
102. Wax M.B., Molinoff P.B., Alvarado J., and Polansky J. Characterization of β-adrenergic receptors in cultured human trabecular cells and in human trabecular meshwork. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 30 (1989) 51-57
103. Wiederholt M., Lepple-Wienhues A., and Stahl F. Contractile properties of trabecular meshwork and ciliary muscle. In: LütjenDrecoll E. (Ed). "Basic Aspects of Glaucoma Research III" (1993), Schattauer, Verlag, Stuttgart 287-306
104. Wiederholt M., Sturm A., and Lepple-Wienhues A. Relaxation of trabecular meshwork and ciliary muscle by release of nitric oxide. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 35 (1994) 2515-2520
105. Wiederholt M., Bielka S., Schweig F., Lütjen-Drecoll E., and Lepple-Wienhues A. Regulation of outflow rate and resistance in the perfused anterior segment of the bovine eye. Exp. Eye Res. 61 (1995) 223-234
106. Wiederholt M., Scháfer R., Wagner U., and Lepple-Wienhues A. Contractile response of the isolated trabecular meshwork and ciliary muscle to cholinergic and adrenergic agents. Ger. J. Ophthalmol. 5 (1996) 146-153
107. Wiederholt M., Dörschner N., and Groth J. Effect of diuretics, channel modulators, and signal interceptors on contractility of the trabecular meshwork. Ophthalmologica 211 (1997) 153-161
108. WoldeMussie E., and Ruiz G. Effect of histamine on signal transduction in cultured human trabecular meshwork cells. Curr. Eye Res. 11 (1992) 987-995
109. WoldeMussie E., Ruiz G., and Feldmann B. Muscarinic receptor subtype involved in signalling mechanisms in cultured human trabecular meshwork cells. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 31 (1990) 388
110. Woodward D.F., Lawrence R.A., Fairbairn C.E., Shan T., and Williams L.S. Intraocular pressure effects of selective prostanoid receptor agonists involve different receptor subtypes according to radioligand binding studies. J. Lipid Med 6 (1993) 454-553
111. Yanagisawa M., Kurihara H., Kimura S., Yazaki Y., Goto K., and Masaki T. A novel potent vasoconstrictor peptide produced by vascular endothelial cells. Nature 332 (1988) 411-415
112. Yousufzai S.Y.K., Zheng P., and Abdel-Latif A.A. Muscarinic stimulation of arachidonic acid release and prostaglandin synthesis in bovine ciliary muscle: Prostaglandins induce cyclic AMP formation and muscle relaxation. Exp. Eye Res. 58 (1994) 513-522
113. Zadunaisky J.A., and Spring K.R. TBM cells area changes induced by drugs. Is it contraction or cell volume regulation?. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 36 (1995) S194
114. Zadunaisky J.A., Croft D.F., and Spring K.S. Human trabecular meshwork cells receptors. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 37 (1996) S205