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Tephra layers erupted onto the surface of the ice sheet are exposed in the ice sheet ablation area on the southwest side of Mount Waesche. The layers include locally derived pyroclastic debris and basalt clasts up to 4 m thick (31). Individual tephra layers can be traced to the ice-cored moraine, demonstrating that englacial tephra is the source material for the ice-cored moraine.
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Sample locations were recorded with handheld global positioning systems (GPSs); sample elevations were determined by altimeter in relation to a base camp on the ice sheet. Relative uncertainties in elevation between sample sites are estimated to be ± 5 m. The relative elevations were tied to geodetic altitude by differential GPSs (± 20 m) at several locations.
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Although areas of active cryoturbation were avoided when sampling, greater activity in the past is difficult to rule out Basalt boulders derived from lava flows tend to be highly jointed and disintegrate relatively rapidly along these joint surfaces. Subsequent (measured) erosion of the fragments is slow and primarily by wind.
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This research was supported by NSF grants OPP 93-18872 (H.W.B. and P.E.C), OPP 94-18333, and EAR 96-14561 (M.D.K.). The authors thank S. Murphy for assistance in sample preparation, D. Lott and J. Curtice for maintaining the mass spectrometer, and L. Woodward for drafting figures. N. Dunbar provided samples, differential GPS elevations, and valuable discussion. G. Wiles, C. Dorion, and T. Redfield assisted in the fieldwork. This is Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution contribution 10026.
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