Age, acquired immunity and the risk of visceral leishmaniasis: A prospective study in Iran

Parasitology

Volumn 119, Issue 3, 1999, Pages 247-257

  Davies, C R ^a   Gavgani, A S Mazloumi ^b  

^a LONDON SCHOOL OF HYGIENE AND TROPICAL MEDICINE   (United Kingdom)

^b TABRIZ UNIVERSITY OF MEDICAL SCIENCES   (Iran)

Author keywords

Acquired immunity; Leishmania infantum; Visceral leishmaniasis

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AGE DISTRIBUTION; AGED; ARTICLE; CELLULAR IMMUNITY; CHILD; CONTROLLED STUDY; HUMAN; HUMORAL IMMUNITY; INCIDENCE; INFANT; INFECTION RESISTANCE; IRAN; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SEROCONVERSION; SEROPREVALENCE; SKIN TEST; VISCERAL LEISHMANIASIS;

LEISHMANIA INFANTUM; PROTOZOA;

EID: 0345363095     PISSN: 00311820     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0031182099004680     Document Type: Article

References (42)

1. AL-ALOUSI, T. I., LATIF, B. M. A. & AL-SHENAWI, F. A. (1980). Detection of antibodies to leishmaniasis in dried blood on filter paper by the indirect fluorescent antibody test. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology 74, 503-506.
2. ALI, A. & ASHFORD, R. W. (1993). Visceral leishmaniasis in Ethiopia II. Annual leishmanin transformation in a population. Is positive leishmanin reaction a life-long phenomenon? Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology 87, 163-167.
3. ALI, A. & ASHFORD, R. W. (1994a). Visceral leishmaniasis in Ethiopia III. The magnitude and annual incidence of infection, as measured by serology in an endemic area. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology 88, 43-47.
4. ALI, A. & ASHFORD, R. W. (1994b). Visceral leishmaniasis in Ethiopia IV. Prevalence and incidence, and relationship between infection and disease in an endemic area. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology 88, 289-293.
5. ALIMOHAMMADIAN, M. H., HAKIMI, H. & NIKSERESHT, M. (1993), The preparation and evaluation of reference leishmanin from Leishmania major for use in man for diagnostic and experimental purposes. Medical Journal of the Islamic Republic of Iran 7, 23-27.
6. ALVAR, J., CANAVATE, C., GUTEIRREZ-SOLAR, B., JIMINEZ, M., LAGUNA, F., LOPEZ-VELEZ, R., MOLINA, R. & MORENO, J. (1997). Leishmania and human immunodeficiency virus coinfection: the first 10 years. Clinical Microbiology Reviews 10, 298-319.
7. BADARO, R., JONES, T. C., CARVALHO, E. M., SAMPAIO, D., REED, S. G., BARRAL, A., TEIXEIRA, R. & JOHNSON, W. D. Jr. (1986a). New perspectives on a subclinical form of visceral leishmaniasis. Journal of Infectious Diseases 154, 1003-1011.
8. BADARO, R., JONES, T. C., LORENCO, R., CERF, B. J., SAMPAIO, D., CARVALO, E. M., ROCHA, H., TEIXEIRA, R. & JOHNSON, W. D. Jr. (1986b). A prospective study of visceral leishmaniasis in an endemic area of Brazil. Journal of Infectious Diseases 154, 639-649.
9. BASU, D. & MALLIK, K. K. (1995). Changes in incidence of kala-azar in India. Indian Journal of Public Health 39, 26.
10. BETTINI, S., MAROLI, M. & GRADONI, L. (1981). Leishmaniasis in Tuscany (Italy): IV. An analysis of all recorded human cases. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 75, 338-344.
11. CHOWDHURY, M. S., HARITH, A. E., MASSUM, A. A., KARIM, E. A. & RAHMAN, A. A. (1993). Prevalence of agglutinating anti-Leishmania antibodies in two multithousand Bengali communities. Parasitological Research 79, 444-450.
12. DAVIES, C. R., LLANOS-CUENTAS, E. A., PYKE, S. D. M. & DYE, C. (1995). Cutaneous leishmaniasis in the Peruvian Andes: an epidemiological study of infection and immunity. Epidemiology and Infection 114, 297-318.
13. DYE, C. & WILLIAMS, B. G. (1993). Malnutrition, age and the risk of parasitic disease: visceral leishmaniasis revisited. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, B 254, 33-39.
14. EDRISSIAN, G. H. (1996). Visceral leishmaniasis in Iran and the role of serological tests in diagnosis and epidemiological studies. In Parasitology for the Twenty First Century (ed. Ali Ozcel, M. & Ziyal Alkass, M.), pp. 63-78. CAB International, Wallingford.
15. EDRISSIAN, G. H., AHANCHIN, A. R., CHARACHAHI, A. M., GHORBANI, M., NADIM, A., ARDEHALI, S., HAFIXI, A., KANANI, A., SARKISSIAN, M., HAJARAN, H. & TAHVILDARBIDRUNI, G. (1993). Seroepidemiological studies of visceral leishmaniasis and search for animal reservoirs in Fars province, South Iran. Iranian Journal of Medical Science 18, 99-105.
16. EDRISSIAN, G. H., HAFIZI, A., AFSHAR, A., SOLEIMAN-ZADEH, G., MOVAHED-DANESH, A. M. & GAROUSSI, A. (1988). An endemic focus of visceral leishmaniasis in Meshkin-Shahr, East Azerbaijan province, North-west part of Iran and IFA serological survey of the disease in the area. Bulletin de la Société de Pathologie Exotique 81, 238-248.
17. EVANS, T. G., TEIXERA, M. J., MCAULIFFE, I. T., DE ALENCAR, I., VASCONCELOS, A. W., DE QUIEIROZ, A., DE OLIVEIRA, J. W. & PEARSON, R. D. (1992). Epidemiology of visceral leishmaniasis in Northeast Brazil. Journal of Infectious Diseases 166, 1124-1132.
18. EVERGARD, B., LINDER, E. & LUNDBERGH, P. (1988). Standardization of a filter-paper technique for blood sampling. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology 82, 295-303.
19. FARIS, R., MASSOUD, A., EL SAID, S., GADALLAH, M. A., FEINSOD, F. M., SAAH, A. J., LONDNER, M. & ROSEN, G. (1988). The epidemiology of human visceral leishmaniasis in El Agamy (Alexandria Governate), Egypt: serosurvey and case/control study. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology 82, 445-452.
20. GASANZADE, G. B., SAF'IANOVA, V. M., TAGIZADE, T. A., AGAYEV, A., GADZHIBEKOVA, E. A., SAVINA, M. A., ALIYEVA, K. K., EMELYANOVA, L. P., SHALMIYEV, G. B. & FARAMAZOV, A. Z. (1990). An outbreak of cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania infantum in Geokchai District, Azerbaijan SSR. Meditisinskiya Parasitologiya i Parasitarnye Bolezni 59, 41-45.
21. HARITH, A. E., KOLK, A. H. J., KAGER, P. A., LEEUWENBURG, J., FABER, F. J., MUIGAI, R., KIUGU, S. & LAARMAN, J. J. (1986). A simple and economical direct agglutination test for serodiagnosis and sero-epidemiological studies of visceral leishmaniasis. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 80, 593-587.
22. HALL, L. R. & TITUS, R. G. (1995). Sand fly saliva selectively modulates macrophage functions that inhibit killing of Leishmania major and nitric oxide production. Journal of Immunology 155, 3501-3506.
23. HARRAT, Z., BERROUANE, Y., BEN-ABDESSLAM, S., BELKAID, M., TABET-DERRAZ, O. (1992). Visceral leishmaniasis in Algeria. Evolution of visceral leishmaniasis in the Grand Kabylie area (1985-1990). Archives de l'Institut Pasteur d'Algerie 58, 255-272.
24. HO, M., SIONGOK, T. K., LYERLY, W. H. & SMITH, D. H. (1982). Prevalence and disease spectrum in a new focus of visceral leishmaniasis in Kenya. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 76, 741-746.
25. LONDNER, M. V., FEINSOD, F. M., FARIS, R., ROSEN, G., EL SAID, S. & SAAH, A. J. (1988). Persistence of human leishmanial antibodies in an endemic area of visceral leishmaniasis in El Agamy, Egypt. European Journal of Epidemiology 4, 473-476.
26. NADIM, A., JAVADIAN, E., TAHVILDAR-BIDRUNI, G. H. & MOTTAGHI, M. (1992). Epidemiological aspects of kalaazar in Meshkin-Shahr, Iran: investigation on vectors. Iranian Journal of Public Health 21, 61-72.
27. NAVIN, T. R., SIERRA, M., CUSTODIO, R., STEUERER, F., PORTER, C. H. & REUBUSH, T. K. (1985). Epidemiological study of visceral leishmaniasis in Honduras, 1975-1983. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 34, 1069-1075.
28. PAMPIGLIONI, S., MANSON-BAHR, P. E. C., GIUNGI, F., GIUNTI, G., PARENTI, A. & TROTTI, G. C. (1974). Studies on Mediterranean leishmaniasis, 2. Asymptomatic cases of visceral leishmaniasis. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 68, 447-453.
29. PAMPIGLIONI, S., MANSON-BAHR, P. E. C., LA PLACA, M., NORGATTI, M. A. & MICHELONI, F. (1975). Studies on Mediterranean leishmaniasis. 3. The leishmanin skin test in kala-azar. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 69, 60-68.
30. PEREA, W. A., ANCELLE, T., MOREN, A., NAGELKERKE, M. & SONDORP, E. (1991). Visceral leishmaniasis in southern Sudan. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 85, 48-53.
31. RAB, M. A. & EVANS, D. A. (1994). Detection of anti-Leishmania antibodies in blood collected on filter paper by the direct agglutination test. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 91, 713-715.
32. SEAMAN, J., ASHFORD, R. W., SCHORSCHER, J. & DEREURE, J. (1992). Visceral leishmaniasis in southern Sudan: status of healthy villagers in epidemic conditions. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology 86, 481-486.
33. SEAMAN, J., MERCER, A. J. & SONDORP, E. (1996). The epidemic of visceral leishmaniasis in western Upper Nile, southern Sudan: course and impact from 1984 to 1994. International Journal of Epidemiology 25, 862-871.
34. SHARMA, M. C., GUPTA, A. K., SARAN, R. & SINHA, S. P. (1990). The effect of age and sex on incidence of kala-azar. Journal of Communicable Diseases 22, 277-278.
35. SHUIKINA, E. E. & CORBUNOVA, L. A. (1978). Results of the serological examination of the population of endemic visceral leishmaniasis territories in the USSR. Meditisinskiya Parasitologiya i Parasitarnye Bolezni 47, 9-15.
36. SOLEIMANZADEH, G., EDRISSIAN, G. H., MOVAHHED-DANESH, A. M. & NADIM, A. (1993). Epidemiological aspects of kala-azar in Meshkin-Shahr, Iran: human infection, Bulletin of the World Health OrganiZtion 71, 759-762.
37. SOUTHGATE, B. A. & MANSON-BAHR, P. E. C. (1967). Studies on the epidemiology of East African leishmaniasis 4. The significance of the positive leishmanin test. Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 70, 29-33.
38. SOUTHGATE, B. A. & ORIEDO, B. V. E. (1967). Studies in the epidemiology of east African leishmaniasis 3. Immunity as a determinant of geographic distribution, Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 70, 1-4.
39. TITOVA, I. V., FARAMAZOV, A. Z., GRACHEVA, L. I., SAF'IANOVA, V. M. & GASANZADE, G. B. (1982). Epidemiology of visceral leishmaniasis in Dzhalilabad District, Azerbaijan SSR (results of seroepidemiological studies). Meditisinskiya Parasitologiya i Parasitarnye Bolesni 51, 67-71.
40. WARBURG, A., SARAIVA, E., LANZARO, G. C., TITUS, R. G. & NEVA, F. (1994). Saliva of Lutzomyia longipalpis sibling species differs in its composition and capacity to enhance leishmaniasis. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, B 345, 223-230.
41. WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION (1996), Manual on Visceral Leishmaniasis Control. WHO/LEISH/96.40, Geneva.
42. ZIJLSTRA, E. E., EL-HASSAN, A. M., ISMAEL, A. & GHALIB, H. W. (1994). Endemic kala-azar in eastern Sudan: a longitudinal study on the incidence of clinical and sub-clinical infection and post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 51, 826-836.