Management of recurrence and follow-up strategies for patients with seminoma and selected high-risk groups

Urologic Clinics of North America

Volumn 30, Issue 4, 2003, Pages 803-817

  Patel, Manish I ^a,b   Motzer, Robert J ^a   Sheinfeld, Joel ^a  

^a MEMORIAL SLOAN KETTERING CANCER CENTER   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF SYDNEY   (Australia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT; BLEOMYCIN; CARBOPLATIN; CISPLATIN; CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE; DACTINOMYCIN; ETOPOSIDE; IFOSFAMIDE; VINBLASTINE; VINCA ALKALOID;

ACUTE LEUKEMIA; ACUTE LYMPHOBLASTIC LEUKEMIA; ACUTE NONLYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA; ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION; ASCITES; AUTONOMIC NEUROPATHY; AUTOTRANSPLANTATION; BLADDER TUMOR; BLOOD VESSEL OCCLUSION; BONE METASTASIS; BRAIN METASTASIS; CANCER CHEMOTHERAPY; CANCER COMBINATION CHEMOTHERAPY; CANCER EPIDEMIOLOGY; CANCER LOCALIZATION; CANCER PATIENT; CANCER RADIOTHERAPY; CANCER RECURRENCE; CANCER STAGING; CANCER SURGERY; CANCER SURVIVAL; CEREBROVASCULAR DISEASE; CLINICAL PROTOCOL; CLINICAL TRIAL; COMPUTER ASSISTED TOMOGRAPHY; CONNECTIVE TISSUE TUMOR; CRYOPRESERVATION; CRYPTORCHISM; DISEASE COURSE; FOLLOW UP; GERM CELL TUMOR; HIGH RISK PATIENT; HISTOPATHOLOGY; HUMAN; HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA; HYPERTENSION; HYPERURICEMIA; HYPOMAGNESEMIA; INGUINAL LYMPH NODE; INTRACTABLE PAIN; KIDNEY FAILURE; LIVER METASTASIS; LIVER TOXICITY; LOW FAT DIET; LUNG METASTASIS; LUNG TOXICITY; LYMPH NODE METASTASIS; MALE INFERTILITY; MEDIASTINUM METASTASIS; META ANALYSIS; METASTASIS; MYELODYSPLASIA; NEPHROTOXICITY; NERVE CONDUCTION; NEUROLOGIC DISEASE; NEUROTOXICITY; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; ORCHIECTOMY; PARESTHESIA; PATIENT SELECTION; PERIPHERAL VASCULAR DISEASE; POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY; POSTOPERATIVE INFECTION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RADIATION CARCINOGENESIS; RADIATION DOSE; RADIATION INJURY; RAYNAUD PHENOMENON; RETROPERITONEAL CANCER; REVIEW; SALVAGE THERAPY; SEMINOMA; SMALL INTESTINE OBSTRUCTION; SMALL INTESTINE TUMOR; SPINAL CORD COMPRESSION; STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION; SUBSTANCE ABUSE; SURGICAL INFECTION; SURVIVAL RATE; TESTICULAR MICROLITHIASIS; TESTIS ATROPHY; TESTIS BIOPSY; TESTIS DISEASE; THYROID CANCER; TREATMENT OUTCOME; TUMOR VOLUME;

EID: 0345305739     PISSN: 00940143     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0094-0143(03)00063-6     Document Type: Review

References (126)

1. Moller H. Clues to the aetiology of testicular germ cell tumours from descriptive epidemiology. Eur Urol 1993;23:8-13 [discussion: 14-15].
2. Mostofi FK, Sesterhenn IA, Davis CJ. Anatomy and pathology of testis cancer. In: Coffey DS, editor. Comprehensive textbook of genitourinary oncology. 2nd edition. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins; 2000. p. 909-26.
3. Daugaard G, Roerth M. Observation and expectant management for low-stage seminoma and nonseminoma. In: Coffey DS, editor. Comprehensive textbook of genitourinary oncology. 2nd edition. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins; 2000. p. 975-80.
4. International Germ Cell Consensus Classification: a prognostic factor-based staging system for metastatic germ cell cancers. International Germ Cell Cancer Collaborative Group. J Clin Oncol 1997;15:594-603.
5. Fossa SD, Horwich A, Russell JM, et al. Optimal planning target volume for stage I testicular seminoma: a Medical Research Council randomized trial. Medical Research Council Testicular Tumor Working Group. J Clin Oncol 1999;17:1146.
6. Warde P, Gospodarowicz MK, Panzarella T, et al. Stage I testicular seminoma: results of adjuvant irradiation and surveillance. J Clin Oncol 1995;13:2255-62.
7. Fossa SD, Aass N, Kaalhus O. Radiotherapy for testicular seminoma stage I: treatment results and long-term post-irradiation morbidity in 365 patients. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1989;16:383-8.
8. Dosmann MA, Zagars GK. Post-orchiectomy radiotherapy for stages I and II testicular seminoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1993;26:381-90.
9. Sultanem K, Souhami L, Benk V, et al. Para-aortic irradiation only appears to be adequate treatment for patients with stage I seminoma of the testis. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1998;40:455-9.
10. Kiricuta IC, Sauer J, Bohndorf W. Omission of the pelvic irradiation in stage I testicular seminoma: a study of postorchiectomy paraaortic radiotherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1996;35:293-8.
11. Warde P, Gospodarowicz MK, Banerjee D, et al. Prognostic factors for relapse in stage I testicular seminoma treated with surveillance. J Urol 1997;157:1705-9 [discussion: 1709-10].
12. von der Maase H, Specht L, Jacobsen GK, et al. Surveillance following orchidectomy for stage I seminoma of the testis. Eur J Cancer 1993;29A: 1931-4.
13. Horwich A, Alsanjari N, A'Hern R, et al. Surveillance following orchidectomy for stage I testicular seminoma. Br J Cancer 1992;65:775-8.
14. Ramakrishnan S, Champion AE, Dorreen MS, et al. Stage I seminoma of the testis: is post-orchidectomy surveillance a safe alternative to routine postoperative radiotherapy? Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol) 1992;4:284-6.
15. Shahidi M, Norman AR, Dearnaley DP, et al. Late recurrence in 1263 men with testicular germ cell tumors: multivariate analysis of risk factors and implications for management. Cancer 2002;95:520-30.
16. Bayley A, Warde P, Milosevic M, et al. Surveillance for stage I testicular seminoma, a review. 2001;6:139-143.
17. Warde P, Specht L, Horwich A, et al. Prognostic factors for relapse in stage I seminoma managed by surveillance: a pooled analysis. J Clin Oncol 2002;20:4448-52.
18. Warde P, Gospodarowicz MK, Panzarella T, et al. Long term outcome and cost in the management of stage I testicular seminoma. Can J Urol 2000;7:967-72 [discussion: 973].
19. Francis R, Bower M, Brunstrom G, et al. Surveillance for stage I testicular germ cell tumours: results and cost benefit analysis of management options. Eur J Cancer 2000;36:1925-32.
20. Sharda NN, Kinsella TJ, Ritter MA. Adjuvant radiation versus observation: a cost analysis of alternate management schemes in early-stage testicular seminoma. J Clin Oncol 1996;14:2933-9.
21. Dieckmann KP, Bruggeboes B, Pichlmeier U, et al. Adjuvant treatment of clinical stage I seminoma: is a single course of carboplatin sufficient? Urology 2000;55:102-6.
22. Oliver RT, Ong J, Blandy JP, et al. Testis conservation studies in germ cell cancer justified by improved primary chemotherapy response and reduced delay, 1978-1994. Br J Urol 1996;78:119-24.
23. Oliver RT, Edmonds PM, Ong JY, et al. Pilot studies of 2 and 1 course carboplatin as adjuvant for stage I seminoma: should it be tested in a randomized trial against radiotherapy? Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1994;29:3-8.
24. Nost G, Lipsky H, Wurnschimmel E. [Carboplatin monotherapy in clinical stage I of seminoma. An acceptable alternative?] Urologe A 1998;37:629-34.
25. Krege S, Kalund G, Otto T, et al. Phase II study: adjuvant single-agent carboplatin therapy for clinical stage I seminoma. Eur Urol 1997;31:405-7.
26. Nichols CR. Relapsed testis cancer. Treatment of recurrent germ cell cancer. In: Coffey D, editor. Comprehensive textbook of genitourinary oncology. Philapelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2000. p. 1037-44.
27. Williams SD, Birch R, Einhorn LH, et al. Treatment of disseminated germ-cell tumors with cisplatin, bleomycin, and either vinblastine or etoposide. N Engl J Med 1987;316:1435-40.
28. Bosl GJ, Geller NL, Bajorin D, et al. A randomized trial of etoposide + cisplatin versus vinblastine + bleomycin + cisplatin + cyclophosphamide + dactinomycin in patients with good-prognosis germ cell tumors. J Clin Oncol 1988;6:1231-8.
29. Ryan CJ, Bajorin DF. Chemotherapy for good-risk germ-cell tumors. Semin Urol Oncol 2002;20:244-50.
30. Bauman GS, Venkatesan VM, Ago CT, et al. Postoperative radiotherapy for stage I/II seminoma: results for 212 patients. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1998;42:313-7.
31. Warde P, Gospodarowicz M, Panzarella T, et al. Management of stage II seminoma. J Clin Oncol 1998;16:290-4.
32. Warszawski N, Schmucking M. Relapses in early-stage testicular seminoma: radiation therapy versus retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy. Scand J Urol Nephrol 1997;31:355-9.
33. Bayens YC, Helle PA, Van Putten WL, et al. Orchidectomy followed by radiotherapy in 176 stage I and II testicular seminoma patients: benefits of a 10-year follow-up study. Radiother Oncol 1992;25:97-102.
34. Mason BR, Kearsley JH. Radiotherapy for stage 2 testicular seminoma: the prognostic influence of tumor bulk. J Clin Oncol 1988;6:1856-62.
35. Evensen JF, Fossa SD, Kjellevold K, et al. Testicular seminoma: analysis of treatment and failure for stage II disease. Radiother Oncol 1985;4:55-61.
36. Sagerman RH, Kotlove DJ, Regine WF, et al. Stage II seminoma: results of postorchiectomy irradiation. Radiology 1989;172:565-8.
37. Lai PP, Bernstein MJ, Kim H, et al. Radiation therapy for stage I and IIA testicular seminoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1994;28:373-9.
38. Lederman GS, Herman TS, Jochelson M, et al. Radiation therapy of seminoma: 17-year experience at the Joint Center for Radiation Therapy. Radiother Oncol 1989;14:203-8.
39. Read G, Robertson AG, Blair V. Radiotherapy in seminoma of the testis. Clin Radiol 1983;34:469-73.
40. Smalley SR, Veldhuizen PJV. Seminoma: management of stage II disease, posttherapy residual masses and other special considerations. In: Coffey DS, editor. The comprehensive textbook of genitourinary oncology. 2nd edition. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins; 2000. p. 998-1009.
41. Oliver RT, Lore S, Ong J. Alternatives to radiotherapy in the management of seminoma. Br J Urol 1990;65:61-7.
42. Fossa SD, Droz JP, Stoter G, et al. Cisplatin, vincristine and ifosphamide combination chemotherapy of metastatic seminoma: results of EORTC trial 30874. EORTC GU Group. Br J Cancer 1995;71:619-24.
43. Mencel PJ, Motzer RJ, Mazumdar M, et al. Advanced seminoma: treatment results, survival, and prognostic factors in 142 patients. J Clin Oncol 1994;12:120-6.
44. Pizzocaro G, Salvioni R, Piva L, et al. Cisplatin combination chemotherapy in advanced seminoma. Cancer 1986;58:1625-9.
45. Fossa SD, Oliver RT, Stenning SP, et al. Prognostic factors for patients with advanced seminoma treated with platinum-based chemotherapy. Eur J Cancer 1997;33:1380-7.
46. Vuky J, Tickoo SK, Sheinfeld J, et al. Salvage chemotherapy for patients with advanced pure seminoma. J Clin Oncol 2002;20:297-301.
47. Loehrer PJ Sr, Gonin R, Nichols CR, et al. Vinblastine plus ifosfamide plus cisplatin as initial salvage therapy in recurrent germ cell tumor. J Clin Oncol 1998;16:2500-4.
48. Miller KD, Loehrer PJ, Gonin R, et al. Salvage chemotherapy with vinblastine, ifosfamide, and cisplatin in recurrent seminoma. J Clin Oncol 1997;15:1427-31.
49. Motzer RJ, Sheinfeld J, Mazumdar M, et al. Paclitaxel, ifosfamide, and cisplatin second-line therapy for patients with relapsed testicular germ cell cancer. J Clin Oncol 2000;18:2413-8.
50. McCaffrey JA, Mazumdar M, Bajorin DF, et al. Ifosfamide- and cisplatin-containing chemotherapy as first-line salvage therapy in germ cell tumors: response and survival. J Clin Oncol 1997;15:2559-63.
51. Che M, Tamboli P, Ro JY, et al. Bilateral testicular germ cell tumors: twenty-year experience at M.D. Anderson Cancer Center. Cancer 2002;95:1228-33.
52. Wanderas EH, Fossa SD, Tretli S. Risk of a second germ cell cancer after treatment of a primary germ cell cancer in 2201 Norwegian male patients. Eur J Cancer 1997;33:244-52.
53. Holzbeirlein J, Sogani PC, Sheinfeld J. Histology and clinical outcomes in patients with bilateral testicular germ cell tumors: the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center Experience 1950-2001. J Urol 2003;169:2122-5.
54. Gerl A, Clemm C, Kohl P, et al. Central nervous system as sanctuary site of relapse in patients treated with chemotherapy for metastatic testicular cancer. Clin Exp Metastasis 1994;12:226-30.
55. Bokemeyer C, Nowak P, Haupt A, et al. Treatment of brain metastases in patients with testicular cancer. J Clin Oncol 1997;15:1449-54.
56. Mackey JR, Venner P. Seminoma with isolated central nervous system relapse, and salvage with craniospinal irradiation. Urology 1998;51:1043-5.
57. Arnold PM, Morgan CJ, Morantz RA, et al. Metastatic testicular cancer presenting as spinal cord compression: report of two cases. Surg Neurol 2000;54:27-33.
58. Park DS, Prow DM, Amato RJ, et al. Management consideration in nonpulmonary visceral metastatic seminoma of testis. J Korean Med Sci 1999;14:431-7.
59. Horwich A. Questions in the management of seminoma. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol) 1990;2:249-53.
60. Friedman EL, Garnick MB, Stomper PC, et al. Therapeutic guidelines and results in advanced seminoma. J Clin Oncol 1985;3:1325-32.
61. Peckham MJ, Horwich A, Hendry WF. Advanced seminoma: treatment with cis-platinum-based combination chemotherapy or carboplatin (JM8). Br J Cancer 1985;52:7-13.
62. Warren GP, Einhorn LH. Gallium scans in the evaluation of residual masses after chemotherapy for seminoma. J Clin Oncol 1995;13:2784-8.
63. De Santis M, Bokemeyer C, Becherer A, et al. Predictive impact of 2-18fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose positron emission tomography for residual postchemotherapy masses in patients with bulky seminoma. J Clin Oncol 2001;19:3740-4.
64. Ganjoo KN, Chan RJ, Sharma M, et al. Positron emission tomography scans in the evaluation of postchemotherapy residual masses in patients with seminoma. J Clin Oncol 1999;17:3457-60.
65. Puc HS, Heelan R, Mazumdar M, et al. Management of residual mass in advanced seminoma: results and recommendations from the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center. J Clin Oncol 1996;14:454-60.
66. Herr HW, Sheinfeld J, Puc HS, et al. Surgery for a post-chemotherapy residual mass in seminoma. J Urol 1997;157:860-2.
67. Ravi R, Ong J, Oliver RT, et al. The management of residual masses after chemotherapy in metastatic seminoma. BJU Int 1999;83:649-53.
68. Schultz SM, Einhorn LH, Conces DJ Jr, et al. Management of postchemotherapy residual mass in patients with advanced seminoma: Indiana University experience. J Clin Oncol 1989;7:1497-503.
69. Crawford ED, Goodman P, Nabors WL, et al. Treatment of stages B3 and C seminoma with chemotherapy followed by irradiation therapy. Southwest Oncology Group Study. Urology 1992;39:457-60.
70. Duchesne GM, Stenning SP, Aass N, et al. Radiotherapy after chemotherapy for metastatic seminoma-a diminishing role. MRC Testicular Tumour Working Party. Eur J Cancer 1997;33:829-35.
71. Horwich A, Paluchowska B, Norman A, et al. Residual mass following chemotherapy of seminoma. Ann Oncol 1997;8:37-40.
72. Fossa SD, Kullmann G, Lien HH, et al. Chemotherapy of advanced seminoma: clinical significance of radiological findings before and after treatment. Br J Urol 1989;64:530-4.
73. Bredael JJ, Vugrin D, Whitmore WF Jr. Autopsy findings in 154 patients with germ cell tumors of the testis. Cancer 1982;50:548-51.
74. Baniel J, Sella A. Complications of retroperitoneal lymph node dissection in testicular cancer: primary and post-chemotherapy. Semin Surg Oncol 1999;17:263-7.
75. Baniel J, Foster RS, Rowland RG, et al. Complications of post-chemotherapy retroperitoneal lymph node dissection. J Urol 1995;153:976-80.
76. Baniel J, Foster RS, Rowland RG, et al. Management of chylous ascites after retroperitoneal lymph node dissection for testicular cancer. J Urol 1993;150:1422-4.
77. Travis LB, Curtis RE, Storm H, et al. Risk of second malignant neoplasms among long-term survivors of testicular cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 1997;89:1429-39.
78. Yeoh E, Horowitz M, Russo A, et al. The effects of abdominal irradiation for seminoma of the testis on gastrointestinal function. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1995;10:125-30.
79. Aass N, Fossa SD, Host H. Acute and subacute side effects due to infra-diaphragmatic radiotherapy for testicular cancer: a prospective study. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1992;22:1057-64.
80. Lederman GS, Sheldon TA, Chaffey JT, et al. Cardiac disease after mediastinal irradiation for seminoma. Cancer 1987;60:772-6.
81. Boyer M, Raghavan D. Toxicity of treatment of germ cell tumors. Semin Oncol 1992;19:128-42.
82. Boyer M, Raghavan D, Harris PJ, et al. Lack of late toxicity in patients treated with cisplatin-containing combination chemotherapy for metastatic testicular cancer. J Clin Oncol 1990;8:21-6.
83. Pedersen-Bjergaard J, Daugaard G, Hansen SW, et al. Increased risk of myelodysplasia and leukaemia after etoposide, cisplatin, and bleomycin for germ-cell tumours. Lancet 1991;338:359-63.
84. Herr HW, Bar-Chama N, O'Sullivan M, et al. Paternity in men with stage I testis tumors on surveillance. J Clin Oncol 1998;16:733-4.
85. Arai Y, Kawakita M, Okada Y, et al. Sexuality and fertility in long-term survivors of testicular cancer. J Clin Oncol 1997;15:1444-8.
86. Hendry WF, Stedronska J, Jones CR, et al. Semen analysis in testicular cancer and Hodgkin's disease: pre- and post-treatment findings and implications for cryopreservation. Br J Urol 1983;55:769-73.
87. Carroll PR, Morse MJ, Whitmore WF Jr, et al. Fertility status of patients with clinical stage I testis tumors on a surveillance protocol. J Urol 1987;138:70-2.
88. Hansen PV, Trykker H, Svennekjaer IL, et al. Long-term recovery of spermatogenesis after radiotherapy in patients with testicular cancer. Radiother Oncol 1990;18:117-25.
89. Senturia YD, Peckham CS, Peckham MJ. Children fathered by men treated for testicular cancer. Lancet 1985;2:766-9.
90. Nijman JM, Schraffordt Koops H, Kremer J, et al. Gonadal function after surgery and chemotherapy in men with stage II and III non-seminomatous testicular tumors. J Clin Oncol 1987;5:651-6.
91. Turek PJ, Lowther DN, Carroll PR. Fertility issues and their management in men with testis cancer. Urol Clin North Am 1998;25:517-31.
92. Hultling C, Rosenlund B, Tornblom M, et al. Transrectal electroejaculation in combination with in-vitro fertilization: an effective treatment of anejaculatory infertility after testicular cancer. Hum Reprod 1995;10:847-50.
93. Skakkebaek NE, Berthelsen JG, Muller J. Carcinoma-in-situ of the undescended testis. Urol Clin North Am 1982;9:377-85.
94. von der Maase H, Rorth M, Walbom-Jorgensen S, et al. Carcinoma in situ of contralateral testis in patients with testicular germ cell cancer: study of 27 cases in 500 patients. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1986;293:1398-401.
95. Harland SJ, Cook PA, Fossa SD, et al. Intra-tubular germ cell neoplasia of the contralateral testis in testicular cancer: defining a high risk group. J Urol 1998;160:1353-7.
96. Muller J. Abnormal infantile germ cells and development of carcinoma-in-situ in maldeveloped testes: a stereological and densitometric study. Int J Androl 1987;10:543-67.
97. Daugaard G, Rorth M, von der Maase H, et al. Management of extragonadal germ-cell tumors and the significance of bilateral testicular biopsies. Ann Oncol 1992;3:283-9.
98. Giwercman A. Carcinoma-in-situ of the testis: screening and management. Scand J Urol Nephrol Suppl 1992;148:1-47.
99. Pottern LM, Brown LM, Hoover RN, et al. Testicular cancer risk among young men: role of cryptorchidism and inguinal hernia. J Natl Cancer Inst 1985;74:377-81.
100. Berthelsen JG, Skakkebaek NE. Value of testicular biopsy in diagnosing carcinoma in situ testis. Scand J Urol Nephrol 1981;15:165-8.
101. Dieckmann KP, Kaup F, Loy V. False-negative biopsy for testicular intraepithelial neoplasia. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 1992;119:1-4.
102. Herr HW, Sheinfeld J. Is biopsy of the contralateral testis necessary in patients with germ cell tumors? J Urol 1997;158:1331-4.
103. Patel SR, Richardson RL, Kvols L. Synchronous and metachronous bilateral testicular tumors. Mayo Clinic experience. Cancer 1990;65:1-4.
104. Christensen TB, Daugaard G, Geertsen PF, et al. Effect of chemotherapy on carcinoma in situ of the testis. Ann Oncol 1998;9:657-60.
105. Dieckmann KP, Besserer A, Loy V. Low-dose radiation therapy for testicular intraepithelial neoplasia. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 1993;119:355-9.
106. Petersen PM, Giwercman A, Daugaard G, et al. Effect of graded testicular doses of radiotherapy in patients treated for carcinoma-in-situ in the testis. J Clin Oncol 2002;20:1537-43.
107. Chilvers C, Dudley NE, Gough MH, et al. Undescended testis: the effect of treatment on subsequent risk of subfertility and malignancy. J Pediatr Surg 1986;21:691-6.
108. Whitaker RH. Neoplasia in cryptorchid men. Semin Urol 1988;6:107-9.
109. Schottenfeld D, Warshauer ME, Sherlock S, et al. The epidemiology of testicular cancer in young adults. Am J Epidemiol 1980;112:232-46.
110. Farrer JH, Walker AH, Rajfer J. Management of the postpubertal cryptorchid testis: a statistical review. J Urol 1985;134:1071-6.
111. Berthelsen JG, Skakkebaek NE, von der Maase H, et al. Screening for carcinoma in situ of the contralateral testis in patients with germinal testicular cancer. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1982;285:1683-6.
112. Batata MA, Chu FC, Hilaris BS, et al. Testicular cancer in cryptorchids. Cancer 1982;49:1023-30.
113. Raja MA, Oliver RT, Badenoch D, et al. Orchidopexy and transformation of seminoma to non-seminoma. Lancet 1992;339:930.
114. Coupland CA, Chilvers CE, Davey G, et al. Risk factors for testicular germ cell tumours by histological tumour type. United Kingdom Testicular Cancer Study Group. Br J Cancer 1999;80:1859-63.
115. Beard CM, Benson RC Jr, Kelalis PP, et al. The incidence and outcome of mumps orchitis in Rochester, Minnesota, 1935 to 1974. Mayo Clin Proc 1997;52:3-7.
116. Schulz TF, Boshoff CH, Weiss RA. HIV infection and neoplasia. Lancet 1996;348:587-91.
117. Hobarth K, Susani M, Szabo N, et al. Incidence of testicular microlithiasis. Urology 1992;40:464-7.
118. Ganem JP, Workman KR, Shaban SF. Testicular microlithiasis is associated with testicular pathology. Urology 1999;53:209-13.
119. Kessaris DN, Mellinger BC. Incidence and implication of testicular microlithiasis detected by scrotal duplex sonography in a select group of infertile men. J Urol 1994;152:1560-1.
120. Aizenstein RI, DiDomenico D, Wilbur AC, et al. Testicular microlithiasis: association with male infertility. J Clin Ultrasound 1998;26:195-8.
121. Vegni-Talluri M, Bigliardi E, Vanni MG, et al. Testicular microliths: their origin and structure. J Urol 1980;124:105-7.
122. Nistal M, Paniagua R, Diez-Pardo JA. Testicular microlithiasis in 2 children with bilateral cryptorchidism. J Urol 1979;121:535-7.
123. Backus ML, Mack LA, Middleton WD, et al. Testicular microlithiasis: imaging appearances and pathologic correlation. Radiology 1994;192:781-5.
124. Bach AM, Hann LE, Hadar O, et al. Testicular microlithiasis: what is its association with testicular cancer? Radiology 2001;220:70-5.
125. Bach AM, Sheinfeld J, Hann LE. Abnormal testis at US in patients after orchiectomy for testicular neoplasm. Radiology 2000;215:432-6.
126. Rosenfield AT. Proper management of a patient with testicular microlithiasis but not tumor on sonography. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1994;163:988-9.