Biological control of cassava pests in Africa

Annual Review of Entomology

Volumn 36, Issue 1, 1991, Pages 257-283

  Herren, H R ^a   Neuenschwander, P ^a  

^a INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TROPICAL AGRICULTURE   (Benin)

Author keywords

Coccinellidae; Epidinocarsis lopezi; Mononychellus tanajoa; Phenacoccus manihoti; Phytoseiidae

Indexed keywords

COCCINELLIDAE; EPIDINOCARSIS; EPIDINOCARSIS LOPEZI; MANIHOT ESCULENTA; MONONYCHELLUS; MONONYCHELLUS TANAJOA; PHENACOCCUS; PHENACOCCUS MANIHOTI; PHYTOSEIIDAE;

EID: 0345285029     PISSN: 00664170     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1146/annurev.en.36.010191.001353     Document Type: Article

References (192)

1. Agudelo-Silva, P. 1986. A species of Triplosporium (Zygomycetes: Entomophthorales) infecting Mononychellus progressive (Acari:Tetranychidae) in Venezuela. Fla. Entomol. 69:444-46
2. Akinlosotu, T. A. 1981. Seasonal trend of green spider mite Mononychellus tanajoa population on cassava, Manihot esculenta and its relationship with weather factors at Moor Plantation. Insect Sci. Appl. 3:251-54
3. Akinlosotu, T. A., Leuschner, K. 1981. Outbreak of two new cassava pests (Mononychellus tanajoa and Phenacoccus manihoti) in southwestern Nigeria. Trop. Pest Manage. 27:247-50
4. Ayanru, D. K. G., Sharma, V. C. 1984/ 85. Changes in total cyanide content of tissues from cassava plants infested by mites (Mononychellus tanajoa) and mealybugs (Phenacoccus manihoti). Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 12:35-46
5. Bartkowski, J., Odindo, M. O., Otieno, W. A. 1988. Some fungal pathogens of the cassava green spider mites Mononychellus spp. (Tetranychidae) in Kenya. Insect Sci. Appl. 9:457-59
6. Bartlett, B. R. 1978. Pseudococcidae. In Introduced Parasites and Predators of Arthropod Pests and Weeds: A World Review, ed. C. P. Clausen, USDA Agric. Handbk. 480:137-70, Washington: USDA
7. Bellotti, A. C., Mesa, N., Serrano, M., Guerrero, J. M., Herrera, C. J. 1987. Taxonomic inventory and survey activity for natural enemies of cassava green mites in the Americas. Insect Sci. Appl. 8:845-49
8. Bellotli, A. C., Reyes, J. A., Guerrero, J. M., Varela, A. M. 1985. The mealybug and cassava green spider mite complex in the Americas: problems of and potential for biological control. In Cassava: Research. Production and Utilization, ed. J. H. Cock, J. A. Reyes, pp. 393-416. Call: CIAT, UNDP
9. Bellotti, A. T., van Schoonhoven, A. 1978. Mite and insect pests of cassava. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 23:39-67
10. Bennett, F. D. 1981. Hyperparasitism in the practice of biological control. See Ref. 151a, pp. 43-49
11. Bennett, F. D., Yaseen, M. 1980. Investigations on the natural enemies of cassava mealybugs (Phenacoccus spp.) in the Neotropics. CIBC Rep. 19 pp.
12. Biassangama, A., Fabres, G., Nénon, J. P. 1988. Parasitisme au laboratoire et au champ d'Epidinocursis (Apoanagyrus) lopezi (Hym.: Encyrtidae) auxiliaire exotique introduit au Congo pour la régulation de l'abondance de Phenacoccus manihoti (Horn.: Pseudococcidae). Entomophaga 33:453-65
13. Biassangama, A., le Rü, B., Iziquel, Y., Kiyindou, A., Bimangou, A. S. 1989. L'entomocénose inféodée à la cochenille du manioc, Phenacoccus manihoti (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae), au Congo, cinq ans après l'introduction d'Epidinocarsis lopezi (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae). Ann. Soc. Entomol. Fr. 25:315-20
14. Bird, T. J. 1987. Fighting African cassava pests from the air. Aerogram 4:6-7
15. Boussienguet, J. 1986. Le complexe entomophage de la cochenille du manioc, Phenucoccns manihoti (Hom. Coccoidea Pseudococcidae) au Gabon. I. Inventaire faunistique et relations trophiques. Ann. Soc. Entomol. Fr. 22:35-44
16. Boussienguet, J. 1988. Morphologie et biologie d'Anagynis nyombae, n. sp., parasite de Phaenacoccus manihoti, au Gabon (Hymenoptera. Encyrtidae: Homoptera, Pseudococcidae). Rev. Fr. Entomol. 10:277-83
17. Boussienguet, J., Neuenschwander, P. 1989. Le complexe entomophage de la cochenille du manioc en Afrique. 3. -Clé annotée pour la détermination des hymenoptères parasitoides associés à ce ravageur. Rev. Zool. Afr. 103:395-403
18. Boussienguet, J., Neuenschwander, P., Herren, H. R. 1990. Le complexe entomophage de la cochenille du manioc au Gabon. 4. Etablissement du parasitoide Epidinocarsis lopezi. Entomophaga. In press
19. Braun, A. R., Bellotti, A. C., Guerrero, J. M., Wilson, L. T. 1989. Effect of predator exclusion on cassava infested with tetranychid mites (Acari: Tetranychidae). Environ, Entomol. 18:711-14
20. Braun, A. R., Guerrero, J. M., Bellotti, A. C., Wilson, L. T. 1989. Within-plant distribution of Mononychellus tanajoa (Bondar) (Acari: Tetranychidae) on cassava: effect of clone and predation on aggregation. Bull. Entomol. Res. 79: 235-49
21. Byrne, D. H., Bellotti, A. C., Guerrero, J. M. 1983. The cassava mites. Trop. Pest Manage. 29:378-94
22. Charnov, E. L. 1982. The Theory of Sex Allocation. Princeton: Princeton Univ. Press. 355 pp.
23. Cock, J. H. 1985. Cassava, New Potential for a Neglected Crop. Boulder/ London: Westview Press. 191 pp.
24. Cox, J., Williams, D. J. 1981. An account of cassava mealybug (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) with a description of a new species. Bull. Entomol. Res. 71:247-58
25. Delucchi, V. 1989. Integrated pest management vs systems management. See Ref. 182. pp. 51-67
26. De Santis, L. 1963. Encirtidos de la Republica Argentina (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea). An. Com. Invest. Cient. Prov. Buenos-Aires Gobern La Plata 4:9-422
27. Dinh, N. V., Janssen, A., Sabelis, M. W. 1988. Reproductive success of Amblyseius idaeus and A. anonymus on a diet of two-spotted spider mite. E.tp. Appl. Acarol. 4:41-51
28. Dinh, N. V., Sabelis, M. W., Janssen, A. 1988. Influence of humidity and water availability on the survival of Amblyseius idaeus and A. anonymus (Acarina: Phytoseiidae). Exp. Appl. Acarol. 4:27-40
29. Fabres, G. 1981. Première quantification du phénomène de gradation des populations de Phenacoccus manihoti Matile-Ferrero (Horn. Pseudococcidae) en République Populaire du Congo. Agronomie 1:483-86
30. Fabres, G. 1982. Bioécologie de la cochenille du manico (Phenacoccus manihoti Horn. Pseudococcidae) en République Populaire du Congo. II. Variations d'abondance et facteurs de régulation. Agron. Trop. 36:369-77
31. Fabres, G. 1989. Influence de la "capacité limite" dans la régulation de l'abondance d'un phytophage: Le cas de la cochenille du manioc au Congo. Bull. Soc. ZooL. Fr. 114:35-42
32. Fabres, G., Boussienguet, J. 1981. Bioécologie de la cochenille du manioc (Phenacoccus manihoti HoM. Pseudococcidae) en République Populaire du Congo. Agron. Trop. 36:82-89
33. Fabres, G., Kiyindou, A. 1985. Comparaison du potentiel biotique de deux coccinelles (Exochomus flaviventris et Hyperaspis senegalensis hottentotta, Col. Coccinellidae) prédatrices de Phenacoccus manihoti (Horn. Pseudococcidae) au Congo. Acta Oecol. Oecol. Appl. 6:339-48
34. Fabres, G., Kiyindou, A., Epouna-Mouinga, S. 1981. Les entomophages inféodés à la cochenille du manioc Phenacoccus manihoti (Horn. Pseudococcidae) en République Populaire du Congo. II. Etude morphologique comparative de trois espèces dominantes de Coccinellidae (Col.). Cah. ORSTOM Sèr. Biol. 44:3-8
35. Fabres, G., Le Rü, B. 1986. Etude des relations plante-insecte pour la mise au point de méthodes de régulation des populations de la cochenille du manioc. In La Cochenille du Manioc et sa Biocoenose au Congo 1979-1984. Travaux de l'équipe Franco-Congolaise ORSTOM-DGRS. pp. 57-71. Paris: ORSTOM
36. Fabres, G., Matile-Ferrero, D. 1980. Les entomophages inféodés à la cochenille du manioc, Phenacoccus manihoti (Hom. Coccoidea Pseudococcidae) en République Populaire du Congo I. Les composantes de l'entomocoenose et leurs inter-relations. Ann. Soc. Entomol. Fr. 16:509-15
37. Fabres, G., Nénon, J. P., Kiyindou, A., Biassangama, A. 1989. Réflexions sur l'acclimatation d'entomophages exotiques pour la régulation des populations de la cochenille du manioc au Congo. Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr. 114:43-48
38. Flechtmann, C. H. W. 1986. Taxonomy of the cassava green spider mite complex, Mononychellus spp. (Tetranychidae). See Ref. 76a, pp. 70-80
39. Frazer, B. D., Gilbert, N. 1976. Coccinellids and aphids: a quantitative study of the impact of adult ladybirds (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) preying on field populations of pea aphids (Homoptera: Aphididae). J. Entomol. Soc. B. C. 73: 33-56
40. Friese, D. D., Mégevand, B., Yaninek, J. S. 1987. Culture maintenance and mass production of exotic phytoseiids. Insect. Sci. Appl. 8:875-78
41. Fürsch, H. 1961. Revision der afrikanischen Arten um Exochomus flavipes Thunb. Col. Cocc. Entomol. Arb. Mus. G. Frey Tutzing München 12:68-91
42. Fürsch, H. 1966. Die Scymnus-Arten Westafrikas (Col. Cocc.). Entomol. Arb. Mus. G. Frey Tutzing München 17:135-92
43. Fürsch, H. 1972. Die Hyperaspis Arten Afrikas mit Ausnahme des Mittelmeergebietes (Coleoptera Coccinellidae). Mus. R. Afr. Cent. Tervuren Belg. Ann. Sér. Octavo. Sci. Zool. 201:1-45
44. Fürsch, H. 1987. Neue afrikanische Scymnini-Arten (Coleoptera Coccinellidae) als Fressfeinde von Manihot-Schädlingen. Rev. Zool. Afr. 100:387-94
45. Ganga, T. 1984. Possibilités de régulations de la Cochenille du manioc Phenacoccus manihoti Mat.-Ferr. (Hom. Pseudococcidae) par un entomophage exotique Epidinocarsis lopezi De Santis (Hym. Encyrtidae) en République Populaire du Congo. ORSTOM. June 1984 25 pp.
46. Gilstrap, F. E. 1977. Table top production of tetranychid mites (Acarina) and their phytoseiid natural enemies. J. Kans. Entomol. Soc. 50:229-33
47. Greathead, D. J., Waage, J. K. 1983. Opportunities for biological control of agricultural pests in developing countries. World Bank Tech. Pap. 11:1-44
48. Greathead, D. J., Lionnet, J. F. G., Lodos, N., Whellan J. A. 1971. A review of biological control in the Ethiopian Region. Commonw. Agric. Bur. Tech. Commun. 5. 162 pp.
49. Gutierrez, A. P., Baumgärtner, J. W. 1984. Multitrophic level models of predator-prey energetics: 1. Age-specific energetic models - pea aphid Acyrtosiphon pisum (Harris) (Homoptera: Aphididae) as an example. Can. Entomol. 116:924-32
50. Gutierrez, A. P., Baumgärtner, J. W. 1984. Multitrophic level models of predator-prey energetics: II. A realistic model of plant-herbivore-parasitoid-predator interactions. Can. Entomol. 116:933-49
51. Gutierrez, A. P., Neuenschwander, P., Schulthess, F., Herren, H. R., Baumgärtner, J. W., et al. 1988. Analysis of biological control of cassava pests in Africa: II. Cassava mealybug Phenacoccus manihoti. J. Appl. Ecol. 25:921-40
52. Gutierrez, A. P., Schulthess, F., Wilson, L. T., Villacorta, A. M., Ellis, C. K., Baumgärtner, J. W. 1987. Energy acquisition and allocation in plants and insects: a hypothesis for the feeding patterns in insects. Can. Entomol. 199: 109-29
53. Gutierrez, A. P., Wermelinger, B., Schulthess, F., Baumgärtner, J. U., Herren, H. R., et al. 1988. Analysis of biological control of cassava pests in Africa: I. Simulation of carbon, nitrogen and water dynamics in cassava. J. Appl. Ecol. 25:901-20
54. Gutierrez, A. P., Yaninek, J. S., Wermelinger, B., Herren, H. R., Ellis, C. K. 1988. Analysis of biological control of cassava pests in Africa: III. Cassava green mite Mononychellus tanajoa. J. Appl. Ecol. 25:941-50
55. Gutierrez, J. 1987. The cassava green mite in Africa: One or two species? (Acari: Tetranychidae). Exp. Appl. Acarol. 3:163-68
56. Hagen, K. S. 1976. Role of nutrition in insect management. Proc. Tall Timbers Conf. Ecolo. Animal Control by Habitat Manage. Gainesville, 1974, pp. 221-61. Tallahassee: Tall Timbers Res. Stn.
57. Hahn, S. K., Terry, E. R., Leuschner, K., Akobundu, I. O., Okali, C., Lal, R. 1979. Cassava improvement in Africa. Field Crops Res. 2:193-226
58. Hahn, S. K., Williams, R. J. 1973. Enquête sur le manioc en République du Zaire, March 1973: Rep. Minist. Agric. Republic of Zaire, Ibadan: IITA. 12 pp.
59. Hamilton, W. D. 1967. Extraordinary sex ratios. Science 156:477-88
60. Hammond, W. N. O., 1988. Ecological assessment of Natural Enemies of the Cassava Mealybug Phenacoccus manihoti Mat.-Ferr. (Horn. Pseudococcidae) in Africa. PhD thesis. Leiden: Univ. Leiden. 109 pp.
61. Hammond, W. N. O., Neuenschwander, P. 1990. Sustained biological control of the cassava mealybug Phenacoccus manihoti (Hom: Pseudococcidae) by Epidinocarsis topezi (Hym.: Encyrtidae) in Nigeria. Entomophaga 35: In press
62. Hammond, W. N. O., Neuenschwander, P., Herren, H. R. 1987. Impact of the exotic parasitoid Epidinocarsis lopezi on cassava mealybug (Phenacoccus manihoti) populations. Insect. Sci. Appl. 8:887-91
63. Hammond, W. N. O., Nsiama She, H. D., Boussienguet, J., Ganga, T., Reyd, G. 1989. Status of biological control of the cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti Mat.-Ferr. (Hom., Pseudococcidae) under various ecological conditions in Central Africa. Proc. 4th Triennial Svmp. Int. Soc. Trop. Root Crops, Africa Branch, Kinshasa, 1989. Ohowa: IDRC In press
64. Hammond, W. N. O., van Alpen, J. J. M., Neuenschwander, P., van Dijken, M. J. 1990. Aggregative foraging by field populations of Epidinocarsis lopezi (De Santis) (Hym.: Encyrtidae), a parasitoid of the cassava mealybug Phenacoccus manihoti Mat.-Ferr. Horn.: Pseudococcidae). Oecologia In press
65. Harris, K. M. 1981. Dicrodiplosis manihoti, sp.n. (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae). a predator on cassava mealybug. Phenacoccus manihoti Matile-Ferrero (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Pseudococcidae) in Africa. Ann. Soc. Entomol. Fr. 17:337-44
66. Hassell, M. P., Waage, J. K. 1984. Host-parasitold population interactions. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 29:89-114
67. Haug, T., Herren, H. R., Nadel, D. J., Akinwumi, J. B. 1987. Technologies for the mass-rearing of cassava mealybugs, cassava green mites and their natural enemies. Insect Sci. Appl. 8:879-81
68. Haug, T., Mégevand, B. 1989. Development of technologies in support of contemporary biological control. See Ref. 182. pp. 141-46
69. Helle, W., Sabelis, M. W., eds. 1985. Spider Mites. Their Biology, Natural Enemies and Control, Vols. 1, 2. Amsterdam: Elsevier. 405 pp., 458 pp.
70. Hennessey, R. D., Muaka, T. 1987. Field biology of the cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti, and its natural enemies in Zaire. Insect Sci. Appl. 8:899-903
71. Hennessey, R. D., Neuenschwander, P., Muaka, T. 1990. Spread and current distribution of the cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae). in Zaire. Trop. Pest Manage. In press
72. Herren, H. R. 1981. Cassava mealybug; an example of international collaboration. Biocontrol News Info. CAB 3:1
73. Herren, H. R. 1987. A review of objectives and achievements. Insect Sci. Appl. 8:837-40
74. Herren, H. R. 1989. The biological control program of IITA: From concept to reality. See Ref. 182. pp. 18-30
75. Herren, H. R., Bennett, F. D. 1984. Cassava pests, their spread and control. In Advancing Agricultural Production in Africa. Proc. CAB 1st Sci. Conf. Arusha, Tanzania, Feb., ed. D. L. Hawksworth. pp. 110-14. Slough: CAB
76. Herren, H. R., Bird, T. J., Nadel, D. J. 1987. Technology for automated aerial release of natural enemies of the cassava mealybug and cassava green mite. Insect Sci. Appl. 8:883-85
77. Herren, H. R., Hennessey, R. D., Bitterli, R., eds. 1986. Biological Control and Host Plant Resistance to Control the Cassava Mealybug and Green Mite in Africa. Proc. Int. Workshop IFAD OAU/ STRC, Dec. 1982. Ibadan: IITA
78. Herren, H. R., Lema, K. M. 1982. CMB-first successful releases. Biocontrol News Inf. CAB 3:185
79. Herren, H. R., Neuenschwander, P., Hennessey, R. D., Hammond, W. N. O. 1987. Introduction and dispersal of Epidinocarsis lopezi (Hym., Encyrtidae), an exotic parasitoid of the cassava mealybug Phenacoccus manihoti (Horn., Pseudococcidae), in Africa. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 19:131-44
80. Hodek, I. K., Hagen, K. S., van Emden, H. F. 1972. Methods for studying effectiveness of natural enemies. In Aphid Technology, ed. H. F. van Emden, pp. 147-88. London: Academic
81. Hughes, R. D. 1963. The population dynamics of the cabbage aphid, Brevicoryne brassicae (L.). J. Anim. Ecol. 32:393-426
82. Iheagwam, E. U. 1981. The influence of temperature on increase rates of the cassava mealybug Phenacoccus manihoti Mat.-Ferr. (Homoptera, Pseudococcidae). Rev. Zool. Afr. 95:959-67
83. Iheagwam, E. U. 1981. Natural enemies and alternative host plant of the cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti (Hom., Pseudococcidae) in southeastern Nigeria. Rev. Zool. Afr. 95:433-38
84. Iziquel, Y., Le Rü, B., 1989. Influence de l'hyperparasitisme sur les populations d'un hyménoptère encyrtidae, Epidinocarsis lopezi, parasitoide de la cochenille du manioc Phenacoccus manihoti introduit au Congo. Entomol. Exp. Appl. 52:239-47
85. Iziquel, Y., le Ralec, A., Nénon, J. P. 1988. Epidinocarsis lopezi (Hymenoptera; Encyrtidae): ovipositeur, types de piqûres et nature du parasitisme sur Phenacoccus manihoti (Homoptera; Pseudococcidae). Nat. Can. (Rev. Ecol. Syst.) 115:355-66
86. Kiritani, K., Dempster, J. P. 1973. Different approaches to the quantitative evaluation of natural enemies. J. Appl. Ecol. 10:323-30
87. Kiyindou, A. 1989. Seuil thermique de développement de trois coccinelles prédatrices de la cochenille du manioc au Congo. Entomophaga 34:409-15
88. Kiyindou, A., Fabres, G. 1987. Etude de la capacité d'accroissement chez Hyperaspis raynevali (Col.: Coccinellidae) prédateur introduit au Congo pour la régulation des populations de Phenacoccus manihoti (Horn.: Pseudococcidae). Entomophaga 32:181-89
89. Kläy, A. 1990. The cassava green spider mite biological control programme: The use of population models to monitor mass-production of natural enemies. Workshop on Status and Prospect of Integrated Pest Management for Root and Tuber Crops in the Tropics. Ibadan: IITA In press
90. Korang-Amoakoh, S., Cujoe, R. A,. Adjakloe, R. K. 1987. Biological control of cassava pests in Ghana. Insect Sci. Appl. 8:905-7
91. Kraaijeveld, A. R., van Alpen, J. J. M. 1986. Host-stage selection and sex allocation by Epidinocarsis lopezi (Hymenoptera; Encyrtidae), a parasitoid of the cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti (Homoptera; Pseudococcidae). Meded. Fac. Landbouwwet. Rijksuniv. Gent. 51:1067-78
92. Langenbach, G. E. J., van Alpen, J. J. M. 1986. Searching behavior of Epidinocarsis lopezi (Hymenoptera; Encyrtidae) on cassava: effect of leaf topography and a kairomone produced by its host, the cassava mealybug (Phenacoccus manihoti). Meded Fac. Landbouwwet. Rijksuniv. Gent 51:1057-65
93. Lema, K. M., Herren, H. R. 1985. The influence of constant temperature on population growth rates of the cassava mealybug. Phenacoccus manihoti. Entomol. Exp. Appl. 38:165-69
94. Lema, K. M., Herren, H. R. 1985. Release and establishment in Nigeria of Epidinocarsis lopezi a parasitoid of the cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti. Entomol. Exp. Appl. 38:171-75
95. Le Ru, B. 1986. Etude de l'évolution d'une mycose à Neozygites fumosa (Zygomycetes, Entomophthorales) dans une population de la cochenille du manioc Phenacoccus manihoti (Hom.: Pseudococcidae). Entomophaga 31:79-89
96. Le Rü, B., Fabres, G. 1987. Influence de la température et de l'hygrométrie relative sur la capacité d'accroissement et le profil d'abondance des populations de la cochenille du manioc, Phenacoccus manihoti (Hom., Pseudococcidae) au Congo. Acta Oecol. Oecol. Appl. 8:165-74
97. Le Rü, B., Iziquel, Y. 1988. Evaluation de l'incidence des pluies, à l'aide d'un simulateur de pluies, sur la dynamique des populations de la cochenille du manioc, Phenacoccus manihoti. In La Cochenille du Manioc et sa Biocenose au Congo 1985-1987. Travaux de l' équipe Franco-Congolaise ORSTOMDGRS, pp. 19-42. Paris: ORSTOM
98. Le Rü, B., Iziquel, Y., Biassangama, A., Kiyindou, A. 1990. Comparaison des effectifs de la cochenille du manioc Phenacoccus manihoti avant et après introduction A'Epidinocarsis lopezi Encyrtidae Americain, au Congo en 1982. Entomol. Exp. Appl. In press
99. m. Acta Oecol. Oecol. Appl. 8:3-14
100. Le Rü, B., Silvie, P., Papierok, B. 1985. L'entomophthorale Neozygites fumosa pathogène de la cochenille du manioc, Phenacoccus manihoti (Hom.: Pseudococcidae), en République Populaire du Congo. Entomophaga 30:23-29
101. Leuschner, K. 1978. Preliminary observations on the mealybug (Hemiptera Pseudococcidae) in Zaire and a projected outline for subsequent work. See Ref. 145a, pp. 15-19.
102. Lian, T. S., Cock, J. H. 1979. Branching habit as a yield determinant in cassava. Field Crop Res. 2:281-89
103. Löhr, B., Neuenschwander, P., Varela, A. M., Santos, B. 1988. Interactions between the female parasitoid Epidinocarsis lopezi De Santis (Hym., Encyrtidae) and its host the cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti Matile-Ferrero (Hom., Pseudococcidae). J. Appl. Entomol. 105:403-12
104. Löhr, B., Santos, B., Varela, A. M. 1989. Larval development and morphometry of Epidinocarsis lopezi (De Santis) (Hym., Encyrtidae), parasitoid of the cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manthoti Mat.-Ferr. (Hom., Pseudoccoccidae). J. Appl. Entomol. 107:334-43
105. Löhr, B., Varela, A. M. 1986. The cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti Mat.-Ferr., in Paraguay: Further information on occurrence and population dynamics of the pest and its natural enemies. See Ret 76a, pp. 57-69
106. Löhr, B., Varela, A. M., Santos, B. 1989. Life-table studies of Epidinocarsis lopezi (De Santis) (Hym. Encyrtidae). a parasitoid of the cassava mealybug. Phenacoccus manihoti Mat.-Ferr. (Hom., Pseudococcidae). J. Appl. Entomol. 107:425-34
107. Löhr, B., Varela, A. M., Santos, B. 1990. Exploration for natural enemies of the cassava mealybug. Phenacoccus manihoti (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), in South America for the biological control of this introduced pest in Africa. Bull. Entomol. Res. In press
108. Luck, R. F., Messenger, P. S., Barbieri, J. F. 1981. The influence of hyperparasitism on the performance of biological control agents See Ref. 151a, pp. 34-42
109. Lyon, W. F. 1973. A plant feeding mite Mononychellus tanajoa (Bondar) (Acarina: Tetranychidae) new to the African continent threatens cassava (Manihotesculenta Crantz) in Uganda, East Africa. Pest Artic. News Summ. 19:36-37
110. Manetsch, T. J. 1976. Time varying distributed delays and their use in aggregative models of large systems. IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cybern. 6:547-53
111. Markham, R. H., Robertson, I. A. D., eds. 1987. Cassava Green Mite in Easiern Africa: Yield losses and integrated Control. Proceedings of a Regional Workshop, Nairobi, May, 1986. Nairobi: CABI. 186 pp.
112. Markham, R. H., Robertson, I. A. D., Kirby, R. A. 1987. Cassava green mite in East Africa: A regional approach to research and control. Insect Sci. Appl. 8:909-14
113. Markham, R. H., Sicely, E. M. 1989. Appropriate support for national programs: Training, research, administration, and funding. See Ref. 182. pp. 156-65
114. Matile-Ferrero, D. 1977. Une cochenille nouvelle nuisible au manioc en Afrique équatoriale. Phenacoccus manihoti n. sp. (Horn. Coccoidea Pseudococcidae). Ann. Soc. Entomol. Fr. 13:145-52
115. Matile-Ferrero, D. 1978. Cassava mealybug in the People's Republic of Congo. See Ref. 145a, pp. 29-46
116. May, R. M., Hassell, M. P. 1988. Population dynamics and biological control. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London Ser. B 318:129-69
117. McMurtry, J. A. 1982. The use of phytoseiids for biological control: progress and future prospects. In Recent Advances in Knowledge of the Phytoseiidae. Proc. Formal Conf. Acarology Soc. Am. held at the Entomol. Soc. Am. Meet. San Diego. 1981, ed. M. A. Hoy, pp. 23-48. Berkeley: Univ. Calif. Publ. 3284
118. McMurtry, J. A., Scriven, G. T. 1985. Insectary production of phytoseiid mites. J. Econ. Entomol. 58:282-84
119. Mégevand, B., Yaninek, J. S., Friese, D. D. 1987. Classical biological control of the cassava green mite. Insect Sci. Appl. 8:871-74
120. Moore, D. 1988. Agents used for biological control of mealybugs (Pseudococcidae). Biocontrol News Info. 9:209-25
121. Moraes, G. J., McMurtry, J. A., Denmark, H. A. 1986. A. Catalog of the Mite Family, Phytoseiidae: References to Taxonomy, Synonymy, Distribution and Habitat. Brasilia EMBRAPA Dep. Difusāo Technol. 353 pp.
122. Moraes, G. J., McMurtry, J. A., van den Berg, H., Yaninek, J. S. 1989. Phytoseiid mites (Acari: Phytoseiidae) of Kenya, with descriptions of five new species and complementary descriptions of eight species. InI. J. Acarol. 15:79-93
123. Moraes, G. J., McMurtry, J. A., Yaninek, J. S. 1989. Some phytoseiid mites (Acari: Phytoseiidae) from tropical Africa with a description of a new species. Int. J. Acarol. 15:95-102
124. Moraes, G. J., Mesa, N. C. 1988. Mites of the family Phytoseiidae (Acari) in Colombia, with descriptions of three new species. Int. J. Acarol. 14:71-88
125. Moraes, G. J., Mesa, N. C., Reyes, J. A. 1988. Some phytoseiid mites (Acari: Phytoseiidae) from Paraguay, with description of a new species. Int. J. Acarol. 14:221-23
126. Murdoch, W. W., Chesson, J., Chesson, P. L. 1985. Biological control in theory and practice. Am. Nat. 125:344-66
127. Nadel, H., van Alpen, J. J. M. 1987. The role of host- and host-plant odours in the attraction of a parasitoid. Epidinocarsis lopezi, to the habitat of its host, the cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti. Entomol. Exp. Appl. 45:181-86
128. Nénon, J. P. 1989. Interactions réciproques entre Hyménoptères entomoparasitoides et hôtes; nature et succès du parasitisme. Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr. 114:1-11
129. Nénon, J. P., Guyomard, O., Hémon, G. 1988. Encapsulement des oeufs et des larves de l'Hyménoptère Encyrtidae Epidinocarsis (=Apoanagyrus) lopezi par son hôte Pseudococcidae Phenacoccus manihoti: effet de la température et du superparasitisme. CR Acad. Sci. 306:325-41
130. Neuenschwander, P., Gutierrez, A. P. 1989. Evaluating the impact of biological control. See Ret. 182, pp. 147-55
131. Neuenschwander, P., Hammond, W. N. O. 1988. Natural enemy activity following the introduction of Epidinocarsis lopezi (Hymenoptera. Encyrtidae) against the cassava mealybug. Phenacoccus manihoti (Homoptera, Pseudococcidae), in southwestern Nigeria. Environ. Entomol. 17:894-902
132. Neuenschwander, P., Hammond, W. N. O., Ajuonu, O., Gado. A., Echendu, N., et al. 1990. Biological control of the cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti (Horn. Pseudococcidae) by Epidinocarsis lopezi (Hym., Encyrtidae) in West Africa, as influenced by climate and soil. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 22:In press
133. Neuenschwander, P., Hammond, W. N. O., Gutierrez, A. P., Cudjoe, A. R., Baumgärtner, J. U. et al. 1989. Impact assessment of the biological control of the cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti Matile-Ferrero (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) by the introduced parasitoid Epidinocarsis lopezi (De Santis) (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae). Bull Entomol. Res. 79:579-94
134. Neuenschwander, P., Haug, T. 1990. New technologies for rearing Epidinocarsis lopezi, a biological control agent against the cassava mealybug. In Advances and Applications in Insect Rearing, ed. T. A. Anderson, N. Leppla. Boulder: Westview. In press
135. Neuenschwander, P., Haug, T., Ajuonu, O., Davis, H., Akinwumi, B., et al. 1989. Quality requirements in natural enemies used for inoculative release. Practical experience from a successful biological control programme. J. Appl. Entomol. 108:409-20
136. Neuenschwander, P., Hennessey, R. D., Herren, H. R. 1987. Food web of insects associated with the cassava mealybug. Phenacoccus manihoti Matile-Ferrero (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), and its introduced parasitoid Epidinocarsis lopezi (De Santis) (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae). in Africa. Bull. Entomol. Res. 77:177-89
137. Neuenschwander, P., Herren, H. R. 1988. Biological control of the cassava mealybug. Phenacoccus manihoti, by the exotic parasitoid Epidinocarsis lopezi in Africa. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London Ser. B 318:319-33
138. Neuenschwander, P., Madojemu, E. 1986. Mortality of the cassava mealybug Phenacoccus manihoti Mat.-Ferr. (Hom., Pseudococcidae) associated with an attack by Epidinocarsis lopezi (Hym.. Encyrtidae). Min. Schweiz. Entomol. Ges. 59:57-62
139. Neuenschwander, P., Schulthess, F., Madojemu, E. 1986. Experimental evaluation of the efficiency of Epidinocarsis lopezi, a parasitoid introduced into Africa against the cassava mealybug Phenacoccus manihoti. Entomol. Exp. Appl. 42:133-38
140. Nokoe, S., Rogo, L. M. 1988. A discriminant function of the short-and long-setaed forms of the Mononychellus (Acari: Tetranychidae) species complex. Insect Sci. Appl. 9:429-32
141. Norgaard, R. B. 1988. The biological control of cassava mealybug in Africa. Am. J. Agric. Econ. 70:366-71
142. Noyes, J. S. 1984. A new genus and species of encyrtid (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) parasitic on the cassava mealybug. Phenacoccus manihoti Matile-Ferrero (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae). Bull. Entomol. Res. 74:529-33
143. Nsiama She, H. D. 1985. The Bioecology of the Predator Hyperaspis jucunda Muls. (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) and the Temperature Responses of its Prey, the Cassava Mealybug Phenacoccus manihoti Mal.-Ferr. PhD thesis. Ibadan: Univ. Ibadan. 300 pp.
144. Nsiama She, H. D. 1987. Progrès enrégistré en matière de lutte biologique contre la cochenille farineuse du manioc au Zaire, Séminaire sur les maladies et les ravageurs des principales cultures vivrières d'Afrique centrale, Bujumbura, pp. 256-65. Wegeningen: CTA; Bruxelles: AGCD
145. Nsiama She, H. D., Odebiyi, J. A., Herren, H. R. 1984. The biology of Hyperaspis jucunda (Col.: Coccinellidae) an exotic predator of the cassava mealybug Phenacoccus manihoti (Hom.: Pseudococcidae) in southern Nigeria. Entomophaga 29:87-93
146. Nwanze, K. F. 1982. Relationships between cassava root yields and infestations by the mealybug. Phenacoccus manihoti. Trop. Pest Manage. 28:27-32
147. Nwanze, K. F., Leuschner, K., eds. 1978. Proc. Int. Workshop on the Cassava Mealybug Phenacoccus manihoti Mat.-Ferr. (Pseudococcidae). M'vitazi, Zaire, June 1977. Ibadan: IITA
148. Nwanze, K. F., Leuschner, K., Ezumah, H. C. 1979. The cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus sp. in the Republic of Zaire. Pest Artic. News Summ. 25:125-30
149. Nyiira, Z. M. 1972. Report of Investigation of Cassava Mite, Mononychellus tanajoa Bandar. Kawanda Res. Stn. Kampala. 14 pp.
150. Odebiyi, J. A., Bokonon-Ganta, A. H. 1986. Biology of Epidinocarsis (=Apoanagyrus) lopezi (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) an exotic parasite of cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae) in Nigeria. Entomophaga 31:251-60
151. Ouayogodé, B. V. 1989. Assistance needed by national institutions in developing sustainable pest management capacity. See Ref. 182, pp. 107-11
152. Renvoize, B. S. 1973. The area of origin of Manihot esculenta as a crop plant - a review of the evidence. Econ. Bot. 26:352-60
153. Rogo, L. M., Oloo, W., Nokoe, S., Magalit, H. 1988. A study of the Mononychellus (Acari: Tetranychidae) species complex from selected cassava growing areas of Africa using principal component analysis. Insect Sci. Appl. 9:593-99
154. Rosen, D., ed. 1981. The Role of Hyperparasitism in the Practice of Biological Control: A Symposium. Berkeley: Univ. Calif. Div. Agric. Sci.
155. Samways, M. J. 1979. Immigration, population growth and mortality of insects and mites on cassava in Brazil. Bull. Entomol. Res. 69:491-505
156. Schulthess, F. 1987. The Interactions between Cassava Mealybug (Phenacoccus manihoti Mat.-Ferr.) Populations and Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) as Influenced by Weather. PhD thesis. Zurich: Swiss Fed. Inst. Technol. 136 PP.
157. Schulthess, F., Baumgärtner, J. U., Herren, H. R. 1987. Factors influencing the life table statistics of the cassava mealybug Phenacoccus manihoti. Insect Sci. Appl. 8:851-56
158. Schulthess, F., Baumgärtner, J. U., Herren, H. R. 1989. Sampling Phenacoccus manihoti in cassava fields in Nigeria. Trop. Pest Manage. 35:193-200
159. Sulllivan, D. J. 1988. Hyperparasites. In Aphids, Their Biology, Natural Enemies and Control, ed. A. K. Minks, P. Harrewijn, B: 189-203. Amsterdam: Elsevier
160. Sullivan, D. J., Neuenschwander, P. 1988. Melanization of eggs and larvae of the parasitoid, Epidinocarsis lopezi (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae), by the cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae). Can. Entomol. 120:63-71
161. Sylvestre, P. 1973. Aspects Agronomiques de la Production du Manioc à la ferme d'Etal de Mantsumba (Rép. Pop. Congo). Paris: Inst. Rech. Agron. Trop. 35 pp.
162. Sylvestre, P., Arraudeau, M. 1983. Le manioc. In Techniques Agricoles et Production Tropicales, Vol. 32, ed. R. Coste, Paris: Maisonneuve & Larose. 262 pp.
163. Ueckermann, E. A., Loots, G. C. 1988. The African species of the subgenera Anthoseius De Leon and Amblyseius Berlese. Entomol. Mem. South Africa 73:1-168
164. Umeh, E. D. N. N. 1982. Biological studies on Hyperaspis marmottant Fairm. (Col., Coccinellidae), a predator of the cassava mealybug Phenacoccus manihoti Mat.-Ferr. (Hom., Pseudococcidae). J Appl. Entomol. 94:530-32
165. Umeh, E. D. N. N. 1983. Toward a biological control of cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti Mat.-Ferr. (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae). Rev. Zool. Afr. 97:60-64
166. Umeh, E. D. N. N. 1984. Biological control of the cassava mealybug Phenacoccus manihoti Mat.-Ferr. (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae) by Hvperaspis marmottani Fairm. (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). Presented at 17th Annu. Conf. Entomol. Site. Nigeria, Ibadan. Pap. 27
167. Umeh, E. D. N. 1988. Development, oviposition, host feeding and sex determination in Epidinocarsis lopezi (Dc Santis) (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae). Bull. Entomol. Res. 78:605-11
168. Umeh, E. D. N. 1990. Exochomus troberti Mulsant (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae): a predator of cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti Mat.-Ferr. (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae) in southeastern Nigeria. Insect Sci. Appl. 11:In press
169. van Alpen, J. J. M., Neuenschwander, P., van Dijken, M. J., Hammond, W. N. O., Herren, H. R. 1989. Insect invasions: the case of the cassava mealybug and its natural enemies evaluated. Entomologist 108:38-55
170. van Alpen, J. J. M., Vet, L. E. M. 1986. An evolutionary approach to host finding and selection. In Insect Parasitoids, ed. J. Waage, D. Greathead, pp. 23-61. London: Academic
171. van den Berg, H., Markham, R. H. 1987. Prey preference and reproductive success of the predatory mite Neoseiulus idaeus on the prey species Mononychellus tanajoa and Tetranychus lombardinii. Insect Sci. Appl. 8:867-69
172. van den Meiracker, R. A. F., Hammond, W. N. O., van Alpen, J. J. M. 1988. The role of kairomones in prey finding in the coccinellids Diomus sp. and Exochomus sp., predators of the cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti. Medea. Fac. Landbouwwet. Rijksuniv. Gent. 53:1063-77
173. van Driesche, R. G. 1983. Meaning of "percent parasitism" in studies of insect parasitoids. Environ. Entomol. 12: 1611-22
174. van Dijken, M. J., Neuenschwander, P., van Alphen J. J. M., Hammond, W. N. O. 1990. Sex ratios in field populations of Epidinocarsis lopezi. an exotic parasitoid of the cassava mealybug. Phenacoccus manihoti. in Africa. Ecol. Entomol. In press
175. van Dijken, M. J., van Alphen, J. J. M., van Stratum, P. 1989. Sex allocation in Epidinocarsis lopezi: local mate competition. Entomol. Exp. Appl. 52:249-55
176. van Lenteren, J. C. 1980. Evaluation of control capabilities of natural enemies: Does art have to become science? Neth J. Zool. 30:369-81
177. Vansickle, J. 1977. Attrition in distributed delay models. IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cvbern. 7:635-38
178. Vargas, O. H., Bellotti, A. C., El-Sharkawy, M., Hernandez, A., del Pilar 1989. Calcium extraction by Phenacoccus herreni: Symptoms and effects on cassava photosynthesis. Cassava Newsl. CIAT 13:8-10
179. Waage, J. K., Godfray, H. C. J. 1985. Reproductive strategies and population ecology of insect parasitoids. In Behavioural Ecology. Ecological Consequences of Adaptive Behaviour, ed R. Sibly, R. H. Smith, pp. 449-70. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific
180. Williams, D. J. 1986. Mealybugs (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae) on cassava with special reference to those associated with wild and cultivated cassava in the Americas. See Ref. 76a. pp. 49-56
181. Wodageneh, A., Herren H. R. 1987. International co-operation: Training and initiation of national biological control programmes. Insect Sci. Appl. 8:915-18
182. Yaninek, J. S. 1985. An Assessment of the Phenology, Dynamics and Impact of Cassava Green Miles on Cassava Yields in Nigeria: A Component of Biological Control. PhD thesis. Berkeley: Univ. Calif. 166 pp.
183. Yaninek, J. S. 1988. Continental dispersal of the cassava green mite, an exotic pest in Africa, and implications for biological control. Exp. Appl. Acarol. 4:211-24
184. Yaninek, J. S., Bellotti, A. C. 1987. Exploration for natural enemies of cassava green mites based on agrometeorological criteria. In Proceedings of the Seminar on Agrometeorology and Crop Protection in the Lowland Humid and Sub-humid Tropics, ed. D. Rijks, G. Mathys, pp. 69-75. Geneva: World Metorological Organization
185. Yaninek, J. S., Gutierrez, A. P., Herren, H. R. 1989. Dynamics of Mononychellus tanajoa (Acari: Tetranychidae) in Africa: Experimental evidence of the effects of temperature and host plant on population growth rates. Environ. Entomol. 18:633-40
186. Yaninek, J. S., Herren, H. R. 1988. Introduction and spread of the cassava green mite, Mononychellus tanajoa (Bondar) (Acari: Tetranychidae), an exotic pest in Africa and the search for appropriate control methods: a review. Bull Entomol. Res. 78:1-13
187. Yanmek, J. S., Herren, H. R., eds. 1989. Biological Control: A Sustainable Solution to Crop Pest Problems in Africa. Ibadan: IITA. 210 pp.
188. Yaninek, J. S., Herren, H. R., Gutierrez, A. P. 1987. The biological basis for the seasonal outbreak of cassava green mites in Africa. Insect Sci. Appl. 8:861-65
189. Yaninek, J. S., Herren, H. R., Gutierrez, A. P. 1989. Dynamics of Mononychellus tanajoa (Acari: Tetranychidae) in Africa: Seasonal factors affecting phenology and abundance. Environ. Entomol. 18:625-32
190. Yaninek, J. S., Moraes, G. J., Markham, R. H. 1989. Handbook on the Cassava Green Mite Mononcychellus tanajoa in Africa: A Guide to Their Biology and Procedures for Implementing Classical Biological Control. Ibadan: IITA. 140 pp.
191. Yaseen, M. 1986. Exploration for natural enemies of Phenacoccus manihoti and Mononychellus tanajoa: The challenge, the achievements. See Ref. 76a, pp. 81-102
192. Yaseen, M., Bennett, F. D. 1977. Distribution, biology, and population dynamics of the green cassava mite in the neotropics. In Proc. 4th Symp. Int. Soc. Trop. Root Crops, CIAT, Cali, Aug. 1976, ed. J. Cock, R. Maclntyre, M. Graham, pp. 197-202. Ottawa: IDRC