A review of information on interactions between vegetation and groundwater

Water SA

Volumn 25, Issue 2, 1999, Pages 137-152

  Le Maitre, David C ^a   Scott, David F ^a   Colvin, C ^a  

^a DSI CSIR Nanotechnology Innovation Centre   (South Africa)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0345211521     PISSN: 03784738     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (152)

1. ALLISON GB and HUGHES MW (1983) The use of natural tracers as indicators of soil-water movement in a temperate semi-arid region. J. Hydrol. 60 157-173.
2. BACON PE, STONE C, BINNS DL, LESLIE DJ and EDWARDS DW (1993) Relationship between water availability and Eucalyptus camaldulensis growth in a riparian forest. J. Hydrol. 150 541-561.
3. BARI MA and SCHOFIELD NJ (1992) Lowering of a shallow, saline water table by extensive eucalypt reforestation. J. Hydrol.133 273-291.
4. BARNETT SR (1989) The effect of land clearance in the Mallee region on River Murray salinity and land salinisation. J. Aust. Geol. Geophys. 11 205-208.
5. BATE GC and WALKER BH (1993) Water relations of the vegetation along the Kuiseb River, Namibia. Madoqua 18 85-91.
6. BEARD JS (1956) Results of the Mountain home rainfall interception and infiltration project in Black Wattle. J. S. Afr. For. Assoc. 27 72-85.
7. BEARD JS (1962) Rainfall interception by grass. S. Afr. For. J. 42 12-15.
8. BELL RW, SCHOFIELD NJ, LOH IC and BARI MA (1990) Groundwater response to reforestation in the Darling Range of Western Australia. J. Hydrol. 115 297-317.
9. BELSKY AJ, AMUNDSON RG, DUXBURY JM, RIHA SJ, ALI AR and MWONGA SM (1989) The effects of trees on their physical, chemical, and biological environments in semi-arid savanna in Kenya. J. Appl. Ecol. 26 1005-1024.
10. BELSKY AJ, MWONGA SM and DUXBURY JM (1993) Effects of widely spaced trees and livestock grazing on understorey environments in tropical savannas. Agrofor. Syst. 24 1-20.
11. BERNALDEZ FG, PEREZ CP and CARMONA AS (1985) Areas of evaporative discharge from aquifers: Little known Spanish ecosystems deserving protection. J. Environ. Manage. 21 321-330.
12. BERNALDEZ FG, REY BENAYAS JM and MARTINEZ A (1993) Ecological impact of groundwater extraction on wetlands (Douro Basin, Spain). J. Hydrol. 141 219-238.
13. BOSCH JM (1980) 'n Ontleding van die Cathedral Peak Hidrologiese Eksperimente. Unpublished M.Sc. Thesis, Faculty of Forestry, University of Stellenbosch.
14. BOSCH JM and HEWLETT JD (1982) A review of catchment experiments to determine the effect of vegetation changes on water yield and evapotranspiration. J. Hydrol. 55 2-23.
15. BOSCH JM and SMITH RE (1989) The effect of afforestation of indigenous scrub forest with Eucalyptus on streamflow from a small catchment in the Transvaal, South Africa. S. Afr. For. J. 150 7-17.
16. BREDENKAMP DB, BOTHA LJ, VAN TONDER GJ and VAN RENSBURG HJ (1995) Manual on Quantitative Estimation of Groundwater Recharge and Aquifer Storativity. WRC Report TT 73/95. Water Research Commission, Pretoria.
17. BREMAN H and KESSLER JJ (1995) Woody Plants in Agro-Ecosystems of Semi-Arid Regions. Advanced Series in Agricultural Sciences No. 23, Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
18. BURCH GJ, BATH RK, MOORE ID and O'LOUGHLIN EM (1987) Comparative hydrological behaviour of forested and cleared catchments in south-eastern Australia. J. Hydrol. 90 19-42.
19. BURCH GJ, MOORE ID and BURNS J (1989) Soil hydrophobic effects on infiltration and catchment runoff. Hydrol. Proc. 3 211-222.
20. CALDER IR (1992) Water use of eucalypts - A review. In: Calder IR, Hall RL and Adlard PG (eds.) Growth and Water Use of Forest Plantations, Wiley, London. 167-179.
21. CANADELL J, JACKSON RB, EHLERINGER JR, MOONEY HA, SALA OE and SCHULZE E-D (1996) Maximum rooting depth of vegetation types at the global scale. Oecologia 108 583-595.
22. CANNON WA (1949) A tentative classification of root systems. Ecol. 30 544-548.
23. CAPLAN M (1995) Collapsing baobabs. Veld and Flora 81(1) 22-23.
24. CARBON BA, ROBERTS FJ, FARRINGTON P and BERESFORD JD (1982) Deep drainage and water use of forests and pastures grown on deep sands in a mediterranean environment. J. Hydrol. 55 53-64.
25. CARLSON DH, THUROW TL, KNIGHT RW and HEITSCHMIDT RK (1990) Effect of honey mesquite on the water balance of Texas Rolling Plains rangeland. J. Range Manage. 43 491-496.
26. CHESTERFIELD EA (1986) Changes in the vegetation of the river red gum forest at Barmah, Victoria. Aust. For. 49 4-15.
27. COWAN GI (ed.) (1995) Wetlands of South Africa. Department of Environment Affairs and Tourism, Pretoria.
28. CROFT AR (1950) A water cost of runoff control. J. Soil and Water Conserv. 5 13-15.
29. DAWSON TE (1993) Woodland water balance. Trends Ecol. Evol. 8 120-121.
30. DAWSON TE and EHLERINGER JR (1991) Streamside trees that do not use stream water. Nature 350 335-337.
31. DAWSON TE and PATE JS (1996) Seasonal water uptake and movement in root systems of Australian phreatophytic plants of dimorphic morphology: A stable isotope investigation. Oecologia 107 13-20.
32. DE VILLIERS G duT (1982) Predictive models for estimating net rainfall and interception losses in savanna vegetation. Water SA 8 208-212.
33. DE VILLIERS G du T and DE JAGER M (1981) Net rainfall and interception losses in Burkea africana - Ochna pulchra tree savanna. Water SA 7 (4) 249-254.
34. DE VITO KJ, HILL AR and RONLET N (1996) Groundwater-surface water interactions in headwater forested wetlands of the Canadian Shield. J. Hydrol. 181 127-147
35. DEXTER BD, ROSE HJ and DAVIES N (1986) River regulation and associated forest management problems in the River Murray red gum forests. Aust. For. 49 16-27.
36. DOBSON MC and MOFFATT AJ (1995) A re-evaluation of objections to tree planting on containment landfills. Waste Manage. and Res. 13 579-600.
37. DODD J, HEDDLE EM, PATE JS and DIXON KW (1984) Rooting patterns of sandplain plants and their functional significance. In: Pate JS and Beard JS (eds.) Kwongan: Plant Life of the Sandplain. University of Western Australia press, Nedlands, Western Australia. 146-177.
38. DOLEY D (1967) Water relations of Eucalyptus marginata Sm. under natural conditions. J. Ecol. 55 597-614.
39. DUMSDAY RG, PEGLER R and ORAM DA (1989) Is broadscale revegetation economic and practical as a groundwater salinity management tool in the Marray-Darling basin? J. Aust. Geol. and Geophys. 11 209-218.
40. DWAF (1995) You and Your Water Rights. South African Law Review - A Call for Public Response. Department of Water Affairs and Forestry, Pretoria.
41. DWAF (1996) Water Law Principles - Discussion Document. Department of Water Affairs and Forestry, Pretoria.
42. DYE PJ (1993) Development of Generalized Models for Rainfall Interception by Eucalyptus grandis and Pinus patula plantations. Contract report, FOR-DEA 623, to the Department of Water Affairs and Forestry. CSIR Division of Forest Science and Technology, Pretoria.
43. DYE PJ (1996a) Personal communication. Division of Water, Environment and Technology, CSIR.
44. DYE PJ (1996b) Climate, forest and streamflow relationships in South African afforested catchments. Commonw. For. Rev. 75 31-38.
45. DYE PJ and POULTER AG (1991) An investigation of sub-soil water penetration in the Mokobulaan research catchments, South-eastern Transvaal. S. Afr. For. J. 161 31-34.
46. EASTHAM J, ROSE CW, CAMERON DM, RANCE SJ and TALSMA T (1988) The effect of tree specing on evaporation from an agroforestry experiment. Ag. For. Meteor. 42 355-368.
47. FARRINGTON P, GREENWOOD EAN, BARTLE GA, BERESFORD JD and WATSON GD (1989) Evaporation from a Banksia woodland on a groundwater mound. J. Hydrol. 105 173-186.
48. FARRINGTON P and BARTLE GA (1991) Recharge beneath a Banksia woodland and a Pinus pinaster plantation on coastal deep sands in south Western Australia. For. Ecol. and Manage. 40 101-118.
49. GEE GW, WIERENGA PJ, ANDRASKI BJ, YOUNG MH, FAYER MJ and ROCKHOLD ML (1994) Variations in water balance and recharge potential at three western desert sites. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. 58 63-72.
50. GREENWOOD EAN (1992) Deforestation, revegetation, water balance and climate: An optimistic path through the plausible, impractical and the controversial. In: Stanhill G (ed.) Advances in Bioclimatology Volume 1. Springer Verlag, Berlin. 89-154.
51. HAIGH H (1966) Root development in the sandy soils of Zululand. For. S. Afr. 7 31-36.
52. HEITSCHMIDT RK and DOWHOWER SL (1991) Herbage response following control of honey mesquite within single tree lysimeters. J. Range Manage. 44 144-149.
53. HELLMERS H, HORTON JS, JUHREN G and O'KEEFE J (1955) Root systems of some chaparral plants in southern California. Ecology 36 667-678.
54. HEUPERMAN AF (1995) Salt and Water Dynamics Beneath a Tree Plantation Growing on a Shallow Watertable. Inst. of Sustainable Irrigated Agric., Dept. of Agric., Energy and Minerals, Australia.
55. HEWLETT JD and BOSCH JM (1984) The dependence of storm flows on rainfall intensity and vegetal cover in South Africa. J. Hydrol. 75 365-381.
56. HIGGINS KB, LAMB AJ and VAN WILGEN BW (1987) Root systems of selected plant species in mesic mountain fynbos in the Jonkershoek Valley, south-western Cape Province. S. Afr. J. Bot. 53 249-257.
57. HOLLIS E and BEDDING J (1994) Can we stop the wetlands from drying up? New Sci. 1932 30-35.
58. HOLMES JW and COLVILLE JS (1970a) Grassland hydrology in a karstic region in South Australia. J. Hydrol. 10 38-58.
59. HOLMES JW and COLVILLE JS (1970b) Forest hydrology in a karstic region in South Australia. J. Hydrol. 10 59-74.
60. HOOKEY GR (1987) Prediction of delays in groundwater response to catchment clearing. J. Hydrol. 94 181-198.
61. ISSAR A, NATIV R, KARNIELI K and GAT JR (1984) Isotopic Evidence of the Origin of Groundwater in Arid Zones. Int. Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna.
62. JACKSON RB, CANADELL J, EHLERINGER JR, MOONEY HA, SALA OE and SCHULZE E-D (1996) A global analysis of root distributions for terrestrial biomes. Oecologia 108 389-411.
63. JOFFRE R and RAMBAL S (1988) Soil water improvement by trees in the rangelands of southern Spain. Acta Oecol. Oecol. Plant. 9 405-422.
64. JOFFRE R and RAMBAL S (1993) How tree cover influences the water balance of Mediterranean shrublands. Ecol. 74 570-582.
65. JOHNSON WC, BURGESS RL and KEAMMERER WR (1976) Forest overstorey vegetation and environment on the Missouri River floodplain in North Dakota. Ecol. Monogr. 46 59-84.
66. JOHNSTON CD (1987a) Preferred water flow and localised recharge in a variable regolith. J. Hydrol. 94 129-142.
67. JOHNSTON CD (1987b) Distribution of environmental chloride in relation to subsurface hydrology. J. Hydrol. 94 67-88.
68. JOLLY ID, WALKER GR and THORBURN PJ (1993) Salt accumulation in semi-arid floodplain soils with implications for forest health. J. Hydrol. 150 589-614.
69. KELBE BE, RAWLINS BR and NOMQUPHU W (1995) Geohydrological Modelling of St Lucia. Technical Report of Dept. of Hydrol., Univ. of Zululand, KwaDlengezwa, South Africa.
70. KELLY RD and WALKER BH (1976) The effects of different forms of land-use on the ecology of a semi-arid region in south-eastern Rhodesia. J. Ecol. 64 553-576.
71. KENNARD DG and WALKER BH (1973) Relationships between tree canopy cover and Panicum maximum in the vicinity of Fort Victoria. Rhod. J. Agric. Res. 11 145-153.
72. KIENZLE SW and SCHULZE RE (1992) A simulation model to assess the effect of afforestation on ground-water resources in deep sandy soil. Water SA 18 265-272.
73. KOK TS (1976) Die Geohidrologie van die Bloemendalbasboomplaas, Distrik Pietermaritzburg, Natal. Internal report GH.2924, of the Geohydrol. Directorate of the Dept. of Water Affairs and Forestry.
74. LANGKAMP PJ, FARREL GK and DALLING MJ (1982) Nutrient cycling in a stand of Acacia holosericea A Cunn ex G Don. I. Measurements of precipitation interception, seasonal acetylene reduction, plant growth and nitrogen requirement. Aust. J. Bot. 30 87-106.
75. LARCHER W (1983) Physiological Plant Ecology. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
76. LIMA WDeP, ZAKIA MJB, LIBARDI PL and FILHO APDeS (1990) Comparative evapotranspiration of eucalyptus, pine and natural "cerrado" vegetation measured by the soil water balance method. IPEF Int., Piriccaba (1) 5-11.
77. LLAMAS MR (1988) Conflicts between wetland conservation and groundwater exploitation: Two case histories in Spain. Environ. Geol. Water. Sci. 11 241-251.
78. LLAMAS MR (1991) Groundwater exploitation and conservation of aquatic systems. In: Aquifer Overexploitation. Proc. of the 33rd Int. Congr. of the Int. Assoc. of Hydrogeol., Vol 1 General papers, extended abstracts and posters, IAH, Spain. 15-131
79. LUNT HA (1934) Distribution of rainfall under isolated forest trees. J. Agric. Res. 49 695-703.
80. MACDONALD IAW (1978) Pattern and process in a semi-arid grassveld in Rhodesia. Proc. Grassl. Soc. S. Afr. 13 103-109
81. MAHONEY JM and ROOD SB (1991) A device for studying the influence of declining water table on poplar growth and survival (abstract). Tree Physio. 8 305-314.
82. MAHONEY JM and ROOD SB (1992) Response of a hybrid poplar to water table decline in different substrates. For. Ecol. Manage. 54 141-156.
83. McFARLANE DJ and GEORGE RJ (1992) Factors affecting dryland salinity on two wheatbelt catchments in Western Australia. Aust. J. Soil Res. 30 85-100.
84. MIDGLEY DC, PITMAN WV and MIDDLETON BJ (1994) The Surface Water Resources of South Africa 1990. Volumes 1 to 6. Report Numbers 298/1.1/94 to 298/6.1/94 (text) and 298/1.2/94 to 298/6.2/94 (maps), Water Research Commission, Pretoria.
85. MILTON SJ (1990) Life styles of plants in four habitats in an arid Karoo shrubland. S. Afr. J. Ecol. 1 63-72.
86. MILTON SJ and DEAN WRJ (1996) Karooveld: Ecology and Management. ARC-Range and Forage Institute, Pretoria.
87. MOORE A, OPPERMAN DPJ and VAN ROOYEN DJ (1982) Redistribution of groundwater in three sub-habitats of a Burkea savanna. Proc. Grassl. Soc. S. Afr. 17 112-115.
88. MORRISON ML, TENNANT T and SCOTT TA (1994) Environmental auditing. Laying the foundation for a comprehensive program of restoration of wildlife habitat in a riparian floodplain. Environ. Manage. 18 939-955.
89. MUSTO JW (1994) Changes in Soil Physical Properties and Related Hydraulic Characteristics Caused by Eucalyptus Plantations. Unpublished M.Sc. (Agric.) Thesis, Dept. of Agronomy, Univ. of Natal, Pietermaritzburg.
90. NAETH MA, CHANASYK CDS, ROTHWELL RL and BAILEY AW (1991) Grazing impacts on soil water in mixed prairie and fescue grassland ecosystems of Alberta. Can. J. Soil Sci. 71 313-325.
91. NAIMAN RJ, DECAMPS H and POLLOCK M (1993) The role of riparian corridors in maintaining regional biodiversity. Ecol. Appl. 3 209-212.
92. NÄNNI UW (1970) The effect of afforestation on streamflow at Cathedral Peak. S. Afr. For. J. 74 6-12
93. NÄNNI UW (1971) The Mokobulaan research catchments. S. Afr. For. J. 78 5-13.
94. NAVAR J and RYAN R (1990) Interception loss and rainfall redistribution by three semi-arid growing shrubs in northeastern Mexico. J. Hydrol. 115 51-63.
95. NEPSTAD DC, DE CARVALHO CR, DAVIDSON EA, JIPP PH, LEFEBVRE PA, NEGREIROS GH, DA SILVA ED, STONE TA, TRUMBORE SE and VEIRA S (1994) The role of deep roots in the hydrological and carbon cycles of Amazonian Forests. Nature 372 666-669.
96. NKOTAGU H (1996) Application of environmental isotopes to groundwater recharge studies in a semi-arid fractured crystalline basement area of Dodoma, Tanzania. J. Afr. Earth Sci. 22 443-457.
97. O'CONNOR TG (1985) A synthesis of Field Experiments Concerning the Grass Layer in the Savanna Regions of Southern Africa. Report No 114, South African National Scientific Programmes, Foundation for Research Development, Pretoria.
98. PATE JS, JESCHKE WD and AYLWARD MJ (1995) Hydraulic architecture and xylem structure of the dimorphic root systems of south-west Australian species of Proteaceae. J. Exp. Bot. 46 907-915.
99. PECK AJ and WILLIAMSON DR (1987) Effects of forest clearing on groundwater. J. Hydrol. 94 47-66.
100. PIENAAR LV (1964) Reënvalonderskepping deur 'n jong opstand van Pinus radiata, D. Don. For. in S. Afr. 5 23-37.
101. PRESSEY RL (1986) Wetlands and catchment management. J. Soil Conserv. N. S. W. 42 36-41.
102. PRESSLAND AJ (1973) Rainfall partitioning by an arid woodland (Acacia aneura F. Muell.) in south-western Queensland. Aust. J. Bot. 21 235-245.
103. RAWLINS BR and KELBE BE (1991) Case study on the hydrological response of a shallow coastal aquifer to afforestation. In: Hydrological Basis of Ecologically Sound Management of Soil and Groundwater. Proc. Symp., Vienna, Aug. (1991). IAHS Publ. 202. 357-366.
104. ROGERS KH (1995) Riparian wetlands. In: Cowan GI (ed.) Wetlands of South Africa. Dept. of Environment Affairs and Tourism, Pretoria.
105. ROOD SB and MAHONEY JM (1990) The collapse of riparian poplar forests downstream from dams on the western prairies: Probable causes and prospects for mitigation. Environ. Manage. 14 451-464.
106. SALAMA RB, FARRINGTON P, BARTLE GA and WATSON GD (1993a) The chemical evolution of groundwater in a first-order catchment and the process of salt accumulation in the soil profile. J. Hydrol. 143 233-258.
107. SALAMA RB, FARRINGTON P, BARTLE GA and WATSON GD (1993b) Salinity trends in the wheatbelt of Western Australia: Results of water and salt balance studies from Cuballing catchment. J. Hydrol. 145 41-63.
108. SCHOLES RJ and WALKER BH (1993) An African Savanna. Synthesis of the Nylsvley Study. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
109. SCHOFIELD NJ and BARI MA (1991) Valley reforestation to lower saline groundwater tables: Results from Stene's farm, Western Australia. Aust. J. of Soil Res. 29 635-650.
110. SCHOLTE PT (1989) Vegetation soil relations in an area with sealed chronic luvisols, Kenya. Arid Soils Res. Rehabilitation 3 337-348.
111. SCHULZE RE (1981) The land use component in hydrological modelling: An evaluation. In: Maaren H (ed.) Workshop on the Effect of Rural Landuse and Catchment Management on Water Resources. Technical Report TR 113, Dept. of Water Affairs, Forestry and Environmental Conservation, Pretoria. 34-61.
112. SCHWINZER CR and LANCELLE SA (1983) Effect of water table depth on shoot growth, root growth, and nodulation of Myrica gale seedlings. J. Ecol. 71 489-501.
113. SCOTT DF (1991) The influence of eucalypts on soil wettability. In: Schonau APG (ed.) Proc. IUFRO Symp. Intensive Forestry: The Role of Eucalypts. Durban, Sept. (1991). 1044-1056.
114. th S. Afr. Natl. Hydrol. Symp., Pietermaritzburg. Dept. of Agric. Eng., Univ. of Natal, Pietermaritzburg. 155-162.
115. SCOTT DF and LESCH W (1997) Streamflow responses to afforestation with Eucalyptus grandis and Pinus patula and to felling in the Mokobulaan experimental catchments, Mpumalanga Province, South Africa. J. Hydrol. 199 360-377.
116. SCOTT DF and SMITH RE (1997) Preliminary empirical models to predict reductions in annual and low flows resulting from afforestation. Water SA 23 135-140.
117. SCOTT DF and Le MAITRE DC (1998) The Interaction Between Vegetation and Groundwater: Research Priorities for South Africa. WRC Report No. 730/1/98. Water Research Commission, Pretoria.
118. SHARMA ML and CRAIG AB (1989) Comparative recharge rates beneath Banksia woodland and two pine plantations on the Gnangara mound, Western Australia. In: Sharma ML (ed.) Groundwater Recharge, AA Balkema, Rotterdam. 177-184.
119. SHARMA ML, BARI M and BYRNE J (1991) Dynamics of seasonal recharge beneath a semiarid vegetation on the Gnangara Mound, Western Australia. Hydrol. Proc. 5 383-398.
120. SHARMA ML, BARRON RJW and WILLIAMSON DR (1987a) Soil water dynamics of lateritic catchments as affected by forest clearing for pasture. J. Hydrol. 94 29-46.
121. SHARMA ML, BARRON RJW and FERNIE MS (1987b) Areal distribution of infiltration parameters and some soil properties in lateritic catchments. J. Hydrol. 94 109-127.
122. SHARMA ML, FARRINGTON P and FERNIE M (1983) Localised groundwater recharge on the "Gnangara Mound", Western Australia. Int. Conf. on Groundwater and Man, Sydney, 5-9 December . Conf. Series No. 8, Australian Water Resources Council, Government Publisher, Canberra. 293-302.
123. SLATYER RO (1961) Methodology of a water balance study conducted on a desert shrubland (Acacia anuera F. Muell.) community in central Australia. In: Proc. of the Symp. on Plant Water Relation in Arid and Semi-Arid Conditions, UNESCO, Paris.
124. SLATYER RO (1965) Measurement of precipitation, interception by an arid plant community (Acacia aneura F. Muell.) Arid Zone Res. 25 181-192.
125. SMITH SD, WELLINGTON AB, NACHLINGER JL and FOX CA (1991) Functional responses of riparian vegetation to streamflow diversion in the eastern Sierra Nevada. Ecol. Appl. 1 89-97.
126. SNYMAN HA (1988) Bepaling van waterverbruiksdoeltreffendheid van veld in die sentrale Oranje-Vrystaat vanaf evapotranspirasiemetings. Water SA 14 153-158.
127. SPECHT RL (1957) Dark Island Heath (Ninety Mile Plain, South Australia). IV. Soil moisture patterns produced by rainfall interception and stemflow. Aust. J. Bot. 5 137-150.
128. SPECHT RL and RAYSON P (1957) Dark Island heath (Ninety-mile Plain, South Australia). III. The root systems. Aust. J. Bot. 5 103-114.
129. STANFORD JA and WARD JV (1993) An ecosystem perspective of alluvial rivers: connectivity and the hyporhoeic zone. J. North Am. Benthol. Soc. 12 48-60.
130. STEPHENS DB (1994) A perspective on diffuse natural recharge mechanisms in areas of low precipitation. Soil Sci. Soc. of Am. J. 58 40-48.
131. STONE EL andCOMERFORD NB (1994) Plant and animal activity below the solum. In: Proc. Symp. on Whole Regolith Pedol., Minneapolis, Minnesota, 3 November 1992, pp 57-74 (abstract).
132. STONE EL and KALISZ PJ (1991) On the maximum extent of roots. For. Ecol. Manage. 46 59-102.
133. STROMBERG JC (1993) Instream flow models for mixed deciduous riparian vegetation within a semi-arid situation. Regulated Rivers: Res. Manage. 8 225-235.
134. STROMBERG JC, WILKINS SD and TRESS JA (1993) Vegetation-hydrology models: Implications for management of Prosopis velutina (velvet mesquite) riparian ecosystems. Ecol. Appl. 3 307-314.
135. STROMBERG JC, TILLER R and RICHTER B (1996) Effects of groundwater decline on riparian vegetation of semiarid regions: The San Pedro, Arizona. Ecol. Appl. 6 113-131.
136. SUSO J and LLAMAS MR (1993) Influence of groundwater development on the Doñana National Park ecosystems (Spain). J. Hydrol. 141 239-269.
137. TALSMA T and GARDENER EA (1986) Groundwater recharge and discharge response to rainfall on a hillslope. Aust. J Soil Res. 24 343-356.
138. THORBURN PJ and WALKER GR (1994) Variations in stream water uptake by Eucalyptus camaldulensis with differing access to streamwater. Oecologia 100 293-301.
139. THORBURN PJ, HATTON TJ and WALKER GR (1993) Combining measurements of transpiration and stable isotopes of water to determine groundwater discharge from forests. J. Hydrol. 150 563-587.
140. TRAVIS KA and HEUPERMAN AF (1994) Agroforestry - Checkbank Plantings. Technical Report Series No 215, Inst. of Sustainable Irrigated Agric., Victorian Dept. of Agric., Australia.
141. TYLER SW and WALKER GR (1994) Root zone effects on tracer migration in arid zones. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 58 25-31.
142. VALENTINI R, SCARASCIA MUGNOZZA GE, DE ANGELIS P and BIMBI R (1991) An experimental test of the eddy correlation technique over a Mediterranean macchia canopy. Plant. Cell Environ. 14 987-994.
143. VAN DER VOORTI (1998) Personal communication. CSIR Division of Water, Environment and Forestry Technology, Stellenbosch.
144. VAN TONDER GJ and KIRCHNER J (1990) Estimation of natural groundwater recharge in the Karoo aquifers of South Africa. J. Hydrol. 121 395-419.
145. VAN WYK DB (1987) Some effects of afforestation on streamflow in the Western Cape Province, South Africa. Water SA 13 31-36.
146. VAN WYK WL (1963) Ground-Water Studies in Northern Natal, Zululand and Surrounding Areas. Geological Survey of South Africa Memoir no. 52.
147. VEGTER JR (1993) Effect of Clearing Arid Sweet Bushveld Vegetation on Groundwater, Northwestern and Northern Transvaal. Unpublished consultancy report, No. GH3811, to Directorate of Geohydrol., Dept. of Water Affairs and Forestry, Pretoria.
148. VEGTER JR (1995) An Explanation of a Set of National Groundwater Maps. Report No. TT 74/95, Water Research Commission, Pretoria.
149. VERSFELD DB (1988) Rainfall interception in stands of Pinus radiata and Protea neriifolia. In: Research Contributions to Plantation Forestry. Festschrift in honour of Prof. A. van Laar, Forestry Faculty, Univ. of Stellenbosch. 130-149.
150. WARD JD and BREEN CM (1983) Drought stress and the demise of Faidherbia albida along the lower Kuiseb River, central Namib Desert: Preliminary findings. S. Afr. J. Sci. 79 444-447.
151. WILLIAMSON DR (1990) Salinity - An Old Environmental Problem (abstract). Technical Memorandum No. 90/7 - Division of Water Resources, Inst. of Natural Resources and Environment, CSIRO.
152. ZINKE PJ (1967) Rainfall interception studies in the United States. In: Sopper WE and Lull HW (eds.) Int. Symp. Forest Hydrol., Pergamon, Oxford. 137-161.