Posttraumatic stress disorder in survivors of childhood sexual and physical abuse: A critical review of the empirical research

Journal of Child Sexual Abuse

Volumn 7, Issue 2, 1998, Pages 17-45

  Rodriguez, Ned ^a   Kemp, Hendrika Vande ^b   Foy, David W ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b FULLER THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY   (United States)

^c PEPPERDINE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0344785742     PISSN: 10538712     EISSN: 15470679     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1300/J070v07n02_02     Document Type: Article

References (74)

1. Adam, B. S., Everett, B. L., and O'Neal, E., 1992. PTSD in physically and sexually abused psychiatrically hospitalized children. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 23:3–8.
2. Albach, K., and Everaerd, W., 1992. Posttraumatic stress symptoms in victims of childhood incest. Psychotherapy Psychosomatics, 57:143–151.
3. American Psychiatric Association. 1994. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 4th ed. Washington, DC:Author.
4. Armsworth, M., 1984. Posttraumatic stress responses in women who experienced incest as children or adolescents. Dissertation Abstracts International, 46(05) (University Microfilms No. DA85–098490)
5. Beitchman, J. R., Zucker, K. J., Hood, J. E., DaCosta, G. A., and Akman, D., 1991. A review of the short-term effects of child sexual abuse. Child Abuse and Neglect, 15:537–556.
6. Beitchman, J. H., Zucker, K. J., Hood, J. E., DaCosta, G. A., Akman, D., and Cassavia, E., 1992. A review of the long-term effects of child sexual abuse. Child Abuse and Neglect, 16:101–118.
7. Berger, A. M., and Knutson, J. F., 1984. Assessing environments III. Iowa City, IA:University of Iowa, Department of Psychology.
8. Briere, J., 1992. Methodological issues in the study of sexual abuse effects. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 60:196–203.
9. Briere, J., 1997. Psychological assessment of adult posttraumatic states. Washington, DC:American Psychological Association.
10. Briere, J., and Runtz, M., 1989. The Trauma Symptom Checklist (TSC-33):Early data on a new scale. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 4:151–163.
11. Brown, G. R., and Anderson, B., 1991. Psychiatric morbidity in adult inpatients with childhood histories of sexual and physical abuse. American Journal ojPsychiatry, 148:55–61.
12. Cameron, C., 1994. Veterans of a secret war:Survivors of childhood sexual trauma compared to Vietnam war veterans with PTSD. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 9:117–132.
13. Carlson, E. B., 1997. Trauma assessments:A clinician's guide. New York:Guilford.
14. Chu, J. A., and Dill, D. L., 1990. Dissociative symptoms in relation to childhood physical and sexual abuse. American Journal of Psychiatry, 147:887–892.
15. Conte, J., and Schuerman, J., 1987. The effects of sexual abuse on children:A multidimensional view. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 2:380–390.
16. Craine, L. S., Henson, C. W., Colliver, J. A., and MacLean, D. G., 1988. Prevalence of a history of sexual abuse among female psychiatric patients in a state hospital system. Hospital and Community Psychiatry, 39:300–304.
17. De Bellis, M. D., and Putnam, F. W., 1994. The psychobiology of child maltreatment. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 3:663–678.
18. Deblinger, E., McLeer, S. V., Atkins, M. S., Ralphe, D., and Foa, E., 1989. Post-traumatic stress in sexually abused, physically abused, and nonabused children. Child Abuse and Neglect, 13:403–408.
19. Donaldson, M., and Gardner, J., 1985. “Traumatic stress among women after childhood incest.”. In Trauma and its wake Edited by:Figley, C., 358–377. New York:Brunner/Mazel.
20. Edwards, P., and Donaldson, M., 1989. Assessment of symptoms in adult survivors of incest:A factor analytic study of the Responses to Childhood Incest Questionnaire. Child Abuse and Neglect, 13:101–110.
21. Famularo, R., Fenton, T., and Augustyn, M., 1996. Psychiatric comorbidity in childhood posttraumatic stress disorder. Child Abuse and Neglect, 20:953–961.
22. Finkelhor, D., Hotaling, G., Lewis, I. A., and Smith, C., 1990. Sexual abuse in a national survey of adult men and women:Prevalence, characteristics, and risk factors. Child Abuse and Neglect, 14:19–28.
23. Foy, D. W., Sipprelle, R. C., Reuger, D. B., and Carolle, E. M., 1984. Etiology of posttraumatic stress disorder in Vietnam veterans:Analysis of premilitary, military, and combat-exposure influences. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 52:79–87.
24. Frederick, C., Pynoos, R., and Nader, K., 1992. Child Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Reaction Index. Los Angeles, CA:University of California, Los Angeles, Trauma Psychiatry Service.
25. Gelinas, D. J., 1983. The persisting negative effects of incest. Psychiatry, 46:312–332.
26. Graham-Howard, M. L., 1993. The relationship between exposure to multiple traumas and the development of PTSD symptoms in boys. Dissertation Abstracts International, 54(05) 2752B (University Microfilms No. DFA93–23803)
27. Greenwald, E., and Leitenberg, H., 1990. Posttraumatic stress disorder in a nonclinical and nonstudent sample of adult women sexually abused as children. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 5:217–228.
28. Haviland, M. G., Sonne, J. L., and Woods, L. R., 1995. Beyond posttraumatic stress disorder:Object relations and reality testing disturbances in physically and sexually abused adolescents. Journal of American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 34:1054–1059.
29. Herman, J. L., 1992. Trauma and recovery. New York:Basic Books.
30. Herman, J. L., and Schatzow, E., 1987. Recovery and verification of memories of childhood sexual trauma. Psychoanalytic Psychology, 4:1–14.
31. Horowitz, M. J., 1978. Stress response syndromes. Northvale, NJ:Aronson.
32. Kendall-Tackett, K. A., Williams, L. M., and Finkelhor, D., 1993. Impact of sexual abuse on children:A review and synthesis of recent empirical studies. Psychological Bulletin, 113:164–180.
33. Kinard, E. M., 1994. Methodological issues in practical problems in conducting research on maltreated children. Child Abuse and Neglect, 18:645–656.
34. Kirby, J. S., Chu, J. A., and Dill, D. L., 1993. Correlates of dissociative symptomatology in patients with physical and sexual abuse histories. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 34:258–263.
35. Kiser, L. J., Heston, J., Milsap, P. A., and Pruitt, D. B., 1991. Physical and sexual abuse in childhood:Relationship with post-traumatic stress disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 30:776–783.
36. Koverola, C., Foy, D., Heger, A., and Lytle, C., October 1990. “Posttraumatic stress disorder as a sequelae of child sexual abuse.”. In Poster session presented at the annual meeting of the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies, New Orleans, LA October
37. Lawrence, K. J., Cozolino, L., and Foy, D. W., 1995. Psychological sequelae in adult females reporting childhood ritual abuse. Child Abuse and Neglect, 19:975–983.
38. Lindberg, F., and Distad, L., 1985. Post-traumatic stress disorders in women who experienced childhood incest. Child Abuse and Neglect, 9:329–334.
39. Livingston, R., Lawson, L., and Jones, J. G., 1993. Predictors of self-reported psycho-pathology in children abused repeatedly by a parent. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 32:948–953.
40. McCann, L. I., and Pearlman, L. A., 1990. Psychological trauma and the adult survivor. New York:Brunner/Mazel.
41. McClellan, J., Adams, J., Douglas, D., McCurry, C., and Storck, M., 1995. Clinical characteristics related to severity of sexual abuse:A study of seriously mentally ill youth. Child Abuse and Neglect, 19:1245–1254.
42. McLeer, S. V., Callaghan, M., Henry, D., and Wallen, J., 1994. Psychiatric disorders in sexually abused children. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 33:313–319.
43. McLeer, S. V., Deblinger, E., Atkins, M. S., Foa, E. B., and Ralphe, D. B., 1988. Post-traumatic stress disorder in sexually abused children. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 27:650–654.
44. McLeer, S. V., Deblinger, E., Henry, D., and Orvaschel, H., 1992. Sexually abused children at high risk for post-traumatic stress disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 31:875–879.
45. Moeller, T. P., Bachman, G. A., and Moeller, J. R., 1993. The combined effects of physical, sexual, and emotional abuse during childhood:Long-term health consequences for women. Child Abuse and Neglect, 17:623–640.
46. Neumann, D. A., Houskamp, B. M., Pollock, V. E., and Briere, J., 1996. The long-term sequelae of childhood sexual abuse in women:A meta-analytic review. Child Maltreatment, 1:6–16.
47. O'Neill, K., and Gupta, K., 1991. Post-traumatic stress disorder in women who were victims of childhood sexual abuse. Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine, 8:124–127.
48. Pearlman, L. A., and Saakvitne, K. W., 1995. Trauma and the therapist New York:Norton.
49. Pelcovitz, D., Kaplan, S., Goldenberg, B., Mandel, F., Lehane, J., and Guarrera, J., 1994. Post-traumatic stress disorder in physically abused adolescents. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 33:305–312.
50. Peters, S. D., Wyatt, G. E., and Finkelhor, D., 1986. “Prevalence.”. In A sourcebook of child sexual abuse Edited by:Finkelhor, D., 15–59. Beverly Hills, CA:Sage.
51. Poulsny, M. A., and Follette, V. M., 1996. Long-term correlates of child sexual abuse:Theory and review of the empirical literature. Applied and Preventive Psychology, 4:143–166.
52. Putnam, F. W., 1987. The psychobiological effects of sexual abuse:Female growth and development during childhood and adolescence, NIMH clinical project 87-M-14 Bethesda:NIH.
53. Rodriguez, N., Ryan, S. W., Rowan, A., and Foy, D. W., October 1991. “Trauma exposure and PTSD:Adult survivors of childhood sexual abuse.”. In Symposium conducted at the Annual Meeting of the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies, Washington, DC Edited by:Foy, D. W., October, Assessment of multiple trauma exposure and PTSD across trauma groups
54. Rodriguez, N., Ryan, S. W., Rowan, A., and Foy, D. W., 1996. Posttraumatic stress disorder in a clinical sample of adult survivors of childhood sexual abuse. Child Abuse and Neglect, 20:943–952.
55. Roesler, T. A., and McKenzie, N., 1994. Effects of childhood trauma on psychological functioning in adults sexually abused as children. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 182:145–150.
56. Rowan, A. B., and Foy, D. W., 1993. Post-traumatic stress disorder in child sexual abuse survivors:A literature review. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 6:3–20.
57. Rowan, A. B., Foy, D. W., Rodriguez, N., and Ryan, S., 1994. Posttraumatic stress disorder in a clinical sample of adults sexually abused as children. Child Abuse and Neglect, 18:51–61.
58. Ryan, S. W., 1993. Psychometric analysis of the Sexual Abuse Exposure Questionnaire. Dissertation Abstracts International, 53(11) 3709A (University Microfilms No. DFA93–23808)
59. Sadeh, A., Hayden, R. M., McGuire, J. P. D., Sachs, H., and Clivita, R., 1994. Somatic, cognitive, and emotional characteristics of abused children in a psychiatric hospital. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 24:191–200.
60. Saunders, B. E., Villeponteaux, L. A., Lipovsky, J. A., Kilpatrick, D. G., and Veronen, L. J., 1992. Child sexual assault as a risk factor for mental disorders among women. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 7:189–204.
61. Saunders, E. A., 1991. Rorschach indicators of chronic childhood sexual abuse in female borderline patients. Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic, 55:48–71.
62. Stamm, B. H., 1996. Measurement of stress, trauma, and adaptation. Luther-ville, MD:Sidran.
63. Straus, M., Gelles, R., and Steinmetz, S. K., 1980. Behind closed doors:Violence in the American family. Garden City, NJ:Anchor.
64. Straus, M. A., and Hamby, S. L., 1997. “Measuring physical and psychological maltreatment of children with the Conflict Tactics Scales.”. In Out of darkness:Contemporary research perspectives on family violence. Edited by:Kaufman, K. G., and Jasinski, J. L., Newbury Park, CA:Sage.
65. Surrey, J., Swett, C., Michaels, A., and Levin, S., 1990. Reported history of physical and sexual abuse and severity of symptomatology in women psychiatric outpatients. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 60:412–417.
66. Swett, C., and Halpert, M., 1993. Reported history of physical and sexual abuse in relation to dissociation and other symptomatology in women psychiatric inpatients. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 8:545–555.
67. van der Kolk, B. A., 1996. “The body keeps the score:Approaches to the psychobiology of posttraumatic stress disorder.”. In Traumatic stress:The effects of overwhelming experience on mind, body, and society Edited by:van der Kolk, B. A., McFarlane, A. C., and Weisaeth, L., 214–241. New York:Guilford.
68. Williams, L. M., 1994. Recall of childhood trauma:A prospective study of women's memories of child sexual abuse. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 62:1167–1176.
69. Williams, M. B., October 1990. “PTSD and child sexual abuse:The enduring effects.”. In Poster session presented at the annual meeting of the Society for Traumatic Stress Studies, New Orleans, LA October
70. Wind, T. W., and Silvern, L., 1992. Type and extent of child abuse as predictors of adult functioning. Journal of Family Violence, 7:261–281.
71. Wolfe, D. A., Sas, L., and Wekerle, C., 1994. Factors associated with the development of posttraumatic stress disorder among child victims of sexual abuse. Child Abuse and Neglect, 75:37–50.
72. Wolfe, V. V., Gentile, C., Michienzi, T., Sas, L., and Wolfe, D. A., 1991. The Children's Impact of Traumatic Events:A measure of post-sexual abuse PTSD symptoms. Behavioral Assessment, 13:359–383.
73. Wolfe, V. V., Gentile, C., and Wolfe, D. A., 1989. The impact of sexual abuse on children:A PTSD formulation. Behavior Therapy, 20:215–228.
74. Wolfe, V. V., Wolfe, D. A., Gentile, C., and Bordeau, P., 1987. History of Victimization Form. Unpublished manuscript, University of Western Ontario, London, ON