The American Century and the Third World

Diplomatic History

Volumn 23, Issue 2, 1999, Pages 355-370

  Cumings, Bruce ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 0344785152     PISSN: 01452096     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/1467-7709.00169     Document Type: Article

References (37)

1. Jean Baudrillard, America (New York, 1989), 77.
2. Readers interested in recent American foreign policy with regard to Central America should consult William M. LeoGrande's excellent new book, Our Own Backyard: The United States in Central America, 1977-1992 (Chapel Hill, 1998).
3. Council on Foreign Relations, aide-memoire E-B26, "American Far Eastern Policy," 15 January 1941, cited in Laurence H. Shoup and William Minter, Imperial Brain Trust: The Council on Foreign Relations and United States Foreign Policy (New York, 1977), 129-36.
4. Time has not dimmed the impact of a stunning phone conversation between John J. McCloy and Henry Stimson in May 1945: McCloy remarked that "we ought to have our cake and eat it too; that we ought to be free to operate under this regional arrangement in South America, at the same time intervene promptly in Europe," to which Stimson replied, "I think that it's not asking too much to have our little region over here which never bothered anybody." I first read this colloquy in Gabriel Kolko, The Politics of War (New York, 1968), 470-71.
5. Dean Acheson, "An American Attitude Toward Foreign Affairs," 28 November 1939, in Morning and Noon (Boston, 1965), 267-75; see also Acheson's reflections on the speech, 216-17. I am indebted to Heajeong Lee for bringing this text to my attention.
6. Dean Acheson, Present at the Creation: My Years in the State Department (New York, 1969), 7.
7. Thomas J. McCormick, America's Half-Century: United States Foreign Policy in the Cold War (Baltimore, 1989), 72.
8. Henry Luce editorial, Fortune (June 1947); for the "Coca-colonization" statement see Fortune (February 1950), where Luce defended Truman's Point Four program for the Third World. See also W. A. Swanberg, Luce and his Empire (New York, 1972), 183.
9. Henry Luce editorial, Fortune (June 1947); for the "Coca-colonization" statement see Fortune (February 1950), where Luce defended Truman's Point Four program for the Third World. See also W. A. Swanberg, Luce and his Empire (New York, 1972), 183.
10. Henry Luce editorial, Fortune (June 1947); for the "Coca-colonization" statement see Fortune (February 1950), where Luce defended Truman's Point Four program for the Third World. See also W. A. Swanberg, Luce and his Empire (New York, 1972), 183.
11. William Borden, Pacific Alliance: United States Foreign Economic Policy and Japan's Trade Recovery, 1947-1955 (Madison, 1984), 12-14. Here I also rely on Borden's "Military Keynesianism in the Early 1950s," a paper presented to my International History Workshop (University of Chicago, 14 February 1994).
12. William Borden, Pacific Alliance: United States Foreign Economic Policy and Japan's Trade Recovery, 1947-1955 (Madison, 1984), 12-14. Here I also rely on Borden's "Military Keynesianism in the Early 1950s," a paper presented to my International History Workshop (University of Chicago, 14 February 1994).
13. New York Times, Op-Ed Page, 14 March 1994. Kennan added, "Those of my opponents of that day who have survived [read Paul Nitze] would say, I am sure, 'You see. We were right. The collapse of the Soviet Union amounted to the unconditional surrender we envisaged. . . . And we paid nothing for it.' To which I should have to reply: 'But we did pay a great deal for it. We paid with 40 years of enormous and otherwise unnecessary military expenditure.'"
14. Cumings, The Origins of the Korean War, vol. 2, The Roaring of the Cataract, 1947-1950 (Princeton, 1990), 35-61, 408-38.
15. See my extended discussion in ibid., chap. 22.
16. An important nationwide poll of American attitudes on foreign affairs found in 1995 that while the mass of Americans (62 percent) continued to worry about economic competition from Japan, far fewer among the American elite (21 percent) still did so. Five years earlier the figures for both groups were 60 percent for the public, 65 percent for the "leaders." See John E. Reilly, ed., American Public Opinion and United States Foreign Policy, 1995 (Chicago, 1995), 25.
17. Joel E. Cohen, "How Many People Can the Earth Support?" The New York Review of Books, 8 October 1998.
18. United Nations, Human Development Report, 1998, as cited in The News of the Week in Review, The New York Times, 27 September 1998. See also Cohen, "How Many People?"
19. United Nations, Human Development Report, 1998, as cited in The News of the Week in Review, The New York Times, 27 September 1998. See also Cohen, "How Many People?"
20. United Nations, Human Development Report, 1998, as cited in The News of the Week in Review, The New York Times, 27 September 1998. See also Cohen, "How Many People?"
21. Zygmunt Bauman, Globalization: The Human Consequences (New York, 1998), 18.
22. A point made forcefully in Walter LaFeber, The Clash: A History of United States-Japan Relations (New York, 1997).
23. Editorial by Joseph Kahn and Michael Schuman, The Wall Street Journal, 24 November 1997; Fischer quoted in The Wall Street Journal, 8 December 1997. Yardeni's "zombie" remark was broadcast widely on CNN Television News; see the full quotation in The Washington Post, II December 1997.
24. Editorial by Joseph Kahn and Michael Schuman, The Wall Street Journal, 24 November 1997; Fischer quoted in The Wall Street Journal, 8 December 1997. Yardeni's "zombie" remark was broadcast widely on CNN Television News; see the full quotation in The Washington Post, II December 1997.
25. Editorial by Joseph Kahn and Michael Schuman, The Wall Street Journal, 24 November 1997; Fischer quoted in The Wall Street Journal, 8 December 1997. Yardeni's "zombie" remark was broadcast widely on CNN Television News; see the full quotation in The Washington Post, II December 1997.
26. For a cogent and prescient analysis of the end of Third World development see Immanuel Wallerstein, Historical Capitalism (London, 1983), 95-98.
27. The most recent example being an intelligence leak to reporter David Sanger about a huge underground facility being constructed by "swarms" of people in North Korea, which might well be a subterranean complex for reprocessing plutonium, like the Israelis did in their Dimona complex. (New York Times, 17 August 1998). Subsequently in high-level talks with an American delegation the North Koreans offered a guided tour of this facility, described as for civilian uses, if at the end the Americans would compensate them for the expenses of the tour, and for slander. (Korean Central News Agency, 5 September 1998).
28. The most recent example being an intelligence leak to reporter David Sanger about a huge underground facility being constructed by "swarms" of people in North Korea, which might well be a subterranean complex for reprocessing plutonium, like the Israelis did in their Dimona complex. (New York Times, 17 August 1998). Subsequently in high-level talks with an American delegation the North Koreans offered a guided tour of this facility, described as for civilian uses, if at the end the Americans would compensate them for the expenses of the tour, and for slander. (Korean Central News Agency, 5 September 1998).
29. Samuel Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order (New York, 1996); Paul M. Kennedy, The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers: Economic Change and Military Conflict from 1500 to 2000 (New York, 1989); Robert Keohane, After Hegemony: Cooperation and Discord in the World Political Economy (Princeton, 1984); Clyde V. Prestowitz, Jr., Trading Places: How We Are Giving Our Future to Japan and How to Reclaim It (New York, 1993);
30. Samuel Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order (New York, 1996); Paul M. Kennedy, The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers: Economic Change and Military Conflict from 1500 to 2000 (New York, 1989); Robert Keohane, After Hegemony: Cooperation and Discord in the World Political Economy (Princeton, 1984); Clyde V. Prestowitz, Jr., Trading Places: How We Are Giving Our Future to Japan and How to Reclaim It (New York, 1993);
31. Samuel Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order (New York, 1996); Paul M. Kennedy, The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers: Economic Change and Military Conflict from 1500 to 2000 (New York, 1989); Robert Keohane, After Hegemony: Cooperation and Discord in the World Political Economy (Princeton, 1984); Clyde V. Prestowitz, Jr., Trading Places: How We Are Giving Our Future to Japan and How to Reclaim It (New York, 1993);
32. Samuel Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order (New York, 1996); Paul M. Kennedy, The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers: Economic Change and Military Conflict from 1500 to 2000 (New York, 1989); Robert Keohane, After Hegemony: Cooperation and Discord in the World Political Economy (Princeton, 1984); Clyde V. Prestowitz, Jr., Trading Places: How We Are Giving Our Future to Japan and How to Reclaim It (New York, 1993);
33. Donald W. White, The American Century: The Rise and Decline of the United States as a World Power (New Haven, 1996).
34. Keohane, After Hegemony, 43.
35. Huntington, "The West: Unique, not Universal," Foreign Affairs 75 (November-December 1996): 28-46. See idem, The Clash of Civilizations.
36. Huntington, "The West: Unique, not Universal," Foreign Affairs 75 (November-December 1996): 28-46. See idem, The Clash of Civilizations.
37. McCormick, America's Half-Century, 240-41.