Post-traumatic stress disorder and children of school age

Educational Psychology in Practice

Volumn 13, Issue 3, 1997, Pages 197-203

  Randall, Pete ^a   Parker, Jon ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF HULL   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0344774193     PISSN: 02667363     EISSN: 14695839     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/0266736970130309     Document Type: Article

References (54)

1. American Psychiatric Association. 1995. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, (4th edn), Washington, DC: APA.
2. Black, D., Harris-Hendriks, J., and Kaplan, T., 1992. ‘Father kills mother: post-traumatic stress disorder and the children’. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 57: 152–157.
3. Burke, J., Borus, J., Burns, B., Millstein, K., and Beaslet, M., 1982. ‘Changes in children's behaviour after a national disaster’. American Journal of Psychiatry, 139: 1010–1014.
4. Cameron, R. J., Gersch, I., M'Gadzah and Moyse, S., 1995. ‘Educational psychologists and post-trauma stress management’. Educational and Child Psychology, 12: 5–12.
5. Carroll, D., Frew, D., Futcher, A., Ladkin, M., Morey, Y., Price, T., and Smith, A., 1997. ‘The Educational Psychology Crisis Intervention Service’. Educational Psychology in Practice, 13(2): 112–114.
6. Connor, C. K., 1969. ‘A teacher rating scale for use in drug studies with children’. American Journal of Psychiatry, 126: 884–888.
7. Diehl, V. A., Zea, M. C., and Espino, C. M., 1994. ‘Exposure to war violence, separation from parents, post-traumatic stress and cognitive functioning in Hispanic children’. Review of Interamerican Psychology, 28: 25–41.
8. Earls, F., Smith, E., Reich, W., and Jung, K. G., 1988. ‘Investigating psychopathological consequences of a disaster in children: a pit of study incorporations a structural diagnostic interview’. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 27: 90–93.
9. Elbedour, S., Ten Besel, R., and Muruyama, G. M., 1993. ‘Children at risk: psychological coping with war and conflict in the Middle East’. International Journal of Mental Health, 22: 33–52.
10. Ferguson, D. M., Horwood, L. J., and Lynskey, M., 1994. ‘The childhoods of multiple problem adolescents: a 15-year longitudinal study’. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 35: 1123–1140.
11. Finkelhor, D., 1988. “ ‘The trauma of child sexual abuse. Two models’ ”. In Lasting Effects of Child Sexual Abuse, Edited by: Wyatt, G., and Powell, G., 61–84. Newbury Park and London: Sage.
12. Green, A., 1983. ‘Dimensions of psychological trauma in abused children’. Journal of American Academy of Child Psychiatry, 22: 231–237.
13. Hodgkinson, P., and Stewart, M., 1991. Coping with Catastophe. A Handbook of Disaster Management, London: Routledge.
14. Horowitz, M., Witner, N., and Alvarez, W., 1979. ‘Impact of life event scale: Measure of subjective stress’. Psychosomatic Medicine, 41: 209–218.
15. Iwaniec, D., 1995. The Emotionally Abused and Neglected Child, Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.
16. Jones, J. C., and Barlow, D. H., 1990. ‘The etiology of post-traumatic stress disorder. Clinical Psychology Review, 10: 299–328.
17. Jones, R. W., and Peterson, L. W., 1993. ‘Post-traumatic stress disorder in a child following an automobile accident’. Journal of Family Practice, 36: 223–225.
18. Johnson, K., 1989. Trauma in the Lives of Children, San Diego, CA: Hunter House.
19. Kovack, M., 1981. The Children's Depression Inventory, Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press.
20. Lipovsky, J. A., 1991. ‘Post-traumatic stress disorder in children’. Family Community Health, 14: 42–51.
21. Magwaza, A. S., Killian, B. J., Petersen, I., and Pillay, Y., 1993. ‘The effects of chronic violence on preschool children in South African township’. Child Abuse and Neglect, 17: 795–803.
22. Malmquist, C. P., 1986. ‘Children who witness parental murder: post-traumatic aspects’. Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry, 25: 320–325.
23. Mallon, F., and Best, C., 1995. ‘Trauma in schools: a psychological service response’. Educational Psychology in Practice, 10: 64–77.
24. McLeer, S. V., Deblinger, E. B., Henry, D., and Orvaschel, H., 1992. ‘Sexually abused children at high risk of post-traumatic stress disorder’. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 31: 875–879.
25. McNally. 1991. ‘Assessment of post-traumatic stress disorder in children’. Psychological Assessment, 3: 531–537.
26. McNally, R. J., 1993. “ ‘Stressors that produce post-traumatic stress disorder in children’ ”. In Post-traumatic Stress Disorder DSM-JV and Beyond, Edited by: Davidson, J. R. T., and Foa, E. B., 57–74. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.
27. Nader, K. O., and Fairbanks, L. A., 1994. ‘The suppression of reexperiencing: impule control and somatic symptoms in children following traumatic exposure. Special issue: War and stress in the Middle East’. Anxiety, Stress & Coping, 7: 229–239.
28. Newman, C. J., 1976. ‘Children of disaster: clinical observations at Buffalo Creek. American Journal of Psychiatry, 133: 306–312.
29. Osofsky, J. D., Cohen, G., and Drell, M., 1995. ‘The effects of trauma on young children: a case of 2-year-old twins’. International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 76: 595–607.
30. Parker, J., and Randall, P., 1996. ‘Post-traumatic stress disorder in children: the social work challenge’. Journal of Social Work Practice, 10(1): 71–81.
31. Parker, J., Waltz, H., and Allsopp, M. R., 1995. ‘Post-traumatic stress symptoms in children and parents following a school-based fatality’. Child Care, Health and Development, 21: 183–189.
32. Pynoos, R. S., and Eth, S., 1985. “ ‘Children traumatised by witnessing acts of personal violence: homicide, rape and suicide behaviour’ ”. In Post-traumatic Stress Disorder in Children, Edited by: Eth, S., and Pynoos, R. S., Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.
33. Pynoos, R. S., Goenjian, A., and Tashjian, M., 1993. ‘Post-traumatic stress reactions in children after the 1988 Armenian earthquake’. British Journal of Psychiatry, 163: 239–247.
34. Pynoos, R. S., Fredrick, C., Nader, K., and Arroyo, W., 1987. ‘Life threat and post-traumatic stress disorder in school-age children’. Archives General Psychiatry, 44: 1057–1063.
35. Pynoos, R. S., and Nader, K., 1988. ‘Children who witness the sexual assault of their mothers’. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 27: 567–572.
36. Randall, P. E., 1997a. ‘Post-traumatic stress disorder in children: impact on evidence in cases of abuse’. Practitioners Child Law Bulletin, 10: 44–48.
37. Randall, P. E., 1997b. Adult Bullying: Perpetrators and Victims, London: Routledge.
38. Reynolds, C., and Richmond, B., 1978. ‘What I think and feel: a revised measure of children's manifest anxiety’. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 6: 271–280.
39. Robbins, L. N., 1966. Deviant Children Grown Up, Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins.
40. Saigh, P. A., 1986. “ ‘Three measures of childhood psychopathology in behaviour’ ”. In The States of Children in Lebanon: A Multidisciplinary Assessment, Edited by: Armenian, H., 242–251. Beirut, Lebanon: American University of Beirut.
41. Saigh, P. A., 1989. ‘On the development and validation of the children's post-traumatic stress disorder inventory’. International Journal of Special Education, 4: 75–84.
42. Schwartz, E. D., and Kowalski, J. M., 1991. ‘Malignant memories: PTSD in children and adults after a school shooting’. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatrics, 30: 936–944.
43. Stoddard, F. J., Norman, D. K., Murphy, J. M., and Beardslee, W. R., 1989. ‘Psychiatric outcome of burned children and adolescents’. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 28(4): 589–595.
44. Strentz, T., 1995. “ ‘Crisis intervention and survival strategies for victims of hostage situations’ ”. In Crisis Intervention and Time-Limited Cognitive Treatment, Edited by: Roberts, A. R., 127–147. Thousand Oaks, London, New Delhi: Sage.
45. Stuber, M. L., and Nader, K. O., 1995. ‘Psychiatric sequelae in adolescent bone marrow transplantation survivors: Implications for psychotherapy’. Journal of Psychotherapy Practice and Research, 4: 30–42.
46. Taylor, L., Zuckerman, B., Harik, V., and Groves, B. M., 1994. ‘Witnessing violence by young children and their mothers’. Journal of Developmental and Behaviour Procedures, 15: 120–123.
47. Terr, L. C., 1979. ‘Children of Charchilla: study of psychic trauma’. Psychoanalytic Study of the Child, 34: 547–623.
48. Terr, L. C., 1989. ‘Treating psychic trauma in children: a preliminary discussion’. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 2: 3–20.
49. Walner, A., Reich, W., Herjanic, B., Jung, K. G., and Amato, H., 1987. ‘Reliability, validity and parent-child agreement studies of the diagnostic interview for children and adolescents (DICA)’. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 26: 649–653.
50. Woolfe, V. V., Gentile, C., and Woolfe, D. A., 1989. ‘The impact of sexual abuse on children: a PTSD formulation’. Behaviour Therapy, 20: 215–228.
51. Yule, W., 1992. ‘Post-traumatic stress disorder in child survivors of shipping disasters: the sinking of the “Jupiter”’. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 57: 200–205.
52. Yule, W., and Gold, A., 1993a. ‘Wise before the event: planning with schools to help child survivors of catastrophes’, Association for Child Psychology and Psychiatry, Occasional Papers No 8. Trauma and Crisis Management.
53. Yule, W., and Gold, A., 1993b. “ Wise ”. In Before the Event: Coping with Crises in Schools, London: Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation.
54. Yule, W., and Williams, R. M., 1990. ‘Post-traumatic stress reactions in children’. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 3: 279–295.