Hold the Sea Back - Is It Sustainable? Retrospective and Projection

Journal of Coastal Research

Volumn 19, Issue 4, 2003, Pages 875-883

  Charlier, Roger H ^a  

^a VRIJE UNIVERSITEIT BRUSSEL   (Belgium)

Author keywords

Artificial nourishment; Breaches; Breakwaters; Feeder berms; Groins

Indexed keywords

BEACH NOURISHMENT; BREAKWATER; COASTAL ENGINEERING; COASTAL EROSION; COASTAL PROTECTION; GROIN;

BEACH NOURISHMENT; BREAKWATER; COASTAL ENGINEERING; COASTAL EROSION; COASTAL PROTECTION; GROIN;

EID: 0344583886     PISSN: 07490208     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (72)

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2. SHEPPARD, T., 1912. The Lost Towns of the Yorkshire Coast and Other Chapters Pertaining to the Geography of the District. London, A. Brown & sons (xviii+328p.)
3. Caius Plinius Secundus. For a modern version of his writings, see Pline, 1966, Histoire Naturelle. Paris, Belles-Lettres.
4. VIERLINCK, A., 1563. Tractaat van dyckagie: Amsterdam.
5. st International Symp. Seas and Oceans (Sczeszin, Poland, Sept. 2001), I, 91-98.
6. st International Symp. Seas and Oceans (Sczeszin, Poland, Sept. 2001), I, 91-98.
7. HAULOT, A., 1975. Tourisme et environnement. Verriers, Marabout "Collection Université", and other articles.
8. BORDOMER, a series of international conferences held in Bordeaux in 1992, 1994, 1997, was an outgrowth of another series dealing with exploitation of ocean resources which took place also in Bordeaux in 1974 and 1978.
9. th International Congress History Oceanography is reproduced in the paper by Charlier, Bruun, Chaineux and Morcos, Panorama of Coastal Protection" currently in press (Journal Coastal Research).
10. th International Congress History Oceanography is reproduced in the paper by Charlier, Bruun, Chaineux and Morcos, Panorama of Coastal Protection" currently in press (Journal Coastal Research).
11. MARCUS ANTONIUS.
12. The event is often labeled an anecdote, though Turkish, and Mediterranean, coasts specialist Erdal Ozhan has not denied its accuracy.
13. MOSTAFA, M.H.; GRIMAL, N., and NAKASHIMA, D., (EDS), 2000. Underwater Archaeology and Coastal Management: Focus on Alexandria. Paris, UNESCO Publishing: [cf. contribution by S. Morcos].
14. EL-SAYED, M.K. and FAWZY, M.A., 1995. Egypt. Management and Sustainable Development of the MediterraneanCoast of Egypt: BORDOMER 1971; Foote, A.L., Johnson, L.A. and Krogman, M.T., 1995. Wetland Grazers and Coastal Wetland Loss: BORDOMER 1972; Kawakami, T.; Kumagai, K.; Yamashita, T., and Tanaka, S., 1995, Japan. Typical Examples of Beach Erosion and Counter-measures in Japan: BORDOMER '95, 981-982; Weru, S.D.M., 1995, Kenya. Changes in Marine Community Structure in Areas Offered Different Levels of Protection: BORDOMER '95, 1012; Yesin, N.V., Ivanov, A.A. and KosYan, R.D., 1995, Russia. Evolution of the Sea of Azov Eastern Coast under the Influence of Anthropogenic Impact: BORDOMER '95, 463-468.
15. EL-SAYED, M.K. and FAWZY, M.A., 1995. Egypt. Management and Sustainable Development of the MediterraneanCoast of Egypt: BORDOMER 1971; Foote, A.L., Johnson, L.A. and Krogman, M.T., 1995. Wetland Grazers and Coastal Wetland Loss: BORDOMER 1972; Kawakami, T.; Kumagai, K.; Yamashita, T., and Tanaka, S., 1995, Japan. Typical Examples of Beach Erosion and Counter-measures in Japan: BORDOMER '95, 981-982; Weru, S.D.M., 1995, Kenya. Changes in Marine Community Structure in Areas Offered Different Levels of Protection: BORDOMER '95, 1012; Yesin, N.V., Ivanov, A.A. and KosYan, R.D., 1995, Russia. Evolution of the Sea of Azov Eastern Coast under the Influence of Anthropogenic Impact: BORDOMER '95, 463-468.
16. EL-SAYED, M.K. and FAWZY, M.A., 1995. Egypt. Management and Sustainable Development of the MediterraneanCoast of Egypt: BORDOMER 1971; Foote, A.L., Johnson, L.A. and Krogman, M.T., 1995. Wetland Grazers and Coastal Wetland Loss: BORDOMER 1972; Kawakami, T.; Kumagai, K.; Yamashita, T., and Tanaka, S., 1995, Japan. Typical Examples of Beach Erosion and Counter-measures in Japan: BORDOMER '95, 981-982; Weru, S.D.M., 1995, Kenya. Changes in Marine Community Structure in Areas Offered Different Levels of Protection: BORDOMER '95, 1012; Yesin, N.V., Ivanov, A.A. and KosYan, R.D., 1995, Russia. Evolution of the Sea of Azov Eastern Coast under the Influence of Anthropogenic Impact: BORDOMER '95, 463-468.
17. EL-SAYED, M.K. and FAWZY, M.A., 1995. Egypt. Management and Sustainable Development of the MediterraneanCoast of Egypt: BORDOMER 1971; Foote, A.L., Johnson, L.A. and Krogman, M.T., 1995. Wetland Grazers and Coastal Wetland Loss: BORDOMER 1972; Kawakami, T.; Kumagai, K.; Yamashita, T., and Tanaka, S., 1995, Japan. Typical Examples of Beach Erosion and Counter-measures in Japan: BORDOMER '95, 981-982; Weru, S.D.M., 1995, Kenya. Changes in Marine Community Structure in Areas Offered Different Levels of Protection: BORDOMER '95, 1012; Yesin, N.V., Ivanov, A.A. and KosYan, R.D., 1995, Russia. Evolution of the Sea of Azov Eastern Coast under the Influence of Anthropogenic Impact: BORDOMER '95, 463-468.
18. EL-SAYED, M.K. and FAWZY, M.A., 1995. Egypt. Management and Sustainable Development of the MediterraneanCoast of Egypt: BORDOMER 1971; Foote, A.L., Johnson, L.A. and Krogman, M.T., 1995. Wetland Grazers and Coastal Wetland Loss: BORDOMER 1972; Kawakami, T.; Kumagai, K.; Yamashita, T., and Tanaka, S., 1995, Japan. Typical Examples of Beach Erosion and Counter-measures in Japan: BORDOMER '95, 981-982; Weru, S.D.M., 1995, Kenya. Changes in Marine Community Structure in Areas Offered Different Levels of Protection: BORDOMER '95, 1012; Yesin, N.V., Ivanov, A.A. and KosYan, R.D., 1995, Russia. Evolution of the Sea of Azov Eastern Coast under the Influence of Anthropogenic Impact: BORDOMER '95, 463-468.
19. CHARLIER, R.H. et al., 2001, cf. 5.
20. Caius Caesar Germanicus, known as Caligula, Roman emperor.
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22. GRILLO, S., 1989. Venice Sea Defences. Venice, Ed. Arsenale.
23. cf. the levees along the Mississippi in the USA, particularly in Louisiana. The word has became a standard geological term.
24. An anecdote holds that the siege was not expected to last long, so the archduchess Isabella vowed not to change her shirt till it was over. The coloration of her garment can best be imagined: to commemorate the "feat", it was given to the skirt color of some horses ("Isabella Color").
25. cf. US Army Corps of Engineers, several dates, Low Cost Coastal Protection: Washington, US Army Corps of Engineers; Charlier, R.H. and De Meyer, C.P., 2000, To feed or not to feed, that is often the question: Int. Journal Environmental St., 55, 1, 1-23.
26. cf. US Army Corps of Engineers, several dates, Low Cost Coastal Protection: Washington, US Army Corps of Engineers; Charlier, R.H. and De Meyer, C.P., 2000, To feed or not to feed, that is often the question: Int. Journal Environmental St., 55, 1, 1-23.
27. A stere is a European measure of wood equivalent to one cubic meter of wood. The word also indicates the cage-like contraption in which wood is piled for measurement. In this instance cages and their filling were kept together. It may thus be considered as a vertical wooden breakwater back-up one meter high.
28. lean concrete=sand-cement mixture
29. see note 3.
30. cf. articles by De Moor, cited by this author in previous publications.
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33. CAMBERS, G., 1998. Coping with Beach Erosion. Paris: UNESCO Publishing.
34. i b i d.
35. th Congr. PIANC (Edinburgh), II, 5, 755-769.
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38. Besides the original paper, now some thirty years old, and cited in previous articles by this author, there is no follow-up paper known to this writer. For the U.S. east coast numerous artificial nourishment projects consult Leonard, L., Clayton, T., and Pilkey, O.H., 1990. An analysis of replenished beach design parameters on the U.S. east coast barrier islands: Journal Coastal Research, 6, 1, 15-36.
39. PEREZ, J.J.M.; CASA, A. DE LA; PINA, G.G., and ACHA, A., 2000. Environmental restoration of the Guadiaro River estuary, Cadiz, Spain. Periodicum Biologorum, 112, 333-338.
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42. BRUUN, P., 1978. Tidal Inlets and Littoral Drift: Amsterdam, Elsevier.
43. cf. endnote 22, Leonard et al., and Pilkey, O.H. and Wright, H.L. III, Seawalls versus beaches. Journal Coastal Research Special Issue 4, pp. 1-28.
44. cf. endnote 22, Leonard et al., and Pilkey, O.H. and Wright, H.L. III, Seawalls versus beaches. Journal Coastal Research Special Issue 4, pp. 1-28.
45. ZENKOVITCH, V.P. and KIDMADZE, A.G., 1981. The sea coast investigation in Georgia. In: Man and Nature in Geographical Science. Tbilsi: Georgia Society Soviet Academy Sciences.
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47. DOLOTOV, Y., 1998. Some issues of regulation of natural regime and protection of sandy coasts of the ocean. Oceanology, 38, 4, 566-591; Dolotov, Y.S., 1998. On some problems of manifestation of anthropic activities: Oceanology 38, 6, 848-854.
48. DOLOTOV, Y., 1998. Some issues of regulation of natural regime and protection of sandy coasts of the ocean. Oceanology, 38, 4, 566-591; Dolotov, Y.S., 1998. On some problems of manifestation of anthropic activities: Oceanology 38, 6, 848-854.
49. BEARDSLEY, M.W. and CHARLIER, R.H., 1998, Beach accretion with erosive waves. Beachbuilding. Proposal for coastal defence: International Journal Environmental Studies, 54, 1-33.
50. CHARLIER, R.H., 1998. Ask Nature to build up beaches!: Journal Coastal Research Spec. Issue No 26, pp. A3-A4; Malherbe, B. and Lahousse, B., 1998. Building coastal protection with sand in Belgium: Journal Coastal Research Spec. Issue 26, pp. A18-A19.
51. CHARLIER, R.H., 1998. Ask Nature to build up beaches!: Journal Coastal Research Spec. Issue No 26, pp. A3-A4; Malherbe, B. and Lahousse, B., 1998. Building coastal protection with sand in Belgium: Journal Coastal Research Spec. Issue 26, pp. A18-A19.
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53. Anonymous, 1997. Planning for Coastline Change. Guidelines for Construction Setbacks in the Eastern Carribean Islands. Paris: UNESCO, Series Environment and Development in Coastal Regions and in Small Islands" (14 pp.). Anonymous, 2001. Wise Coastal Practices: Towards Sustainable Small-Island Living. Paris: UNESCO, Series "Environment and Development in Coastal Regions and Small Islands (64p.); Cambers, G., (ed.), 1997. Managing Beach Resources in the Smaller Carribean Islands. Workshop Papers. Paris: UNESCO, Series "Environmental and Development in Coastal Regions and Small Isl."
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55. Anonymous, 1997. Planning for Coastline Change. Guidelines for Construction Setbacks in the Eastern Carribean Islands. Paris: UNESCO, Series Environment and Development in Coastal Regions and in Small Islands" (14 pp.). Anonymous, 2001. Wise Coastal Practices: Towards Sustainable Small-Island Living. Paris: UNESCO, Series "Environment and Development in Coastal Regions and Small Islands (64p.); Cambers, G., (ed.), 1997. Managing Beach Resources in the Smaller Carribean Islands. Workshop Papers. Paris: UNESCO, Series "Environmental and Development in Coastal Regions and Small Isl."
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58. This system is not taken up as such in the table set up by McQuarrie and Pilkey (note 22; table 2)
59. Company literature available from Beachbuilder Inc, Carmel CA, USA.
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66. latticed.
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