Within-season variability of pupal period in the autumnal moth: A bet-hedging strategy?

Ecology

Volumn 80, Issue 5, 1999, Pages 1666-1677

  Tammaru, Toomas ^a,b   Ruohomäki, Kai ^a   Saloniemi, Irma ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TURKU   (Finland)

^b ESTONIAN AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY   (Estonia)

Author keywords

Adaptation; Bet hedging; Emergence distribution; Empirical modeling; Environmental variance; Epirrita autumnata; Geometridae; Half sib design; Heritability; Lepidoptera; Pupal period

Indexed keywords

BET-HEDGING; EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY; HERITABILITY; NATURAL SELECTION; PUPATION; TEMPORAL VARIATION;

EPIRRITA AUTUMNATA; GEOMETRIDAE; INSECTA; INVERTEBRATA; LEPIDOPTERA;

EID: 0344517087     PISSN: 00129658     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1890/0012-9658(1999)080[1666:WSVOPP]2.0.CO;2     Document Type: Article

References (72)

1. Abrams, P. A., O. Leimar, S. Nylin, and C. Wiklund. 1996. The effect of flexible growth rates on optimal sizes and development times in seasonal environment. American Naturalist 147:381-395.
2. Ayres, M. P., and S. F. MacLean, Jr. 1987. Development of birch leaves and the growth energetics of Epirrita autumnata (Geometridae). Ecology 68:558-568.
3. Becker, W. A. 1985. Manual of quantitative genetics. Fourth edition. Academic Enterprises, Pullman, Washington, USA.
4. Bradford, M. J., and D. A. Roff. 1993. Bet hedging and the diapause strategies of the cricket Allonemobius fasciatus. Ecology 74:1129-1135.
5. Bradford, M. J., and D. A. Roff. 1997. An empirical model of diapause strategies of the cricket Allonemobius fasciatus. Ecology 78:442-451.
6. Bruun, H. 1990. Fjällbjörkmätarinvasion i Finlands SV skärgård. Entomologisk Tidskrift 111:98-98.
7. Bull, J. J. 1987. Evolution of phenotypic variance. Evolution 41:303-315.
8. Bylund, H. 1995. Long-term interactions between the autumnal moth and mountain birch: the roles of resources, competitors, natural enemies, and weather. Dissertation. Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.
9. Carrière, Y. 1994. Evolution of phenotypic variance: non-Mendelian parental influences on phenotypic and genotypic components of life-history traits in a generalist herbivore. Heredity 72:420-430.
10. Carrière, Y., D. A. Roff, and J.-P. Deland. 1995. The joint evolution of diapause and insecticide resistance: a test of an optimality model. Ecology 76:1497-1505.
11. Cohen, D. 1966. Optimizing reproduction in randomly varying environment. Journal of Theoretical Biology 12:119-129.
12. Cooper, R. H., and W. S. Kaplan. 1982. Adaptive "coin-flipping": a decision-theoretic examination of natural selection for random environmental variation. Journal of Theoretical Biology 94:15-151.
13. Danks, H. V. 1987. Insect dormancy: an ecological perspective. Biological Survey of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
14. Debouzie, D., and F. Menu. 1992. Prolonged diapause frequency in experimental chestnut weevil Curculio elephas populations. Acta Oecologica 13:315-324.
15. Dempster, J. P. 1983. The natural control of populations of butterflies and moths. Biological Review 58:461-481.
16. De Stasio, B. T., Jr., and N. G. Hairston. 1992. Environmental variability and the persistence of multiple emergence strategies. Bulletin of Mathematical Biology 54:313-334.
17. Falconer, D. S. 1989. Introduction to quantitative genetics. Third edition. Longman, New York, New York, USA.
18. Giesel, J. T. 1988. Effects of parental photoperiod on development time and density sensitivity of progeny of Drosophila melanogaster. Evolution 42:1348-1350.
19. Goodman, W. G., R. O. Carlson, and K. L. Nelson. 1985. Analysis of larval and pupal development in the tobacco hornworm (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae), Manduca sexta. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 78:70-80.
20. Gotthard, K., and S. Nylin. 1995. Adaptive plasticity and plasticity as an adaptation: a selective review of plasticity in animal morphology and life history. Oikos 74:3-17.
21. Groeters, F. R. 1994. The adaptive role of facultative embryonic diapause in the grasshopper Caledia captiva (Orthoptera: Acrididae) in southeastern Australia. Ecography 17:221-228.
22. Haccou, P., and Y. Iwasa. 1994. Optimal mixed strategies in stochastic environment. Theoretical Population Biology 47: 212-243.
23. Hanski, I. 1988. Four kinds of extra long diapause in insects: a review of theory and observations. Annales Zoologici Fennici 25:37-53.
24. Harrison, J. W. H. 1920. Genetical studies in the moths of the Geometrid genus Oporabia (Oporinia) with a special consideration of melanism in the Lepidoptera. Journal of Genetics 9:195-280.
25. Haukioja, E., and S. Neuvonen. 1985. The relationship between size and reproductive potential in male and female Epirrita autumnata (Lep., Geometridae). Ecological Entomology 10:267-270.
26. Haukioja, E., S. Neuvonen, S. Hanhimäki, and P. Niemelä. 1988a. The autumnal moth in Fennoscandia. Pages 164-179 in A. A. Berryman, editor. Dynamics of forest insect population. Plenum. New York, New York, USA.
27. Haukioja, E., E. Pakarinen, P. Niemelä, and L. Iso-Iivari. 1988b. Crowding-triggered phenotypic responses alleviate consequences of crowding in Epirrita autumnata (Lep., Geometridae). Oecologia 75:549-558.
28. Houle, D. 1992. Comparing evolvability and variability of quantitative traits. Genetics 130:195-204.
29. Iwasa, Y. and R Haccou. 1994. ESS emergence pattern of male butterflies in stochastic environments. Evolutionary Ecology 8:503-523.
30. Kaitaniemi, P., and K. Ruohomäki. 1999. Effects of autumn temperature and oviposition date on timing of larval development and risk of parasitism in a spring folivore. Oikos 84 (in press).
31. Kaitaniemi, P., K. Ruohomäki, and E. Haukioja, 1997. Consequences of defoliation on phenological interaction between Epirrita autumnata and its host plant, mountain birch. Functional Ecology 11:199-208.
32. Koch, M. 1984. Wir bestimmen Schmetterlinge. Neumann Verlag, Leipzig, Germany.
33. Lindman, H. R. 1992. Analysis of variance in experimental design. Springer-Verlag, New York, New York, USA.
34. Masaki, S. 1980. Summer diapause. Annual Review of Entomology 25:1-25.
35. Mikkola, K., I. Jalas, and O. Peltonen. 1985. Mittarit 1. [Geometridae 1]. Suomen Perhoset. Tampere (in Finnish).
36. Moran, N. A. 1992. The evolutionary maintenance of alternative phenotypes. American Naturalist 139:971-989.
37. Nylin, S. 1992. Seasonal plasticity in life history traits: growth and development in Polygonia c-album (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 47:301-323.
38. Nylin, S., C. Wiklund, P.-O. Wickman, and E. Garcia-Barros. 1993. Absence of trade-offs between sexual size dimorphism and early male emergence in a butterfly. Ecology 74:1414-1427.
39. Palmer, A. R., and C. Stroheck. 1992. Fluctuating asymmetry as a measure of developmental stability: implications of non-normal distributions and power of statistical tests. Acta Zoologica Fennica 191:57-72.
40. Peterson, N. A., and A. C. Nilssen. 1996. Nonlinear temperature-dependent development of autumnal moth pupae, Epirrita autumnuta (Lepidoptera, Geometridae). Environmental Entomology 25:147-154.
41. Philippi, T. 1993a. Bet-hedging germination of desert annuals: beyond the first year. American Naturalist 142:474-487.
42. _. 1993b. Bet-hedging germination of desert annuals: variation among populations and maternal effects in Lepidium lasiocarpum. American Naturalist 142:488-507.
43. Philippi, T., and J. Seger. 1989. Hedging one's evolutionary bets, revisited. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 4:41-44.
44. Price, T., and D. Schluter. 1991. On the low heritability of life-history traits. Evolution 45:853-861.
45. Rees, M. 1994. Delayed germination of seeds: a look at the effects of adult longevity, the timing of reproduction, and population age/stage structure. American Naturalist 144: 43-64.
46. Ruohomäki, K., S. Hanhimäki, and E. Haukioja. 1993. Effects of egg size, laying order and larval density on performance of Epirrita autumnata (Lep., Geometridae). Oikos 68:61-66.
47. Saiah, H., and N. Perrin. 1990. Autumnal vs spring hatching in the fairy shrimp Siphonophanes grubbii (Crustacea, Anostraca): diversified bet-hedging strategy? Functional Ecology 4:769-775.
48. SAS Institute. 1990. SAS/STAT user's guide, version 6. Fourth edition. SAS Institute, Cary, North Carolina, USA.
49. Sasaki, A., and S. Ellner. 1995. The evolutionarily stable phenotype distribution in a random environment. Evolution 49:337-350.
50. Scheiner, S. M., R. L. Caplan, and R. F. Lyman. 1991. The genetics of phenotypic plasticity. III. Genetic correlations and fluctuating asymmetries. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 4:51-68.
51. Seger, J., and H. J. Brockmann. 1987. What is bet-hedging? Oxford Survey of Evolutionary Biology 4:182-211.
52. Simons, A. M., and M. O. Johnston. 1997. Developmental instability as a bet-hedging strategy. Oikos 80:401-407.
53. Skinner, B. 1984. Colour identification guide to moths of the British isles. Viking, London, UK.
54. Skou, P. 1986. The Geometroid moths of North Europe. Apollo Books, København, Denmark.
55. Slatkin, M., and R. Lande. 1976. Niche width in a fluctuating environment - density independent model. American Naturalist 110:31-55.
56. Snedecor, G. W., and W. G. Cochran. 1980. Statistical methods. Seventh edition. Iowa State University Press, Ames, Iowa, USA.
57. Sokal, R. R., and C. A. Brauman. 1980. Significance tests for coefficients of variation and variability profiles. Systematic Zoology 29:50-66.
58. Stearns, S. C. 1992. The evolution of life-histories. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK.
59. Stearns, S. C., M. Kaiser, and T. J. Kawecki. 1995. The differential genetic and environmental canalization of fitness components in Drosophila melanogaster. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 8:539-557.
60. Tammaru, T. 1998. Determination of adult size in a folivorous moth: constraints at instar level. Ecological Entomology 23:80-89.
61. Tammaru, T., P. Kaitaniemi, and K. Ruohomäki. 1995. Oviposition choices of Epirrita autumnata (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) in relation to its eruptive population dynamics. Oikos 74:296-304.
62. Tammaru, T., P. Kaitaniemi, and K. Ruohomäki. 1996a. Realized fecundity in Epirrita autumnata (Lepidoptera: Geometridae): relation to body size and consequences to population dynamics. Oikos 77:407-416.
63. Tammaru, T., K. Ruohomäki, and K. Saikkonen. 1996b. Components of male fitness in relation to body size in Epirrita autumnata (Lepidoptera, Geometridae). Ecological Entomology 21:185-192.
64. Tauber, M. J., C. A. Tauber, and S. Masaki. 1986. Seasonal adaptations of insects. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK.
65. Tenow, O. 1972. The outbreaks of Oporinia autumnata Bkh. and Operophthera spp. (Lep., Geometridae) in the Scandinavian mountain chain and Northern Finland 1862-1968. Zoologiska Bidrag från Uppsala, Supplement 2:1-107.
66. Topp, W., and K. Kirsten. 1991. Synchronisation of pre-imaginal development and reproductive success in the winter moth, Operophtera brumata L. Journal of Applied Entomology 111:137-146.
67. Tuljapurkar, S., and C. Istock. 1993. Environmental uncertainty and variable diapause. Theoretical Population Biology 43:251-280.
68. Wiklund, C., and T. Fagerström. 1977. Why do males emerge before females? A hypothesis to explain the incidence of protandry in butterflies. Oecologia 31:153-158.
69. Wiklund, C., and C. Solbreck. 1982. Adaptive versus incidental explanations for the occurrence of protandry in a butterfly, Leptidea sinapis L. Evolution 36:55-62.
70. Yampolsky, L. Yu., and S. M. Scheiner. 1994. Developmental noise, phenotypic plasticity, and allozyme heterozygosity in Daphnia. Evolution 48:1715-1722.
71. Zar, H. J. 1996. Biostatistical analysis. Third edition. Prentice-Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, USA.
72. Zonneveld, C. 1996. Being big or emerging early? Polyandry and the trade-off between size and emergence in male butterflies. American Naturalist 147:946-965.