Recombinant hGH replacement therapy and the hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid axis in children with GH deficiency: When should we be concerned about the occurrence of central hypothyroidism?

Clinical Endocrinology

Volumn 59, Issue 6, 2003, Pages 806-810

  Giavoli, Claudia ^a   Porretti, Silvia ^a   Ferrante, Emanuele ^a   Cappiello, Vincenzo ^a   Ronchi, Cristina L ^a   Travaglini, Pietro ^b   Epaminonda, Paolo ^a   Arosio, Maura ^a   Beck Peccoz, Paolo ^a,c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MILAN   (Italy)

^b San Giuseppe Hospital   (Italy)

^c FONDAZIONE IRCCS CA GRANDA OSPEDALE MAGGIORE POLICLINICO   (Italy)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

HUMAN GROWTH HORMONE; LIOTHYRONINE; SOMATOMEDIN C; THYROTROPIN; THYROXINE;

ADOLESCENT; ARTICLE; CHILD; CLINICAL ARTICLE; CLINICAL TRIAL; FEMALE; FREE LIOTHYRONINE INDEX; FREE THYROXINE INDEX; GROWTH HORMONE DEFICIENCY; HORMONE SUBSTITUTION; HUMAN; HYPOTHALAMUS HYPOPHYSIS THYROID SYSTEM; HYPOTHYROIDISM; MALE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; THYROID FUNCTION; THYROID HORMONE METABOLISM; THYROTROPIN BLOOD LEVEL;

ADOLESCENT; CHILD; DWARFISM, PITUITARY; FEMALE; FOLLOW-UP STUDIES; GROWTH HORMONE; HUMANS; HYPOTHALAMO-HYPOPHYSEAL SYSTEM; HYPOTHYROIDISM; INSULIN-LIKE GROWTH FACTOR I; MALE; PITUITARY HORMONES; THYROID GLAND; THYROTROPIN; THYROXINE; TRIIODOTHYRONINE;

EID: 0344513888     PISSN: 03000664     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2265.2003.01892.x     Document Type: Article

References (26)

1. Burman, P., Hetta, J., Wide, L., Mansson, J.E., Ekman, R. & Karlsson, F.A. (1996) Growth hormone treatment affects brain neurotransmitters and thyroxine. Clinical Endocrinology, 44, 319-324.
2. Cabello, G. & Wrutniak, C. (1989) Thyroid hormone and growth: relationship with growth hormone effects and regulation. Reproduction and Nutrition Developpement, 29, 387-402.
3. Cacciari, E., Cicognani, A., Pirazzoli, P., Bernardi, F., Zappulla, F., Salardi, S., Mozzanti, L., Biasimi, A. & Valenti, E. (1979) Effect of long-term growth hormone administration on pituitary-thyroid function in idiopathic hypopituitarism. Acta Pediatrica Scandinavica, 68, 405-409.
4. Cobb, W.E., Reichlin, S. & Jackson, I.M. (1981) Growth hormone secretory status is a determinant of the thyrotropin response to thyrotropin-releasing hormone in euthyroid patients with hypothalamic-pituitary disease. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 52, 324-329.
5. Demura, R., Yamaguchi, H., Wakabayashi, I., Demura, H. & Shizume, K. (1980) The effect of hGH on hypotalamic-pituitary-thyroid function in patients with pituitary dwarfism. Acta Endocrinologica, 93, 13-19.
6. Ferretti, E., Persani, L., Jafrain-Rea, M.L., Giambona, S., Tamburrano, G. & Beck-Peccoz, P. (1999) Evaluation of the adequacy of levothyroxine replacement therapy in patients with central hypothyroidism. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 84, 924-929.
7. Grunfeld, C., Sherman, B.M. & Cavalieri, R.R. (1988) The acute effects of human growth hormone administration on thyroid function in normal men. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 67, 1111-1114.
8. Jørgensen, J.O.L., Pedersen, S.A., Laurberg, P., Weeke, J., Skakkebaek, N.E. & Christiansen, J.S. (1989) Effects of growth hormone therapy on thyroid function of growth hormone-deficient adults with and without concomitant thyroxine-substituted central hypothyroidism. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 69, 1127-1131.
9. Jørgensen, J.O.L., Moller, J., Skakkebaek, N.E., Weeke, J. & Christiansen, J.S. (1992) Thyroid function during growth hormone therapy. Hormone Research, 38 (Suppl. 1), 63-67.
10. Jørgensen, J.O.L., Moeller, J., Laursen, T., Orskov, H., Christiansen, J.S. & Weeke, J. (1994) Growth hormone administration stimulates energy expenditure and extrathyroidal conversion of thyroxine to triiodothyronine in a dose-dependent manner and suppresses circadian thyrotropin levels: studies in GH-deficient adults. Clinical Endocrinology, 41, 609-614.
11. Klinger, B., Ionesco, A., Anin, S. & Laron, Z. (1992) Effects of insulin-like growth factor I on the thyroid axis in patients with Laron-type dwarfism and healthy subjects. Acta Endocrinologica, 127, 515-519.
12. Lippe, B.M., Van Herle, A.J., LaFranchi, S.H., Uller, R.P., Lavin, N. & Kaplan, S.A. (1975) Reversible hypothyroidism in growth hormone-deficient children treated with human growth hormone. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 40, 612-618.
13. Miell, J.P., Taylor, A.M., Zini, M., Maheshwari, H.G., Ross, R.J. & Valclavi, R. (1993) Effects of hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism on insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) and growth hormone-and IGF-binding proteins. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 76, 950-955.
14. Municchi, G., Malozowski, S., Nisula, B.C., Cristiano, A. & Rose, S.R. (1992) Nocturnal thyrotropin surge in growth hormone-deficient children. Journal of Pediatrics, 121, 214-220.
15. Oliner, L. & Ballantine, J.J. (1968) Effect of human growth hormone on thyroidal secretion, radiothyroxine turnover and transport in man. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 28, 603-607.
16. Pirazzoli, P., Cacciari, E., Mandini, M., Sanga, T., Capelli, M., Cicognani, A. & Gualandi, S. (1992) Growth and thyroid function in children treated with growth hormone. Journal of Pediatrics, 121, 210-213.
17. Porretti, S., Giavoli, C., Ronchi, C., Lombardi, G., Zaccaria, M., Valle, D., Arosio, M., Beck-Peccoz, P., on behalf of Ely-Lilly B 9R-E.W-GDED Italian Study Group. (2002) Recombinant human GH replacement therapy and thyroid function in a large group of adult GH-deficient patients: when does L-T4 therapy become mandatory? Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 87, 2042-2045.
18. Porter, B.A., Refetoff, S., Rosenfield, R.L., De Groot, L.J., Fang, V.S. & Stark, V. (1973) Abnormal thyroxine metabolism in hyposomatotrophic dwarfism and inhibition of responsiveness to TRH during GH therapy. Pediatrics, 51, 668-674.
19. Portes, E.S., Oliveria, J.H.A., Maccagnan, P. & Abucham, J. (2000) Changes in serum thyroid hormones levels and their mechanisms during long-term growth hormone (GH) replacement therapy in GH deficient children. Clinical Endocrinology, 53, 183-189.
20. Purandare, A., Co Ng, L., Godil, M., Ahnn, S.H. & Wilson, T.A. (2003) Effect of hypothyroidism and its treatment on the IGF system in infants and children. Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism, 16, 35-42.
21. Rezvani, I., DiGeorge, A.M., Dowshen, S.A. & Bourdony, C.J. (1981) Action of human growth hormone (hGH) on extra thyroidal conversion of thyroxine (T4) to triiodothironine (T3) in children with hypothyroidism. Pediatric Research, 15, 6-9.
22. Rose, S.R, Leong, G.M., Yvanowski, J.A., Blum, D., Heavner, G., Barnes, K.M., Chipman, J.J., Dichek, H.L., Jacobsen, J., Oerter Klein, K.E. & Cutler, G.B. Jr (1995) Thyroid function in non-growth hormone-deficient short children during a placebo-controlled double blind trial of recombinant growth hormone therapy. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 80, 320-324.
23. Rubio, G.R., Mellinger, R.C., Zafar, S. & Wolf, C.B. (1976) Evaluation of thyroid function during growth hormone therapy. Metabolism, 25, 15-21.
24. Salomon, F., Cuneo, R.D., Hesp, R. & Sonksen, P.H. (1989) The effects of treatment with recombinant human growth hormone on body composition and metabolism in adults with growth hormone deficiency. New England Journal of Medicine, 321, 1797-1803.
25. Sato, T., Suzuki, Y., Taketani, T., Ishiguro, K. & Masuyama, T. (1977) Enhanced peripheral conversion of thyroxine to triiodothyronine during rhGH therapy in GH-deficient children. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 45, 324-329.
26. Wyatt, D.T., Gesundheit, N. & Sherman, B. (1998) Changes in thyroid hormone levels during growth hormone therapy in initially euthyroid patients: lack of need for thyroxin supplementation. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 83, 3493-3497.