China's economic growth and the environment in the Asia-Pacific region

Asian Survey

Volumn 38, Issue 4, 1998, Pages 365-378

  Wan, Ming ^a  

^a GEORGE MASON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ECONOMIC GROWTH; ENVIRONMENTAL ECONOMICS; ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT;

ASIA; CHINA; PACIFIC;

EID: 0344505706     PISSN: 00044687     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/2645412     Document Type: Article

References (46)

1. China Statistical Bureau, China Statistical Yearbook 1996 (Beijing: China Statistical Publishing House, 1996), p. 23.
2. Washington Post, December 31, 1996, D6.
3. Joe McDonald, "China Says It Will Maintain Growth," Associated Press, November 24, 1997.
4. For example, based on more accurate computer models, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) reached a much stronger conclusion in 1996 about a human cause for the climate change than the one reached in 1991. Although there are still uncertainties about the consequences of climate change and the severity of such effects, there is increasing consensus in the international community, based on what is already known, that action is needed to address this issue.
5. Coal accounted for 76.2% of China's total energy consumption in 1990, 76.1% in 1991, 75.7% in 1992, 74.7% in 1993, 75.0% in 1994, and 75.0% in 1995. China Statistical Yearbook, 1997, p. 203. Comparing China's energy available for consumption and actual consumption, China had a gap of 2.6% in 1990 and 3.9% in 1994 (p. 204).
6. For implementation of Chinese environmental regulations and policies, see Barbara J. Sinkule and Leonard Ortolano, Implementing Environmental Policy in China (Westport, Conn.: Praeger, 1995).
7. Richard Louis Edmonds, "China's Environment," in William A. Joseph, ed., China Briefing, 1994 (Asia Society; Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1994), p. 162.
8. China Environmental Protection Agency, Zhongguo huanjing baohu ershiyi shiji yicheng [China's environmental protection and Agenda 21] (Beijing: Zhongguo huanjing kexue chubanshe, 1995), pp. 65, 69.
9. China Statistical Yearbook 1996, p. 742.
10. International Development Center of Japan, Chukoku kankyo [China's environment], March 1994, p. 25.
11. Zhongguo huanjing baohu ershiyi shiji yicheng, p. 64.
12. ADB, Environmental Considerations in Energy Development, May 1991, p. 79.
13. The OECD proposed the "mutual compensation principle" but has not been able to implement it because of the difficulties in calculating costs. The idea is that the polluting country would calculate the cost in pollution reduction while the polluted country calculates the costs of treating environmental damage. Then an independent group would optimize the level of environmental protection.
14. Todd M. Johnson et al., "China: Issues and Options in Greenhouse Gas Emissions Control," World Bank Discussion Paper, no. 330 (Washington, D.C.: June 1996), pp. 12-13.
15. Ibid., pp. 3-4.
16. Johnson, "China: Issues and Options." Also see Mike Hulme et al., "Climate Change Due to the Greenhouse Effect and Its Implications for China," WWF-World Wide Fund for Nature, CH-1196, Gland, Switzerland, 1992, p. 11.
17. Johnson, "China: Issues and Options." Also see Mike Hulme et al., "Climate Change Due to the Greenhouse Effect and Its Implications for China," WWF-World Wide Fund for Nature, CH-1196, Gland, Switzerland, 1992, p. 11.
18. China Statistical Yearbook, 1995, p. 758.
19. For more on this subject, see Alison Butler, "Environmental Protection and Free Trade: Are They Mutually Exclusive?" in International Political Economy: Perspectives on Global Power and Wealth, 3rd ed., eds., Jeffry A. Frieden and David A. Lake (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1995), pp. 493-505.
20. The National Environmental Protection Agency of China issued a directive on March 14, 1992, that foreign investors should respect China's environmental regulations. Zhongguo touzi xuehui [China Investment Association], Zhongguo touzi nianjian [China investment yearbook 1993] (Beijing: Zhongguo jinrong chubanshe, 1993), p. 475. But enforcement has not been easy.
21. Vaclav Smil, "Environmental Change as a Source of Conflict and Economic Losses in China" and Jack A. Goldstone, "Imminent Political Conflicts Arising from China's Environmental Crises," Occasional Paper Series of the Project on Environmental Change and Acute Conflict, University of Toronto and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, no. 2, December 1992.
22. Vaclav Smil, "Environmental Change as a Source of Conflict and Economic Losses in China" and Jack A. Goldstone, "Imminent Political Conflicts Arising from China's Environmental Crises," Occasional Paper Series of the Project on Environmental Change and Acute Conflict, University of Toronto and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, no. 2, December 1992.
23. Lester R. Brown, Who Will Feed China? (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1995).
24. John D. McClain, "China's Grain Demand Skyrockets," Associated Press, February 10, 1997. For a recent World Bank study on the food issue in China, see World Bank, At China's Table: Food Security Options, ed. Bruce Ross-Larson (Washington, D.C.: World Bank, 1997).
25. John D. McClain, "China's Grain Demand Skyrockets," Associated Press, February 10, 1997. For a recent World Bank study on the food issue in China, see World Bank, At China's Table: Food Security Options, ed. Bruce Ross-Larson (Washington, D.C.: World Bank, 1997).
26. China Statistical Yearbook 1996, p. 206.
27. Masayasu Ishiguro and Takamasa Akiyama, "Energy Demand in Five Major Asian Developing Countries: Structure and Prospects," World Bank Discussion Papers, no. 277 (Washington, D.C., April 1995).
28. Steven Mufson, "China Deals with Foreign Suppliers to Double Oil Imports," Washington Post, June 9, 1997, A14.
29. A multiyear and multidisciplinary project on China by the Harvard University Committee on Environment will contribute significantly to our understanding of China's environmental problems and possible solutions. The project includes scholars from Harvard University and several other American universities and scholars and officials from Chinese academic institutions and government agencies. The findings of the first stage will be published in the forthcoming book Energizing China: Reconciling Environmental Protection and Economic Growth, ed. Michael B. McElroy, Chris P. Nielsen, and Peter Lydon (Cambridge: Harvard University Committee on the Environment, distributed by Harvard University Press).
30. For China's efforts, see Wu Baozhong, "Present Situation and Future Prospect of China's Policies on Climate Change," paper delivered at the workshop on "Reconciling Economic Growth and Environmental Protection in China," Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, June 1995; Administrative Center for China's Agenda 21, "China's Agenda 21 in Action" (Beijing, October 1993); and Song Jian, "China's Position on Environment and Development," Beijing Review, June 15, 1992, pp. 8-11.
31. For China's efforts, see Wu Baozhong, "Present Situation and Future Prospect of China's Policies on Climate Change," paper delivered at the workshop on "Reconciling Economic Growth and Environmental Protection in China," Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, June 1995; Administrative Center for China's Agenda 21, "China's Agenda 21 in Action" (Beijing, October 1993); and Song Jian, "China's Position on Environment and Development," Beijing Review, June 15, 1992, pp. 8-11.
32. For China's efforts, see Wu Baozhong, "Present Situation and Future Prospect of China's Policies on Climate Change," paper delivered at the workshop on "Reconciling Economic Growth and Environmental Protection in China," Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, June 1995; Administrative Center for China's Agenda 21, "China's Agenda 21 in Action" (Beijing, October 1993); and Song Jian, "China's Position on Environment and Development," Beijing Review, June 15, 1992, pp. 8-11.
33. China Statistical Yearbook 1996, p. 742.
34. Calculated from China Statistical Yearbook 1996, pp. 22-23, 28-29.
35. According to Chinese TV on November 25, 1996.
36. At the Fourth National Environmental Protection Conference held in Beijing in July 1996, President Jiang Zemin emphasized the importance of environmental protection but opposed "environmental diplomacy" by industrial nations. World Journal, July 18, 1996, A10.
37. Kevin Sullivan and Joby Warrick, "Gore Speech on Climate Is Criticized," Washington Post, December 9, 1997, A18.
38. For suggestions on how to achieve sustainable economic development, see World Bank, Clear Water, Blue Skies: China's Environment in the New Century (Washington, D.C., 1997); Ismail Serageldin and Alfredo Sfeir-Younis, eds., Effective Financing of Environmentally Sustainable Development, Environmentally Sustainable Development Proceedings Series, no. 10 (Washington, D.C.: World Bank, 1996); Asian Development Bank, Financing Environmentally Sound Development (Manila, Philippines, 1994); Carter Brandon and Ramesh Ramankutty, "Toward an Environmental Strategy for Asia," World Bank Discussion Paper, no. 224 (Washington, D.C., 1993).
39. For suggestions on how to achieve sustainable economic development, see World Bank, Clear Water, Blue Skies: China's Environment in the New Century (Washington, D.C., 1997); Ismail Serageldin and Alfredo Sfeir-Younis, eds., Effective Financing of Environmentally Sustainable Development, Environmentally Sustainable Development Proceedings Series, no. 10 (Washington, D.C.: World Bank, 1996); Asian Development Bank, Financing Environmentally Sound Development (Manila, Philippines, 1994); Carter Brandon and Ramesh Ramankutty, "Toward an Environmental Strategy for Asia," World Bank Discussion Paper, no. 224 (Washington, D.C., 1993).
40. For suggestions on how to achieve sustainable economic development, see World Bank, Clear Water, Blue Skies: China's Environment in the New Century (Washington, D.C., 1997); Ismail Serageldin and Alfredo Sfeir-Younis, eds., Effective Financing of Environmentally Sustainable Development, Environmentally Sustainable Development Proceedings Series, no. 10 (Washington, D.C.: World Bank, 1996); Asian Development Bank, Financing Environmentally Sound Development (Manila, Philippines, 1994); Carter Brandon and Ramesh Ramankutty, "Toward an Environmental Strategy for Asia," World Bank Discussion Paper, no. 224 (Washington, D.C., 1993).
41. For suggestions on how to achieve sustainable economic development, see World Bank, Clear Water, Blue Skies: China's Environment in the New Century (Washington, D.C., 1997); Ismail Serageldin and Alfredo Sfeir-Younis, eds., Effective Financing of Environmentally Sustainable Development, Environmentally Sustainable Development Proceedings Series, no. 10 (Washington, D.C.: World Bank, 1996); Asian Development Bank, Financing Environmentally Sound Development (Manila, Philippines, 1994); Carter Brandon and Ramesh Ramankutty, "Toward an Environmental Strategy for Asia," World Bank Discussion Paper, no. 224 (Washington, D.C., 1993).
42. Johnson, "China: Issues and Options," pp. 24-33.
43. Since the early 1990s, the World Bank has been assisting the Chinese government to assess the progress of China's reform of power sector. See Shao Shiwei et al., "China: Power Sector Regulation in a Socialist Market Economy," World Bank Discussion Paper, no. 361 (Washington, D.C., 1997).
44. General Accounting Office of the U.S. Congress, "International Environment: Operations of the Montreal Protocol Multilateral Fund," July 30, 1997, T-RCED-97-218.
45. For an example of popular books on environmental problems in China, see Xu Gang, Zhongguo lingyizhong weiji [China: Another kind of crisis] (Shenyang: Chunfeng wenyi chubanshe, 1995). For the propaganda materials from the government, see, "The National Action Programme for Environmental Publicity and Education (1996-2010)," issued jointly by the National Environmental Protection Agency, the Propaganda Department of the Central Party Committee, and the State Education Commission.
46. For an example of popular books on environmental problems in China, see Xu Gang, Zhongguo lingyizhong weiji [China: Another kind of crisis] (Shenyang: Chunfeng wenyi chubanshe, 1995). For the propaganda materials from the government, see, "The National Action Programme for Environmental Publicity and Education (1996-2010)," issued jointly by the National Environmental Protection Agency, the Propaganda Department of the Central Party Committee, and the State Education Commission.