Ballast-mediated animal introductions in the Laurentian Great Lakes: Retrospective and prospective analyses

Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences

Volumn 60, Issue 6, 2003, Pages 740-756

  Grigorovich, Igor A ^a   Colautti, Robert I ^a   Mills, Edward L ^b   Holeck, Kristen ^b   Ballert, Albert G ^c   MacIsaac, Hugh J ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WINDSOR   (Canada)

^b Department of Natural Resources and the Environment   (United States)

^c Great Lakes Commission   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BALLAST WATER; BIOLOGICAL INVASION; CONSERVATION MANAGEMENT; INTRODUCED SPECIES;

GREAT LAKES; NORTH AMERICA; WESTERN HEMISPHERE; WORLD;

ANIMALIA; PROTISTA;

EID: 0344479544     PISSN: 0706652X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1139/F03-053     Document Type: Review

References (105)

1. Anonymous. 1988. Whirling disease management in North America: an emergency conference, Denver, Colorado, 12-14 April 1988. Fish Disease Subcommittee, Colorado River Wildlife Council.
2. Aquatic Sciences, Inc. 1996. Examination of aquatic nuisance species introductions to the Great Lakes through commercial shipping ballast water and assessment of control options. Phase 1 and 2. Prepared for the Canadian Coast Guard, Sarnia, Ont.
3. Bailey, S.A., Duggan, I.C., van Overdijk, C.D.A., Jenkins, P.T., and MacIsaac, H.J. 2003. Viability of invertebrate diapausing eggs collected from residual ballast sediment. Limnol. Oceanogr. 48: 1701-1710.
4. Ball, I.R. 1969. Dugesia lugubris (Tricladida: Paludicola), a European immigrant into North American fresh waters. J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 26: 221-228.
5. Barton, D.R., and Griffiths, M. 1984. Benthic invertebrates of the nearshore zone of eastern Lake Huron, Georgian Bay and North Channel. J. Gt. Lakes Res. 10: 407-416.
6. Bij de Vaate, A., Jaźdźewski, K., Ketelaars, H.A.M., Gollasch, S., and van der Velde, G. 2002. Geographical patterns in range extension of Ponto-Caspian macroinvertebrate species in Europe. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 59: 1159-1174.
7. Bruijs, M.C.M., Kelleher, B., van der Velde, G., and bij de Vaate, A. 2001. Oxygen consumption, temperature and salinity tolerance of the invasive amphipod Dikerogammarus villosus: indicators of further dispersal via water transport. Arch. Hydrobiol. 152: 633-646.
8. Bur, M.T., Klarer, D.M., and Krieger, K.A. 1986. First records of a European cladoceran, Bythotrephes cederstroemi, in Lakes Erie and Huron. J. Gt. Lakes Res. 12: 144-146.
9. Carlton, J.T. 1985. Transoceanic and interoceanic dispersal of coastal marine organisms: the biology of ballast water. Oceanogr. Mar. Biol. Annu. Rev. 23: 313-371.
10. Carlton, J.T. 1996. Patterns, process, and prediction in marine invasion ecology. Biol. Conserv. 78: 97-106
11. Carlton, J.T., and Geller, J.B. 1993. Ecological roulette: the global transport of nonindigenous marine organisms. Science (Wash., D.C.), 261: 78-82.
12. Carlton, J.T., Reid, D.M., and van Leeuwen, H. 1995. Shipping study. The role of shipping in the introduction of nonindigenous aquatic organisms to the coastal waters of the United States (other than the Great Lakes) and an analysis of control options. U.S. Coast Guard Nat. Sea Grant Coll. Prog./Conn. Sea Grant. U.S. Coast Guard, Mar. Environ. Prot. Div., Washington, D.C.
13. Clarke, A.H. 1981. Corbicula fluminea in Lake Erie. Nautilus, 95: 83-84.
14. Colautti, R., Niimi, A.J., van Overdijk, C.D.A., Mills, E.L., Holeck, K., and MacIsaac, H.J. 2003. Spatial and temporal analysis of transoceanic shipping vectors to the Great Lakes. In Invasion species: vectors and management strategies. Edited by G.M. Ruiz, J.T. Carlton, and R.N. Mack. Island Press, Washington, D.C. In press.
15. Cook, D.G., and Johnson, M.G. 1974. Benthic macroinvertebrates of the St. Lawrence Great Lakes. J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 31: 763-782.
16. Council of Great Lakes Fishery Agencies. 2001. References of ballast water management or what do Great Lakes Fishery Agencies want? Council of Great Lakes Fishery Agencies, Windsor, Ont.
17. Crafford, S.S. 2001. Salmonine introductions to the Laurentian Great Lakes: an historical review and evaluation of ecological effects. Can. Spec. Publ. Fish. Aquat. Sci. No. 132.
18. Cudmore-Vokey, B., and Crossman, E.J. 2000. Checklists of the fish fauna of the Laurentian Great Lakes and their connecting channels. Can. Manuscr. Rep. Fish. Aquat. Sci. No. 2550.
19. Czaika, S.C. 1978. Crustacean zooplankton of southwestern Lake Ontario in spring 1973 and at the Niagara and Genesee River mouth areas in 1972 and spring 1973. J. Gt. Lakes Res. 4: 1-9.
20. Daniels, R.A. 2001. Untested assumptions: the role of the canals in the dispersal of sea lamprey, alewife, and other fishes in the eastern United States. Environ. Biol. Fishes, 60: 309-329.
21. Dechtiar, A.O. 1965. Preliminary observations on Glugea hertwigi, Weissenberg, 1911 (Microsporidia; Glugeidae) in American smelt, Osmerus mordax (Mitchill), from Lake Erie. Can. Fish. Cult. 34: 35-38.
22. Deevey, E.S., Jr., and Deevey, G.B. 1971. The American species of Eubosmina Seligo (Crustacea, Cladocera). Limnol. Oceanogr. 16: 201-218.
23. De Melo, R., and Hebert, P.D.N. 1994. A taxonomic reevaluation of North American Bosminidae. Can. J. Zool. 72: 1808-1825.
24. Derzhavin, A.N. 1951. Study in the history of the fauna of the Caspian and freshwater basins of Azerbaijan. In Animal world of Azerbaijan. Edited by A.N. Alizade, S.M. Asadov, and A.N. Derzhavin. Izdatelstvo Akademii nauk Azerbaidzhanskoi SSR, Baku, Azerbaijan SSR. pp. 34-67. [In Russian.]
25. Drake, L.A., Choi, K.-H., Ruiz, G.M., and Dobbs, F.C. 2001. Global redistribution of bacterioplankton and virioplankton communities. Biol. Invasions, 3: 193-199.
26. Duggan, I.C. 2002. First record of a wild population of the tropical snail Melanoides tuberculata in New Zealand natural waters. N.Z. J. Mar. Freshw. Res. 36: 825-829.
27. Eakins, N. 1995. Ships on the Great Lakes in 1994. Canadian Coast Guard, Point Edward, Ont.
28. Eakins, N. 1996. Seaway lakers and salties 1995. Canadian Coast Guard, Point Edward, Ont.
29. Eakins, N. 1997. Seaway lakers and salties 1996. Canadian Coast Guard, Point Edward, Ont.
30. Eakins, N. 1998. Lakers and salties 1997-1998. Canadian Coast Guard, Point Edward, Ont.
31. Eakins, N. 1999. Lakers and salties 1998-1999. Canadian Coast Guard, Point Edward, Ont.
32. Eakins, N. 2000. Lakers and salties 1999-2000. Canadian Coast Guard, Point Edward, Ont.
33. Eakins, N. 2001. Salties 2000-2001. Canadian Coast Guard, Point Edward, Ont.
34. Fago, D. 1993. Skipjack herring, Alosa chrysochloris, expanding its range into the Great Lakes. Can. Field-Nat. 107: 352-353.
35. Farara, D.G., and Erséus, C. 1991. Phallodrilus aquaedulcis Hrabe, 1960, a meiobenthic freshwater oligochaete (Tubificidae) previously known only from Europe, recorded from the Niagara River, North America. Can. J. Zool. 69: 291-294.
36. Fuller, P.L., Nico, L.G., and Williams, J.D. 1999. Nonindigenous fishes introduced into inland waters of the United States. Am. Fish. Soc., Spec. Publ. No. 27, Bethesda, Md.
37. Galarowicz, T., and Cochran, P.A. 1991. Response by the parasitic crustacean Argulus japonicus to host chemical cues. J. Freshw. Ecol. 6: 455-456.
38. Gollasch, S., and Leppäkoski, E. 1999. Initial risk assessment of alien species in Nordic coastal waters. Nord 1999: 8. Nordic Council of Ministers, Copenhagen, Denmark.
39. Grigorovich, I.A., and MacIsaac, H.J. 1999. First record of Corophium mucronatum Sars (Crustacea: Amphipoda) in the Great Lakes. J. Gt. Lakes Res. 25: 401-405.
40. Grigorovich, I.A., Korniushin, A.V., and MacIsaac, H.J. 2000. Moitessier's pea clam Pisidium moitessierianum (Bivalvia, Sphaeriidae): a cryptogenic mollusc in the Great Lakes. Hydrobiologia, 435: 153-165.
41. Grigorovich, I.A., Dovgal, I.V., MacIsaac, H.J., and Monchenko, V.I. 2001. Acineta nitocrae: a new suctorian epizooic on nonindigenous harpacticoid copepods, Nitocra hibernica and N. incerta, in the Laurentian Great Lakes. Arch. Hydrobiol. 152: 161-176.
42. Grigorovich, I.A., MacIsaac, H.J., Shadrin, N.V., and Mills, E.L. 2002. Patterns and mechanisms of aquatic invertebrate introductions in the Ponto-Caspian region. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 59: 1189-1208.
43. Grigorovich, I.A., Korniushin, A.V., Gray, D.K., Duggan, I.C., Colautti, R.I., and MacIsaac, H.J. 2003. Lake Superior: an invasion coldspot. Hydrobiologia. In press.
44. Haugom, G.P., Behrens, H.L., and Andersen, A.B. 2002. Risk based methodology to assess invasive aquatic species in ballast water. In Aquatic invasive species of Europe - distribution, impacts and management. Edited by E. Leppäkoski, S. Gollasch, and S. Olenin. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, pp. 467-476.
45. Hayes, K.R. 1998. Ecological risk assessment for ballast water introductions: a suggested approach. ICES J. Mar. Sci. 52: 201-212.
46. Hebert, P.D.N., Muncaster, B.W., and Mackie, G.L. 1989. Ecological and genetic studies on Dreissena polymorpha (Pallas): a new mollusc in the Great Lakes. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 46: 1587-1591.
47. Hoffman, G.L., and Schubert, G. 1984. Some parasites of exotic fishes. Edited by W.R. Courtenenay, Jr., and J.R. Stauffer, Jr. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Md. pp. 223-261.
48. Holm, E., and Coker, G.A. 1981. First records of the ghost shiner (Notropis buchanani) and the orangespotted sunfish (Lepomis humilis). Can. Field-Nat. 95: 210-211.
49. Holm, E., and Hamilton, J.G. 1988. Range extension for the fourspine stickleback, Apeltes quadracus, to Thunder Bay, Lake Superior. Can. Field-Nat. 102: 653-656.
50. Hopkins, C. 2001. A review of introductions and transfers of alien marine species in the North Sea area. Norwegian Ministry of the Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark.
51. Horvath, T.G, Whitman, R.L., and Last, L. 2001. Establishment of two invasive crustaceans (Copepoda: Harpacticoida) in the nearshore sands of Lake Michigan. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 58: 1261-1264.
52. Howarth, R.S. 1981. The presence and implication of foreign organisms in ship ballast waters discharged into the Great Lakes. Vols. 1 and 2. Prepared for the Water Pollution Control Directorate, Environmental Protective Service, Environment Canada. Bio-Environmental Services Ltd., Georgetown, Ont.
53. Hudson, P.L., and Bowen, C.A., II. 2002. First record of Neoergasilus japonicus (Poecilostomatoida: Ergasilidae), a parasitic copepod new to the Laurentian Great Lakes. J. Parasitol. 88: 657-663.
54. Hudson, P.L., Reid, J.W., Lesko, L.T., and Selgeby, J.H. 1998. Cyclopoid and harpacticoid copepods of the Laurentian Great Lakes, Ohio Biol. Surv. Bull. New Ser. 12(2): i-vi + 1-50.
55. Jude, D., Reider, R.H., and Smith, G.R. 1992. Establishment of Gobiidae in the Great Lakes Basin. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 49: 416-421.
56. Karpevich, A.F. 1975. Theory and practice of acclimatization of aquatic organisms. Pishchevaya Promyshlennost, Moscow, The Russ. SFSR. [In Russian.]
57. Kelleher, B., Van der Velde, G., Giller, P.S., and Bij de Vaate, A. 1999. Dominant role of exotic invertebrates, mainly Crustacea, in diets of fish in the lower Rhine River. In The biodiversity crisis and Crustacea. Proceedings of the Fourth International Crustacean congress. Vol. 2. Edited by J.C. von Vaupel Klein and F.R. Schram. Balkema, Rotterdam. pp. 35-46.
58. Kolar, C.S., and Lodge, D.M. 2001. Progress in invasion biology: predicting invaders. Trends Ecol. Evol. 16: 199-204.
59. Kolar, C.S., and Lodge, D.M. 2002. Ecological predictions and risk assessment for alien fishes in North America. Science (Wash., D.C.), 298: 1233-1236.
60. Lasee, B.A., Sutherland, D.R., and Moubry, M.E. 1988. Host-parasite relationships between burbot (Lota lota) and adult Salmincola lotae (Copepoda). Can. J. Zool. 66: 2459-2463.
61. Locke, A., Reid, D.M., Sprules, W.G., Carlton, J.T., and van Leeuwen, H.C. 1991. Effectiveness of mid-ocean exchange in controlling freshwater and coastal zooplankton in ballast water. Can. Tech. Rep. Fish. Aquat. Sci. No. 1822.
62. Locke, A., Reid, D.M., van Leeuwen, H.C., Sprules, W.G., and Carlton, J.T. 1993. Ballast water exchange as a means of controlling dispersal of freshwater organisms by ships. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 50: 2086-2093.
63. MacIsaac, H.J. 1999. Biological invasions in Lake Erie: past, present and future. In State of Lake Erie: past, present and future. Edited by M. Munawar and T. Edsall. Backhuys, Leiden, The Netherlands. pp. 305-322.
64. MacIsaac, H.J., Grigorovich, I.A., Hoyle, J.A., Yan, N.D., and Panov, V.E. 1999. Invasion of Lake Ontario by the Ponto-Caspian predatory cladoceran Cercopagis pengoi. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 56: 1-5.
65. MacIsaac, H.J., Grigorovich, I.A., and Ricciardi, A. 2001. Reassessment of species invasion concepts: the Great Lakes basin as a model. Biol. Invasions, 3: 405-416.
66. MacIsaac, H.J., Robbins, T.C., and Lewis, M.A. 2002. Modeling ships' ballast water as invasion threats to the Great Lakes. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 59: 1245-1256.
67. Mackie, G.L. 1999. Ballast water introductions of Mollusca. In Nonindigenous freshwater organisms: vectors, biology and impacts. Edited by R. Claudi and J.H. Leach. CRC Press LLC, Boca Raton, Fla. pp. 219-254.
68. MacNeill, D. 1998. The discovery of blueback herring, Alosa aestivalis, in the Great Lakes raises speculations on its colonization potential and species impact. Gt. Lakes Res. Rev. 3(2): 8-12.
69. May, B., and Marsden, J.E. 1992. Genetic identification and implications of another invasive species of dreissenid mussel in the Great Lakes. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 49: 1501-1506.
70. McMahon, R.F. 1999. Invasive characteristics of the freshwater bivalve clam Corbicula fluminea. In Nonindigenous freshwater organisms: vectors, biology and impacts. Edited by R. Claudi and J.H. Leach. CRC Press LLC, Boca Raton, Fla. pp. 315-343.
71. Mills, E.L., Leach, J.H., Carlton, J.T., and Secor, C.L. 1993a. Exotic species in the Great Lakes: a history of biotic crises and anthropogenic introductions. J. Gt. Lakes Res. 19: 1-54.
72. Mills, E.L., Leach, J.H., Carton, J.T., and Secor, C.L. 1993b. What's next? The prediction and management of exotic species in the Great Lakes. Report to the Great Lakes Fishery Commision, Ann Arbor, Mich.
73. Mills, E.L., Chrisman, J.R., Baldwin, B., Owens, R.W., O'Gorman, R., Howell, T., Roseman, E.F., and Raths, M.K. 1999. Changes in the dreissenid community in the lower Great Lakes with emphasis on southern Lake Ontario. J. Gt. Lakes Res. 25: 187-197.
74. Monchenko, V.I. 1974. Gnathostomatous cyclopids (Cyclopidae). Fauna of Ukraine. Vol. 27. Fasc. 3. Naukova Dumka, Kiev, The Ukr. SSR. [In Ukrainian.]
75. Mordukhai-Boltovskoi, F.D. 1960. Caspian fauna in the Azov and Black Sea Basins. Izdatelstvo Akad. Nauk SSSR, Moscow-Leningrad, The Russ. SFSR. [In Russian.]
76. Mordukhai-Boltovskoi, F.D. 1970. On the Caspian fauna in the Black Sea (beyond the freshened regions). Gidrobiol. Zhurn. 6(6): 20-25. [In Russian.]
77. Muzinic, C.J. 2000. First record of Daphnia lumholtzi Sars in the Great Lakes. J. Gt. Lakes Res. 26: 352-354.
78. Nepszy, S.J., and Leach, J.H. 1973. First record of the Chinese mitten crab, Eriocheir sinensis, (Crustacea: Brachyura) from North America. J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 30: 1909-1910.
79. Niimi, A.J. 2000. Influence of vessel transit patterns on developing a ballast water treatment strategy for exotic species. Mar. Poll. Bull. 40: 253-256.
80. Patalas, K. 1969. Composition and horizontal distribution of crustacean plankton in Lake Ontario. J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 26: 2135-2164.
81. Pronin, N.M., Fleischer, G.W., Baldanova, D.R., and Pronina, S.V. 1997. Parasites of the recently established round goby (Neogobius melanostomus) and tubenose goby (Proterorhinus marmoratus) (Cottidae) from the St. Clair River and Lake St. Clair, Michigan, U.S.A. Folia Parasitol. 44: 1-6.
82. Pronin, N.M., Selgeby, J.H., Litvinov, A.G., and Pronina, S.V. 1998. Comparative ecology and parasitic fauna of exotic invaders in the great lakes of the world: the rotan (Perccottus glehni) in Lake Baikal and the ruffe (Gymnocephalus cernuus) in Lake Superior. Sibirskii Ekol. Zhurn. 5: 397-406. [In Russian.]
83. Reed, E.B., and McIntyre, N.E. 1995. Cyclops strenuus (Fischer, 1851) sensu lato in Alaska and Canada, with new records of occurrence. Can. J. Zool. 73: 1699-1711.
84. Reid, D.F., and Orlova, M.I. 2002. Geological and evolutionary underpinnings for the success of Ponto-Caspian species invasions in the Baltic Sea and North American Great Lakes. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 59: 1189-1208.
85. Ricciardi, A. 2001. Facilitative interactions among aquatic invaders: is an "invasional meltdown" occurring in the Great Lakes? Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 58: 2513-2525.
86. Ricciardi, A., and MacIsaac, H.J. 2000. Recent mass invasion of the North American Great Lakes by Ponto-Caspian species. Trends Ecol. Evol. 15: 62-65.
87. Ricciardi, A., and Rasmussen, J.B. 1998. Predicting the identity and impact of future biological invaders: a priority for aquatic resource management. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 55: 1759-1765.
88. Robertson, A., and Gannon, J.E. 1981. Annotated checklist of the free-living copepods of the Great Lakes. J. Gt. Lakes Res. 7: 382-393.
89. Ruiz, G.M., Fofonoff, P.W., Carlton, J.T., Wonham M.J., and Hines, A.H. 2000. Invasion of coastal marine communities in North America: apparent patterns, processes, and biases. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 31: 481-531.
90. Sakai, A.K., Allendorf, F.W., Holt, J.S., Lodge, D.M., Molofsky, J., With, K.A., Baughman, S., Cabin, R.J., Cohen, J.E., Ellstrand, N.C., McCauley, D.E., O'Neil, P., Parker, I.M., Thompson, J.N., and Weller, S.G. 2001. The population biology of invasive species. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 32: 305-332.
91. Selgeby, J.H. 1975. Life histories and abundance of crustacean zooplankton in the outlet of Lake Superior, 1971-1972. J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 32: 461-470.
92. Simon, T.P., and Vondruska, J.T. 1991. Larval identification of the ruffe, Gymnocephalus cernuus (Linnaeus) (Percidae: Percini), in the St. Louis River Estuary, Lake Superior drainage basin, Minnesota. Can. J. Zool. 69: 436-442.
93. Smith, K., and Fernando, C.H. 1978. A guide to the freshwater calanoid and cyclopoid copepod Crustacea of Ontario. University of Waterloo Biol. Ser. No. 18, Waterloo, Ont.
94. Spencer, D.R., and Hudson, P.L. 2003. The Oligochaeta (Annelida, Clitellata) of the St. Lawrence Great Lakes region: an update. J. Gt. Lakes Res. 29: 89-104.
95. United States Coast Guard. 1993. Ballast water management for vessels entering the Great Lakes. Code of Federal Regulations 33-CFR. Part 151.1510.
96. Vanderploeg, H.A., Nalepa, T.F., Jude, D.J., Mills, E.L., Holeck, K., Liebig, J.R., Grigorovich, I.A., and Ojaveer, H. 2002. Dispersal and emerging ecological impacts of Ponto-Caspian species in the Laurentian Great Lakes. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 59: 1209-1228.
97. Van der Velde, G., Rajagopal, S., Kelleher, B., Muskó, I., and Bij de Vaate, A. 1999. Ecological impact of crustacean invaders: general considerations and examples from the Rhine River. In The biodiversity crisis and Crustacea. Proceedings of the Fourth International Crustacean congress. Vol. 2. Edited by J.C. von Vaupel Klein and F.R. Schram. Balkema, Rotterdam. pp. 3-33.
98. van Overdijk, C.D.A., Grigorovich, I.A., Mabee, T., Ray, W.J., Ciborowski, J.J.H., and MacIsaac, H.J. 2003. Microhabitat selection by the invasive amphipod Echinogammarus ischnus and native Gammarus fasciatus in laboratory experiments and in Lake Erie. Freshw. Biol. 48: 567-578.
99. Wells, L. 1970. Effects of alewife predation on zooplankton populations in Lake Michigan. Limnol. Oceanogr. 13: 556-565.
100. Werner, R.G. 1972. Bluespotted sunfish, Enneacanthus gloriosus, in the Lake Ontario drainage. Copeia, 1972(4): 878-879.
101. Wiley, C.J. 1995. Ballast water control: the Canadian approach. In Proceedings of the Fifth International Zebra Mussel and Other Aquatic Nuisance Organisms Conference held in Toronto, Canada, February 1995. Ontario Hydro, Toronto, Ont. pp. 489-494.
102. Witt, J.D.S., Hebert, P.D.N., and Morton, W.B. 1997. Echinogammarus ischnus: another crustacean invader in the Laurentian Great Lakes basin. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 54: 264-268.
103. Wonham, M.J., Carlton, J.T., Ruiz, G.M., and Smith, L.D. 2000. Fish and ships: relating dispersal frequency to success in biological invasions. Mar. Biol. 136: 1111-1121.
104. Wonham, M.J., Walton, W.C., Ruiz, G.M., Frese, A.M., and Galil, B.S. 2001. Going to the source: role of the invasion pathway in determining potential invaders. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 215: 1-12.
105. Zaranko, D.T., Farara, D.G., and Thompson, F.G. 1997. Another exotic mollusc in the Laurentian Great Lakes: the New Zealand native Potamopyrgus antipodarum (Gray 1843) (Gastropoda, Hydrobiidae). Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 54: 809-814.