The anatomy of the cerebral cortex of the echidna (Tachyglossus aculeatus)

Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology - A Molecular and Integrative Physiology

Volumn 136, Issue 4, 2003, Pages 827-850

  Hassiotis, M ^a   Paxinos, G ^a   Ashwell, K W S ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NEW SOUTH WALES   (Australia)

Author keywords

Dendritic spines; Gyrification; Isocortex; Mammals; Monotreme; Neocortex; Prototherian; Pyramidal; Synapse

Indexed keywords

ANIMAL CELL; ANIMAL TISSUE; BRAIN CELL; BRAIN CORTEX; BRAIN DEVELOPMENT; BRAIN SIZE; CELL DENSITY; CELL ULTRASTRUCTURE; COMPARATIVE ANATOMY; CONFERENCE PAPER; CONTROLLED STUDY; DENDRITE; DENDRITIC SPINE; ECHIDNA; FEMALE; FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY; MALE; MOTOR CORTEX; NERVE CELL DIFFERENTIATION; NEUROANATOMY; NONHUMAN; PROSIMIAN; PYRAMIDAL NERVE CELL; SOMATOSENSORY CORTEX; SPECIES COMPARISON; SPECIES DIFFERENCE; SPINE; SYNAPSE;

EUTHERIA; MAMMALIA; MONOTREMATA; PROTOTHERIA; RODENTIA; STREPSIRHINI; TACHYGLOSSUS ACULEATUS; THERIA;

EID: 0344436671     PISSN: 10956433     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S1095-6433(03)00166-1     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (62)

1. Abbie A.A. Cortical lamination in the monotremata. J. Comp. Neurol. 72:1940;429-467.
2. Blaesing B., Nossoll M., Teuchert-Noodt G., Dawirs R.R. Postnatal maturation of prefrontal pyramidal neurons is sensitive to a single early dose of methamphetamine in gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus). J. Neural. Trans. 108:2001;101-113.
3. Blue M.E., Parnavelas J.G. The formation and maturation of synapses in the visual cortex of the rat. II. Quantitative analysis. J. Neurocytol. 12:1983;697-712.
4. Bourgeois J.-P., Rakic P. Changes of synaptic density in the primary visual cortex of the macaque monkey from fetal to adult stage. J. Neurosci. 13:1993;2601-2820.
5. Clemens W.A. Mesozoic mammalian evolution. Ecol. Syst. 1:1970;357-390.
6. Clemens W.A. Notes on the monotremata. Lillegraven J.A., Kielan-Jaworowska Z., Clemens W.A. Mesozoic Mammals: The First Two-thirds of Mammalian Evolution. 1979;309-311 University of California Press, Berkeley.
7. Colonnier M., Beaulieu C. An empirical assessment of stereological formulae applied to the counting of synaptic disks in the cerebral cortex. J. Comp. Neurol. 231:1985;175-179.
8. Crompton A.W., Jenkins F.A.J. Mammals from reptiles: a review of mammalian origins. Annu. Rev. Earth Planetary Sci. 1:1973;131-155.
9. Dann J.F., Buhl E.H. Patterns of connectivity in the neocortex of the echidna (Tachyglossus aculeatus). Cerebr. Cortex. 5:1995;363-373.
10. Dawson T.J. Monotremes and marsupials: the other mammals. Institute of Biology's Studies in Biology, vol. 150. 1983;Edward Arnold, London.
11. Divac I., Holst M.C., Nelson J., McKenzie J.S. Afferents of the frontal cortex in the echidna (Tachyglossus aculeatus). Indication of an outstandingly large prefrontal area. Brain Behav. Evol. 30:1987;303-320.
12. Divac I., Pettigrew J.D., Holst M.C., McKenzie J.S. Efferent connections of the prefrontal cortex of the echidna (Tachyglossus aculeatus). Brain Behav. Evol. 30:1987;321-327.
13. Feldman M.L. Morphology of the neocortical pyramidal neuron. Peters A., Jones E.G. Cerebral Cortex, Vol 1. Cellular Components of the Cerebral Cortex. 1984;123-200 Plenum, New York.
14. Feldman M.L., Peters A. A technique for estimating total spine numbers on Golgi impregnated dendrites. J. Comp. Neurol. 188:1979;527-542.
15. Franklin K.B.J., Paxinos G. The Mouse Brain in Stereotaxic Co-ordinates. 1997;Academic, San Diego.
16. Friede R. Der quantitative Anteil der Glia an der Cortexentwicklung. Acta Anat. 20:1954;290-296.
17. Garey L.J., Leuba G. A quantitative study of neuronal and glial numerical density in the visual cortex of the bottlenose dolphin: Evidence for a specialized subarea and changes with age. J. Comp. Neurol. 247:1986;491-496.
18. Garey L.J., Winkelmann E., Brauer K. Golgi and Nissl studies of the visual cortex of the bottlenosed dolphin. J. Comp. Neurol. 240:1985;305-321.
19. Glezer I.I., Morgane P.J. Ultrastructure of synapses and Golgi analysis of neurons in neocortex of the lateral gyrus (visual cortex) of the dolphin and pilot whale. Brain Res. Bull. 24:1990;401-427.
20. Gray E.G. Axosomatic and axodendritic synapses of the cerebral cortex: an electron microscope study. J. Anat. 93:1959;420-433.
21. Griffiths M. Echidnas. 1968;Pergamon, Oxford.
22. Griffiths M. The Biology of the Monotremes. 1978;Academic, New York.
23. Haight J.R., Murray P.F. The cranial endocast of the early Miocene marsupial, Wynyardia bassiana: an assessment of taxonomic relationships based upon comparisons with recent forms. Brain Behav. Evol. 19:1981;17-36.
24. Halasz, P., Martin, P., 1995. Magellan: Program for the quantitative analysis of histological sections. UNSW.
25. Hassiotis M., Ashwell K.W.S. Neuronal classes in the isocortex of an echidna (Tachyglossus aculeatus). Brain Behav. Evol. 61:2003;6-27.
26. Hawkins A., Olszewski J. Glia/nerve cell index for cortex of the whale. Science. 126:1957;76-77.
27. Heumann D., Leuba G., Rabinowicz T. Postnatal development of the mouse cerebral neocortex IV. Evolution of the total cortical volume, of the population of neurons and glial cells. J. Hirnforsch. 19:1978;385-393.
28. Hofman M.A. Encephalization in mammals in relation to the size of the cerebral cortex. Brain Behav. Evol. 20:1982;84-96.
29. Horner C.H. Plasticity of the dendritic spine. Prog. Neurobiol. 41:1993;281-321.
30. Huttenlocher P.R., de Courten Ch. The development of synapses in striate cortex of man. Human Neurobiol. 6:1987;1-9.
31. Kaas J.H. What, if anything, is S1? Organization of first somatosensory area of cortex. Physiol. Rev. 63:1983;206-231.
32. Krubitzer L. What can monotremes tell us about brain evolution? Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B. 353:1998;1127-1146.
33. Krubitzer L., Manger P., Pettigrew J., Calford M. Organization of somatosensory cortex in monotremes: in search of the prototypical plan. J. Comp. Neurol. 351:1995;261-306.
34. Lende R.A. Representation in the cerebral cortex of a primitive mammal, sensorimotor, visual, and auditory fields in the echidna (Tachyglossus aculeatus). J. Neurophysiol. 27:1964;37-48.
35. Leuba G., Garey L.J. Comparison of neuronal and glial numerical density in primary and secondary visual cortex of man. Exp. Brain Res. 77:1989;31-38.
36. Leuba G., Heumann D., Rabinowicz T. Postnatal development of the mouse cerebral neocortex I. Quantitative cytoarchitectonics of some motor and sensory areas. J. Hirnforsch. 18:1977;461-481.
37. Meyer J. A quantitative comparison of the parts of the brains of two Australian marsupials and some eutherian mammals. Brain Behav. Evol. 18:1981;60-71.
38. Nieuwenhuys R. The neocortex. An overview of its evolutionary development, structural organization and synaptology. Anat. Embryol. 190:1994;307-337.
39. O'Kusky J., Colonnier M. A laminar analysis of the number of neurons, glia and synases in the adult visual cortex (area 17) of adult macaque monkeys. J. Comp. Neurol. 210:1982;278-290.
40. Paxinos G., Kus L., Ashwell K.W.S., Watson C.R. Chemoarchitectonic Atlas of the Rat Forebrain. 1999;Academic, San Diego.
41. Paxinos G., Huang X.F., Toga A. The Rhesus Monkey in Stereotaxic Co-ordinates. 2000;Academic, San Diego.
42. Pirlot P., Nelson J. Volumetric analyses of monotreme brains. Aust. Zool. 20:1978;171-179.
43. Qi H.-X., Jain N., Preuss T.M., Kaas J.H. Inverted pyramidal neurons in chimpanzee sensorimotor cortex are revealed by immunostaining with monoclonal antibody SMI-32. Somatosens. Motor Res. 16:1999;49-56.
44. Quiroga J.C. The brains of two mammal-like reptiles (Cynodontia - Therapsida). J. Hirnforsch. 20:1979;341-350.
45. Quiroga J.C. The brain of the mammal-like reptile Probainognathus jenseni (Therapsida, Cynodontia). A correlative paleo-neurological approach to the neocortex at the reptile-mammal transition. J. Hirnforsch. 21:1980;299-336.
46. Quiroga J.C. Further studies on cynodont endocasts (Reptilia - Therapsida). Z. Mikrosk. Anat. Forsch. 94:1980;580-592.
47. Quiroga J.C. The endocranial cast of the advanced mammal-like reptile Therioherpeton cargnini (Therapsida - Cynodontia) from the middle Triassic of Brazil. J. Hirnforsch. 25:1984;285-290.
48. Richardson B.J. A new view of the relationships of Australian and American marsupials. Aust. Mammal. 11:1987;71-73.
49. Richman D.P., Stewart R.M., Hutchison J.W. Mechanical model of brain convolutional development. Science. 189:1975;18-21.
50. Sanides D., Sanides F. A comparative Golgi study of the neocortex in insectivores and rodents. Z. Mikrosk. Anat. Forsch. 88:1974;957-977.
51. Sholl D.A. A comparative study of the neuronal packing density in the cerebral cortex. J. Anat. 93:1959;143-158.
52. Sirevaag A.M., Greenough W.T. Differential rearing effects on rat visual cortex synapses. II. Synaptic morphometry. Dev. Brain Res. 19:1985;215-226.
53. Smith, G.E., 1902. Order monotremata. Royal College of Surgeons Museum Catalogue of the Physiological Series of Comparative Anatomy. 2, 133-157.
54. Sterio D.C. The unbiased estimation of number and sizes of arbitrary particles using the dissector. J. Microsci. 134:1984;127-136.
55. Ulinski P.S. Thalamic projections to the somatosensory cortex of the echidna (Tachyglossus aculeatus). J. Comp. Neurol. 229:1984;153-170.
56. Ungersböck A., Kretz R., Rager G. Synaptogenesis in the primary visual cortex of the tree shrew (Tupaia belangeri). J. Comp. Neurol. 308:1991;491-504.
57. Walsh T.M., Ebner F.F. The cytoarchitecture of the somatic sensory-motor cortex in the opossum (Didelphis marsupialis virginiana). J. Anat. 107:1970;1-18.
58. Welker W., Lende R.A. Thalamocortical relationship in echidna (Tachyglossus aculeatus). Ebbesson S.O.E. Comparative Neurology of the Telencephalon. 1980;449-481 Plenum, New York.
59. West M.J., Gundersen H.J.G. Unbiased stereological estimation of the number of neurons in the human hippocampus. J. Comp. Neurol. 296:1990;1-22.
60. Zecevic N., Rakic P. Synaptogenesis in monkey somatosensory cortex. Cerebr. Cortex. 1:1991;510-523.
61. Zielinski B.S., Hendrickson A.E. Development of synapses in macaque monkey striate cortex. Vis. Neurosci. 8:1992;491-504.
62. Zilles K., Armstrong E., Moser K.H., Schleicher A., Stephan H. Gyrification in the cerebral cortex of primates. Brain Behav. Evol. 34:1989;143-150.