Hegel, Human Rights, and Particularism

Journal of Law and Society

Volumn 30, Issue 4, 2003, Pages 554-574

  Mullender, Richard ^a  

^a NEWCASTLE UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

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EID: 0344392852     PISSN: 0263323X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-6478.2003.00270.x     Document Type: Review

References (159)

1. For applications of Hegelian political philosophy to, among other things, contract law, property law, public law, and tort law, see D. Cornell, M. Rosenfeld, and D. Gray Carlson (eds.), Hegel and Legal Philosophy (1991) in which some of the papers from the conference on 'Hegel and Legal Theory' held in the Cardozo Law School in 1988 are published. The proceedings of the conference are published in (1988) 10 Cardozo Law Rev. 847-1931. See, also, M. Salter (ed.), Hegel and Law (2002).
2. For applications of Hegelian political philosophy to, among other things, contract law, property law, public law, and tort law, see D. Cornell, M. Rosenfeld, and D. Gray Carlson (eds.), Hegel and Legal Philosophy (1991) in which some of the papers from the conference on 'Hegel and Legal Theory' held in the Cardozo Law School in 1988 are published. The proceedings of the conference are published in (1988) 10 Cardozo Law Rev. 847-1931. See, also, M. Salter (ed.), Hegel and Law (2002).
3. For applications of Hegelian political philosophy to, among other things, contract law, property law, public law, and tort law, see D. Cornell, M. Rosenfeld, and D. Gray Carlson (eds.), Hegel and Legal Philosophy (1991) in which some of the papers from the conference on 'Hegel and Legal Theory' held in the Cardozo Law School in 1988 are published. The proceedings of the conference are published in (1988) 10 Cardozo Law Rev. 847-1931. See, also, M. Salter (ed.), Hegel and Law (2002).
4. See M. Freeden, Rights (1991) 37.
5. id., p. 7.
6. See H.J. Steiner and P. Alston, International Human Rights In Context: Law, Politics, Morals (2000, 2nd edn.) 366.
7. See C. Douzinas, 'Identity, Recognition, Rights or What Can Hegel Teach Us About Human Rights?' (2002) 29 J. of Law and Society 379, at 402 and 384; C. Douzinas, The End of Human Rights: Critical Legal Thought at the Turn of the Century (2000) ch. 10.
8. See C. Douzinas, 'Identity, Recognition, Rights or What Can Hegel Teach Us About Human Rights?' (2002) 29 J. of Law and Society 379, at 402 and 384; C. Douzinas, The End of Human Rights: Critical Legal Thought at the Turn of the Century (2000) ch. 10.
9. G.W.F. Hegel, The Philosophy of Right (1991, ed. A.W. Wood) paras. 34-40.
10. Douzinas, op. cit (2002), n. 5, p. 397.
11. id., p. 403.
12. i b i d.
13. id., p. 380, discussing, among other things, Kant's account of rational freedom and moral responsibility as 'central' characteristics of human nature.
14. id., pp. 387 and 405.
15. Douzinas, op. cit (2002), n. 5, p. 387.
16. id., quoting Hegel, op. cit., n. 6, para. 209.
17. Douzinas, op. cit (2002), n. 5., pp. 384-5.
18. id, pp. 383-6.
19. id. On the metaphysic mentioned in the text, see R. Plant, Hegel: On Religion and Philosophy (1997) 54.
20. id. On the metaphysic mentioned in the text, see R. Plant, Hegel: On Religion and Philosophy (1997) 54.
21. Douzinas, op. cit (2002), n. 5, pp. 383-6. See, also, G.W.F. Hegel, The Philosophy of History (1956) 19.
22. Douzinas, op. cit (2002), n. 5, pp. 383-6. See, also, G.W.F. Hegel, The Philosophy of History (1956) 19.
23. Douzinas, id., p. 405.
24. id., p. 402.
25. id., p. 405.
26. id., p. 390.
27. id., pp. 390 and 383.
28. id., p. 390. See, also, Douzinas, op. cit (2000), n. 5, p. 275.
29. id., p. 390. See, also, Douzinas, op. cit (2000), n. 5, p. 275.
30. Douzinas, op. cit (2002), n. 5, p. 405, quoting G.W.F. Hegel, The Phenomenology of Spirit (1977) 140.
31. Douzinas, op. cit (2002), n. 5, p. 405, quoting G.W.F. Hegel, The Phenomenology of Spirit (1977) 140.
32. Douzinas, id., p. 382.
33. See Douzinas, op. cit (2000), n. 5, p. 148 and pp. 348-57. See E. Levinas, Totality and Infinity (1969) 43, and J. Derrida, Spectres of Marx: The State of the Debt, the Work of Mourning, and the New International (1994).
34. See Douzinas, op. cit (2000), n. 5, p. 148 and pp. 348-57. See E. Levinas, Totality and Infinity (1969) 43, and J. Derrida, Spectres of Marx: The State of the Debt, the Work of Mourning, and the New International (1994).
35. See Douzinas, op. cit (2000), n. 5, p. 148 and pp. 348-57. See E. Levinas, Totality and Infinity (1969) 43, and J. Derrida, Spectres of Marx: The State of the Debt, the Work of Mourning, and the New International (1994).
36. Douzinas, id., p. 243.
37. id., pp. 198-9.
38. Douzinas's utopianism finds expression in id., pp. 336-42. For an extended critical assessment, see S. Motha and T. Zartaloudis, 'Law, Ethics, and the Utopian End of Human Rights' (2003) 12 Social & Legal Studies 243.
39. Douzinas's utopianism finds expression in id., pp. 336-42. For an extended critical assessment, see S. Motha and T. Zartaloudis, 'Law, Ethics, and the Utopian End of Human Rights' (2003) 12 Social & Legal Studies 243.
40. While the point cannot be pursued in the compass of this piece, support for the view that individuals and institutions cannot respond to people in all their particularity can be found in, for example, M. Kundera, The Unbearable Lightness of Being (1985) 193.
41. J. Rawls, Lectures on the History of Moral Philosophy (2000) 330, 348, 352, 364, on 'the liberalism of freedom' (as articulated by, among others, Kant, Hegel, and Mill) and human rights.
42. I. Berlin, Four Essays On Liberty (1969) 171 (on 'unpredictably self-transforming human beings'). See, also, J.S. Mill, On Liberty (1989, ed. S. Collini) 60 (describing 'human nature' as 'require[ing] to grow and develop itself on all sides, according to the tendency of the inward forces which make it a living thing") and 81 (on 'experiments in living').
43. I. Berlin, Four Essays On Liberty (1969) 171 (on 'unpredictably self-transforming human beings'). See, also, J.S. Mill, On Liberty (1989, ed. S. Collini) 60 (describing 'human nature' as 'require[ing] to grow and develop itself on all sides, according to the tendency of the inward forces which make it a living thing") and 81 (on 'experiments in living').
44. On Sehnsucht, see R. Scruton, An Intelligent Person's Guide To Modern Culture (1998) 45.
45. Rawls, op. cit., n. 31, pp. 336, 366.
46. T. Emerson, Towards a General Theory of the First Amendment' (1963) 72 Yale Law J. 877, at 879-80.
47. C. Taylor, Sources of the Self: The Making of Modern Identity (1989) ch. 21.
48. id., p. 374 (emphasis added). See, also, p. 12.
49. See R. Rorty, Contingency, Irony, and Solidarity (1989) ch. 4. See, also, I. Hampsher-Monk, A History of Modern Political Thought: Major Political Thinkers from Hobbes to Marx (1992) 462.
50. See R. Rorty, Contingency, Irony, and Solidarity (1989) ch. 4. See, also, I. Hampsher-Monk, A History of Modern Political Thought: Major Political Thinkers from Hobbes to Marx (1992) 462.
51. See A. Hamilton, J. Madison, and J. Jay, The Federalist or the New Constitution (1992) 10.
52. Taylor, op. cit., n. 36, p. 17. See, also, pp. 10-11.
53. i b i d.
54. i b i d.
55. id., p. 18.
56. See D. Coupland, Generation X: Tales For An Accelerated Culture (1991) 161 (on 'option paralysis').
57. Taylor, op. cit., n. 36, p. 19.
58. Rawls, op. cit., n. 31, p. 336.
59. See N.E. Simmonds, Central Issues In Jurisprudence (2002) 72.
60. C. Taylor, 'Leading a Life' in Incommensurability, Incomparability and Practical Reason, ed. R. Chang (1997) 172.
61. See C. Schmitt, 'Der Begriff des Politischen' (1927) 58 Archiv für Sozial Wissenschaft 4, at 6. This essay formed the basis of C. Schmitt, The Concept of the Political (1976). See, also, E. Scheuerman, Carl Schmitt: The End of Law(1999) ch. 9 and D. Dyzenhaus, Legality And Legitimacy: Carl Schmitt, Hans Kelsen and Hermann Heller In Weimar (1997) ch. 2.
62. See C. Schmitt, 'Der Begriff des Politischen' (1927) 58 Archiv für Sozial Wissenschaft 4, at 6. This essay formed the basis of C. Schmitt, The Concept of the Political (1976). See, also, E. Scheuerman, Carl Schmitt: The End of Law(1999) ch. 9 and D. Dyzenhaus, Legality And Legitimacy: Carl Schmitt, Hans Kelsen and Hermann Heller In Weimar (1997) ch. 2.
63. See C. Schmitt, 'Der Begriff des Politischen' (1927) 58 Archiv für Sozial Wissenschaft 4, at 6. This essay formed the basis of C. Schmitt, The Concept of the Political (1976). See, also, E. Scheuerman, Carl Schmitt: The End of Law(1999) ch. 9 and D. Dyzenhaus, Legality And Legitimacy: Carl Schmitt, Hans Kelsen and Hermann Heller In Weimar (1997) ch. 2.
64. See C. Schmitt, 'Der Begriff des Politischen' (1927) 58 Archiv für Sozial Wissenschaft 4, at 6. This essay formed the basis of C. Schmitt, The Concept of the Political (1976). See, also, E. Scheuerman, Carl Schmitt: The End of Law(1999) ch. 9 and D. Dyzenhaus, Legality And Legitimacy: Carl Schmitt, Hans Kelsen and Hermann Heller In Weimar (1997) ch. 2.
65. Douzinas, op. cit (2002), n. 5, p. 403.
66. i b i d.
67. id. See, also, W. Kluback, 'A Man of Dark Thoughts: Carl Schmitt' (1988) 19 Owl of Minerva 183, 187.
68. id. See, also, W. Kluback, 'A Man of Dark Thoughts: Carl Schmitt' (1988) 19 Owl of Minerva 183, 187.
69. See J. Rawls, Political Liberalism (1993) 57, on the 'limited Social space' yielded by liberal politico-legal frameworks.
70. See Scheuerman, op. cit., n. 49, p. 17.
71. R.D. Winfield, 'Rethinking Politics: Carl Schmitt vs. Hegel' (1991) 22 Owl of Minerva 209, 216-17.
72. Hegel, op. cit., n. 6, paras. 142-5.
73. id., para. 244. See, also, P. Stillman, 'Property, Contract, and Ethical Life in Hegel's Philosophy of Right' ch. 7, in Cornell et al., op. cit., n. 1.
74. id., para. 244. See, also, P. Stillman, 'Property, Contract, and Ethical Life in Hegel's Philosophy of Right' ch. 7, in Cornell et al., op. cit., n. 1.
75. On underdeterminacy, see C.L. Kutz, 'Just Disagreement and Rationality in the Rule of Law' (1994) 103 Yale Law J. 997, at 1001.
76. Hegel, op. cit., n. 6, paras. 142-57.
77. id., paras. 301, 308, 309, 310, 315. See, also, A. Kojève, Introduction à la lecture de Hegel (1947) 436.
78. id., paras. 301, 308, 309, 310, 315. See, also, A. Kojève, Introduction à la lecture de Hegel (1947) 436.
79. Hegel, op. cit. n. 6, paras. 144, 257. See, also, C. Taylor, 'Hegel's Ambiguous Legacy for Modem Liberalism' ch. 2 in Cornell et al., op. cit., n. 1, pp. 71, 73, 75.
80. Hegel, op. cit. n. 6, paras. 144, 257. See, also, C. Taylor, 'Hegel's Ambiguous Legacy for Modem Liberalism' ch. 2 in Cornell et al., op. cit., n. 1, pp. 71, 73, 75.
81. Hegel, op. cit., n. 6, para. 3.
82. id., para. 301.
83. i b i d.
84. See R. Dworkin, Taking Rights Seriously (1977) 198-9, 274-5 (on United States law), E. Grabham, 'Laws v. Canada: New Directions for Equality Under the Canadian Charter' (2002) 22 Oxford J. of Legal Studies 641, at 643 (on Canadian law), and D.A. Richards, Free Speech And The Politics Of Identity (1999) 30-4 (on German law).
85. See R. Dworkin, Taking Rights Seriously (1977) 198-9, 274-5 (on United States law), E. Grabham, 'Laws v. Canada: New Directions for Equality Under the Canadian Charter' (2002) 22 Oxford J. of Legal Studies 641, at 643 (on Canadian law), and D.A. Richards, Free Speech And The Politics Of Identity (1999) 30-4 (on German law).
86. See R. Dworkin, Taking Rights Seriously (1977) 198-9, 274-5 (on United States law), E. Grabham, 'Laws v. Canada: New Directions for Equality Under the Canadian Charter' (2002) 22 Oxford J. of Legal Studies 641, at 643 (on Canadian law), and D.A. Richards, Free Speech And The Politics Of Identity (1999) 30-4 (on German law).
87. Dworkin, id., p. 14.
88. On the clear and present danger doctrine, see Brandenburg v. Ohio, 395 U.S. 444, at 447 (1968).
89. See Richards, op. cit., n. 65, p. 30, n. 63.
90. M. Sandel, Liberalism and the Limits of Justice (1982) 150.
91. See Hegel, op. cit., n. 6, para. 147. See, also, P. Singer, Hegel (1983) 34.
92. See Hegel, op. cit., n. 6, para. 147. See, also, P. Singer, Hegel (1983) 34.
93. See Rawls, op. cit., n. 31, pp. 330 and 366-7. (While the point cannot be pursued here, Hegel's political philosophy supports the view that significant strands of liberalism and communitarianism enjoy a complementary relationship. See S. Caney, 'Liberalism and Communitarianism: a Misconceived Debate' (1992) 40 Political Studies 273.)
94. See Rawls, op. cit., n. 31, pp. 330 and 366-7. (While the point cannot be pursued here, Hegel's political philosophy supports the view that significant strands of liberalism and communitarianism enjoy a complementary relationship. See S. Caney, 'Liberalism and Communitarianism: a Misconceived Debate' (1992) 40 Political Studies 273.)
95. See Taylor, op. cit., n. 61, p. 73 and A. MacIntyre, After Virtue (1985) 204-5, 220-1.
96. See Taylor, op. cit., n. 61, p. 73 and A. MacIntyre, After Virtue (1985) 204-5, 220-1.
97. See J. Raz, The Morality of Freedom (1986) ch. 13.
98. id., p. 334.
99. See J. Gray, Post-Liberalism: Studies in Political Thought (1993) 301.
100. For a defence of the view that 'hate speech' is broad enough to embrace the expressive activity described in the text, see M. Matsuda, 'Public Response to Racist Speech: Considering the Victim's Story' (1989) 87 Michigan Law Rev. 2320, at 2331-2.
101. Richards, op. cit., n. 65, ch. 1, especially pp. 8, 13.
102. J. Feinberg, The Moral Limits of the Criminal Law, Vol. II, Offense To Others (1985) 87.
103. Gertz v. Robert Welch Inc, 418 U.S. 323 (1974) at 340, per Powell J.
104. S.E. Fish, The Trouble With Principle (1999) 81.
105. R v. Keegstra [1990] 3 S.C.R. 697, at 734-6, per Dickson CJC.
106. id., p. 755.
107. Zundel v The Queen, et al. (1992) 95 D.L.R. (4th) 202, at 235, per Cory and Iaocubbucci JJ.
108. 'Perfectionism' involves the promotion of ways of life that are considered valuable and, hence, fall within the category of the good. Moreover, perfectionism may involve the penalization of ways of life considered to be at odds with the pursuit of human perfection: see W. Kymlicka, Contemporary Political Philosophy: An Introduction (1990) 186-7.
109. W. Kymlicka, Politics in the Vernacular: Nationalism, Multiculturalism, and Citizenship (2001) 328-31.
110. Support for the claim made in the text can be found in L. Bollinger, 'The Tolerant Society: A Response to Critics' (1990) 90 Columbia Law Rev. 979, at 984.
111. Matsuda, op. cit., n. 76, pp. 2346-8, 2380-1. Compare R. Kennedy, Nigger: The Strange Career Of A Troublesome Word (2002) ch. 3.
112. Matsuda, op. cit., n. 76, pp. 2346-8, 2380-1. Compare R. Kennedy, Nigger: The Strange Career Of A Troublesome Word (2002) ch. 3.
113. The problem of incommensurability may arise for the following reason. The United States and Canadian positions on hate speech embrace such a diverse range of considerations as to preclude ranking. Included among these considerations are distinct institutional arrangements aimed at securing justice, distinct conceptions of the good, the various rationales (both deontological and consequentialist) for free expression, the various rationales (both deontological and consequentialist) for providing protection against invidious discrimination, the public interest in free expression on politically significant matters, and the public good of an environment in which individuals and groups treat each other respectfully. See Chang, op. cit., n. 48, pp. 14-17.
114. Otto-Preminger Institut v. Austria, Series A no. 295A (1995).
115. The tension referred to in the text is highlighted in Taylor, op. cit., n. 1, p. 73.
116. See Douzinas, op. cit (2000), n. 5, p. 19. Compare Berlin, op. cit., n. 32, p. iv, arguing that, in circumstances where the problem of uncombinability arises, it is 'rational to follow the course of conduct that least obstructs the general pattern of life' in the relevant community.
117. See Douzinas, op. cit (2000), n. 5, p. 19. Compare Berlin, op. cit., n. 32, p. iv, arguing that, in circumstances where the problem of uncombinability arises, it is 'rational to follow the course of conduct that least obstructs the general pattern of life' in the relevant community.
118. See C. Ovey and R.C.A. White, Jacobs & White: European Convention on Human Rights (2002) 212.
119. See Handyside v. United Kingdom, Series A no. 24 (1976) para. 48.
120. i b i d.
121. While the ECHR gives priority to the qualified rights it protects, 'community' and 'social values' are treated as important countervailing considerations. See D. Feldman, Civil Liberties and Human Rights in England and Wales (2002, 2nd edn.) 110-12.
122. See Madzimbamuto v. Lardner-Burke [1969] 1 A.C. 645, at 122-3, per Lord Reid and G. Marshall, 'Power and Liberty in the Anglo-American Constitution' (1989) 40 Northern Ireland Law Q. 213.
123. See Madzimbamuto v. Lardner-Burke [1969] 1 A.C. 645, at 122-3, per Lord Reid and G. Marshall, 'Power and Liberty in the Anglo-American Constitution' (1989) 40 Northern Ireland Law Q. 213.
124. See J. Waldron, Law And Disagreement (1999) ch. 10, and J. Morgan, 'Law's British Empire' (2002) 22 Ox. J. of Legal Studies 729, at 730.
125. See J. Waldron, Law And Disagreement (1999) ch. 10, and J. Morgan, 'Law's British Empire' (2002) 22 Ox. J. of Legal Studies 729, at 730.
126. See R v. Lambert [2001] 3 W.L.R. 206, para. 79, per Lord Hope.
127. See Lord Irvine, 'The Development of Human Rights in Britain Under an Incorporated Convention on Human Rights' [1998] Public Law 221, at 225.
128. See R. Dagger, Civic Virtues (1997) ch. 6.
129. See A. Marr, Ruling Britannia: The Failure and Future of British Democracy (1995) 4, 279-89, 348, and Morgan, op. cit., n. 97, p. 734.
130. See A. Marr, Ruling Britannia: The Failure and Future of British Democracy (1995) 4, 279-89, 348, and Morgan, op. cit., n. 97, p. 734.
131. See O.W. Holmes, 'The Path of the Law' (1897) 10 Harvard Law Rev. 457, at 459, where '[t]he law' is described as 'the witness and external deposit of our moral life'.
132. M. Walzer, Thick and Thin: Moral Argument at Home and Abroad (1994) 21.
133. i b i d.
134. id., pp. 26-7.
135. id., p. 26.
136. id., p. 3.
137. i b i d.
138. id., p. 6.
139. id., p. 50.
140. id., pp. 10, 16-17.
141. id., p. 6.
142. id., p. 39.
143. id., p. xiii.
144. id., p. 9.
145. id., pp. 11, 17.
146. id, p. 3.
147. In placing emphasis on maximalism, Walzer sounds a (cultural) particularist note reminiscent of J.G. Herder, Outlines of a Philosophy of the History of Man (1803, ed. T.O. Churchill).
148. Draft Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe (Brussels, 20 June 2003).
149. See I. Ward, 'The End of Sovereignty and the New Humanism' (2003) 55 Stanford Law Rev. 2091, at 2100 (emphasis added), where the Charter of Rights is identified as 'integration only go[ing] one way' (that is, from top to bottom).
150. Draft treaty, op. cit., n. 119, part two, preamble.
151. See B. Anderson, Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism (1983) chs. 1-3.
152. See D. Coupland, Polaroids From The Dead (1997) 179.
153. J. Rawls, A Theory of Justice (1971) 48-9, and 20, fn. 7.
154. Compare T. Eagleton, The Idea of Culture (2000) 44, where an (overstated) contrast is drawn between 'an empty universalism and a blind particularism'.
155. See J.-F. Lyotard, The Postmodern Condition: A Report on Knowledge (1984) xxiv, on (postmodern) 'incredulity toward metanarratives'.
156. Rorty, op. cit., n. 38, ch. 4.
157. See J. Bhagwati, 'Borders Beyond Control' (2003) 82 Foreign Affairs 98. Support for the sort of view outlined in the text can also be derived from J. Rawls, The Law of Peoples (1999) 115-20.
158. See J. Bhagwati, 'Borders Beyond Control' (2003) 82 Foreign Affairs 98. Support for the sort of view outlined in the text can also be derived from J. Rawls, The Law of Peoples (1999) 115-20.
159. Arguments of the sort outlined in the text are examined critically in J. Habermas, The Inclusion Of The Other: Studies In Political Theory (1998, eds. C. Cronin and P. De Grieff) 226-36.