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In this study, paired recordings from locust DUM neurons show that some pairs receive common synaptic inputs even when the metathoracic ganglion is completely isolated. This suggests that local interneurons are the likely source of such common inputs. These common inputs define at least three subpopulations, DUM1 neurons, DUM3 and DUM3,4 neurons, as well as DUM5 and DUM3,4,5 neurons. Members of these subpopulations also express different sensitivities to a variety of sensory stimuli.
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Baudoux S., Burrows M. Synaptic activation of efferent neuromodulatory neurones in the locust Schistocerca gregaria. J Exp Biol. 201:1998;3339-3354. In this study, paired recordings from locust DUM neurons show that some pairs receive common synaptic inputs even when the metathoracic ganglion is completely isolated. This suggests that local interneurons are the likely source of such common inputs. These common inputs define at least three subpopulations, DUM1 neurons, DUM3 and DUM3,4 neurons, as well as DUM5 and DUM3,4,5 neurons. Members of these subpopulations also express different sensitivities to a variety of sensory stimuli.
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Using bath-applied pilocarpine, fictive crawling rhythms were elicited in completely isolated nervous systems of Manduca larvae while simultaneous intracellular recordings from thoracic and abdominal UM neurons were made. Before pilocarpine treatment, all UM neurons received common PSPs, and showed different, unrelated activity patterns. Pilocarpine application increased the frequency of commonly occuring PSPs, and activated many UM neurons. When the fictive crawling rhythm was established, all tested UM neurons showed strong coupling to the rhythm approximately following the activity of the thoracic ganglia. Coupling of UM neurons to the rhythm but not the fictive crawling rhythm itself was abolished when the subesophageal ganglion was cut from the rest of the ventral nerve cord. This suggests an activation of all UM neurons via descending interneurons from the subesophageal ganglion (SEG).
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Johnston R., Consoulas C., Pflüger H.J., Levine R.B. Patterned activation of unpaired median neurons during fictive crawling in Manduca larvae. J Exp Biol. 202:1999;103-113. Using bath-applied pilocarpine, fictive crawling rhythms were elicited in completely isolated nervous systems of Manduca larvae while simultaneous intracellular recordings from thoracic and abdominal UM neurons were made. Before pilocarpine treatment, all UM neurons received common PSPs, and showed different, unrelated activity patterns. Pilocarpine application increased the frequency of commonly occuring PSPs, and activated many UM neurons. When the fictive crawling rhythm was established, all tested UM neurons showed strong coupling to the rhythm approximately following the activity of the thoracic ganglia. Coupling of UM neurons to the rhythm but not the fictive crawling rhythm itself was abolished when the subesophageal ganglion was cut from the rest of the ventral nerve cord. This suggests an activation of all UM neurons via descending interneurons from the subesophageal ganglion (SEG).
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Coupling of efferent neuromodulatory neurons to rhythmical leg motor activity in the locust
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In this study, a fictive walking-like rhythm was released from an isolated locust metathoracic ganglion and coupling of different DUM neurons tested by simultaneous intracellular recordings. Pilocarpine induced spiking in all DUM neurons. Coupling to the rhythm, however, was only observed in those DUM neurons that would innervate some of the muscles involved in a walking rhythm. The other DUM neurons, although producing spikes, did not show any coupling to this rhythm. This is further evidence that DUM neurons are recruited in parallel with the motor circuits. Apparently the connections between the motor networks and the neuromodulatory neurons exist on the level of a single thoracic ganglion.
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Baudoux S., Duch C., Morris O.T. Coupling of efferent neuromodulatory neurons to rhythmical leg motor activity in the locust. J Neurophysiol. 79:1998;361-370. In this study, a fictive walking-like rhythm was released from an isolated locust metathoracic ganglion and coupling of different DUM neurons tested by simultaneous intracellular recordings. Pilocarpine induced spiking in all DUM neurons. Coupling to the rhythm, however, was only observed in those DUM neurons that would innervate some of the muscles involved in a walking rhythm. The other DUM neurons, although producing spikes, did not show any coupling to this rhythm. This is further evidence that DUM neurons are recruited in parallel with the motor circuits. Apparently the connections between the motor networks and the neuromodulatory neurons exist on the level of a single thoracic ganglion.
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Intracellular recordings from DUM neurons while the locust was exhibiting short bouts of restrained or fictive flight revealed that the population of DUM neurons supplying wing power muscles is strongly inhibited, and those supplying other muscles are strongly activated as long as the flight behavior is shown. Inhibition in these DUM neurons is mediated by wing sense organs such as the tegula, and in addition there may exist a central inhibitory connection to the flight motor.
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Duch C., Pflüger H.J. DUM neuron activity during locust flight: a model system for amine mediated peripheral adjustments to a central motor pattern. J Comp Physiol [A]. 184:1999;489-499. Intracellular recordings from DUM neurons while the locust was exhibiting short bouts of restrained or fictive flight revealed that the population of DUM neurons supplying wing power muscles is strongly inhibited, and those supplying other muscles are strongly activated as long as the flight behavior is shown. Inhibition in these DUM neurons is mediated by wing sense organs such as the tegula, and in addition there may exist a central inhibitory connection to the flight motor.
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