From odyssey to empire: Mapping Sudan through Egyptian literature in the mid-19th century

International Journal of Middle East Studies

Volumn 31, Issue 3, 1999, Pages 401-427

  Troutt Powell, Eve M ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

COLONIALISM; GEOGRAPHICAL KNOWLEDGE; HISTORICAL CARTOGRAPHY; MAPPING;

EGYPT; SUDAN;

EID: 0344199886     PISSN: 00207438     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0020743800055495     Document Type: Article

References (107)

1. Derek Walcott, Omeros (New York: Noonday Press, 1990), 167.
2. Mary W. Helms, Ulysses' Sail: An Ethnographic Odyssey of Power, Knowledge and Geographical Distance (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1988), 50.
3. Paulo Fernando de Moraes Farias, "Models of the World and Categorial Models: The 'Enslaveable Barbarian' as a Mobile Classificatory Label," in Slaves and Slavery in Muslim Africa, Vol. 1: Islam and the Ideology of Enslavement (London: Frank Cass, 1985), 28.
4. J. B. Harley, "Maps, Knowledge and Power," in The Iconography of Landscape, ed. Denis Cosgrove and Stephen Daniels (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988), 279.
5. The following collections are only the tip of the iceberg of the interesting work now being done on imperialism and geography: Anna Godlewska and Neil Smith, ed., The Geography of Empire (Oxford: Blackwell, 1994); Felix Driver, Geographer's Empire: Histories of Geographical Knowledge,in Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, no. 10 (1992), 23-40; Cosgrove and Daniels, ed., Iconography of Landscape.
6. The following collections are only the tip of the iceberg of the interesting work now being done on imperialism and geography: Anna Godlewska and Neil Smith, ed., The Geography of Empire (Oxford: Blackwell, 1994); Felix Driver, Geographer's Empire: Histories of Geographical Knowledge,in Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, no. 10 (1992), 23-40; Cosgrove and Daniels, ed., Iconography of Landscape.
7. The following collections are only the tip of the iceberg of the interesting work now being done on imperialism and geography: Anna Godlewska and Neil Smith, ed., The Geography of Empire (Oxford: Blackwell, 1994); Felix Driver, Geographer's Empire: Histories of Geographical Knowledge,in Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, no. 10 (1992), 23-40; Cosgrove and Daniels, ed., Iconography of Landscape.
8. For more details about the widespread reforms of Muhammad Ali, see Afaf Lutfi al-Sayyid Marsot, Egypt in the Reign of Muhammad Ali (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984); for their effect on the intelligentsia of Egypt, see Timothy Mitchell, Colonising Egypt (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1991).
9. For more details about the widespread reforms of Muhammad Ali, see Afaf Lutfi al-Sayyid Marsot, Egypt in the Reign of Muhammad Ali (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984); for their effect on the intelligentsia of Egypt, see Timothy Mitchell, Colonising Egypt (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1991).
10. Terence Walz, Trade Between Egypt and Bilad as-Sudan, 1700-1820 (Cairo: 1977), 29-64.
11. Tobias Smollett, The Adventures of Telemachus, the Son of Ulysses (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1997), 216. This is Smollett's translation of the original Télémaque by Fénelon.
12. Tobias Smollett, The Adventures of Telemachus, the Son of Ulysses (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1997), 216. This is Smollett's translation of the original Télémaque by Fénelon.
13. P. M. Holt and M. W. Daley, A History of the Sudan, from the Coming of Islam to the Present Day, 4th ed. (London and New York: Longman Press, 1988), 15.
14. De Moraes Farias, "Models of the World," 28-29.
15. Holt and Daly, History of the Sudan, 15.
16. R. S. O'Fahey, State and Society in Dar Für (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1980), 6.
17. Ibid., 11.
18. Helms, Ulysses' Sail, 100-101.
19. ⊂ad (Cairo, 1965), 18.
20. Ibid., 34-35.
21. Ibid., 35-37.
22. Smollett, Adventures of Telemachus, 7.
23. Al-Tūnisī, Tashhīdh al-adhhān, 41.
24. Ibid., 41-42.
25. Ibid., 45.
26. Ibid., 149.
27. Ibid., 154.
28. Ibid.
29. Ibid., 155.
30. Ibid., 256.
31. Ibid., 257.
32. Ibid., 265-67
33. Gustave Nachtigal, Sahara and Sudan (New York: Barnes & Noble, 1971), 136 n.
34. Marsot, Egypt in the Reign of Muhammad Ali, 196.
35. Gabriel Warburg, Historical Discord in the Nile Valley (London: Hurst & Co., 1992), 1-2.
36. Holt and Daly, History of the Sudan, 48.
37. ⊂Ali Period (New York: Columbia University Press, 1992), 2.
38. Ibid., 49.
39. Marsot, Egypt in the Reign of Muhammad Ali, 196.
40. Ibid., 197.
41. Ibid.
42. Holt and Daly, History of the Sudan, 48-49.
43. Robert O. Collins, "The Nilotic Slave Trade: Past and Present," Slavery and Abolition (December 1988), 140.
44. ⊂āmma l-il-Kitāb, 1988), 24.
45. Ibid., 26.
46. Ibid., 28.
47. Ibid., 63.
48. Smollett, Adventures of Telemachus, 146.
49. Frederic Bonola Bey, Sommaire Historique des Travaux Géographiques éxecutés en Égypte sous la Dynastie de Mohammed Aly (Cairo: Imprimérie Nationale, 1889), 6.
50. Ibid., 22.
51. Paul Santi and Richard Hill, The Europeans in the Sudan, 1834-1878 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1980), 35.
52. Ibid., 52-53.
53. ⊂arabi, 1960), 29-30.
54. Ibid., 33.
55. Ibid., 6.
56. ⊂ūd (Cairo: 1922), 13.
57. Ibid., 47-49.
58. Ibid., 50.
59. Ibid., 62.
60. Ibid., 74, 86-87.
61. Ibid., 90.
62. Morag Bell, Robin A. Butlin, and Michael Heffernan, "Geography and Imperialism, 1820-1940," in Geography and Imperialism, ed. Morag Bell, Robert A. Butlin, and Michael Heffernan (Manchester and New York: Manchester University Press, 1995), 3.
63. Ibid., 4.
64. Bonola Bey, Sommaire Historique, 13.
65. Walcott, Omeros, 170.
66. Albert Hourani, Arabic Thought in the Liberal Age (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983), 81.
67. Ibid., 71.
68. ⊂ al-Tahtawi, A Nineteenth-Century Egyptian Reformer (unpublished Ph.D. diss., University of California, 1976), 88.
69. Hourani, Arabic Thought, 72.
70. Ibid., 69-70.
71. Matti Moosa, The Origins of Modern Arabic Fiction (Boulder, Colo., and London: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1997), 6.
72. Jacques Berque, Egypt: Imperialism and Revolution (London: Faber and Faber, 1972), 16.
73. Charles Wendell, The Evolution of the Egyptian National Image (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1972), 6.
74. Sabry Hafez, The Genesis of Arabic Narrative Discourse (London: Saqi Books, 1993), 97-98.
75. Holt and Daly, History of the Sudan, 65-66.
76. Ibid., 67.
77. Ibid., 68.
78. 4Ehud Toledano, State and Society in Mid-Nineteenth Century Egypt (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990), 92.
79. Ibid.
80. Ibid.
81. Bayard Taylor, Journey to Central Africa; or, Life and Landscapes from Egypt to the Negro Kingdoms of the White Nile (New York: Putnam & Co., 1854), 285.
82. Ibid., 291.
83. Ibid., 292-93.
84. Moosa, Origins, 6.
85. Leslie Chilton, "Introduction," in Smollett, Adventures of Telemachus, xx, xxi-ii.
86. ⊂at al-suriyya, 1867), 4.
87. Ibid., 5.
88. Ibid., 6.
89. Hourani, Arabic Thought, 72.
90. Ibid., 78.
91. Ibid., 79.
92. ⊂ al-Tahtawi, 96-97.
93. Wendell, Evolution of the Egyptian National Image, 121.
94. Ibid., 130.
95. ⊃ib, 1912), 237.
96. Ibid., 244.
97. Ibid., 251.
98. Ibid., 263.
99. Ibid., 267.
100. Ibid.
101. Ibid.
102. Ibid.
103. Ibid., 268.
104. Ibid., 279.
105. Nachtigal, Sahara and Sudan. This reliance on al-Tunisi's text is clearly shown by the abundance of notes Nachtigal's editor uses which refer to Voyage au Darfour, and by Nachtigal's own quest of correcting many of al-Tunisi's observations.
106. M. P. S. Girard, "Mémoire sur l'agriculture, l'industrie et le commerce de l'Égypte," Description de l'Egypte (Paris: Imprimerie impériale, 1809), 2.1, quoted in Godlewska, "Napoleon's Geographers," in Geography and Empire, ed. Godlewska and Lewis, 50.
107. M. P. S. Girard, "Mémoire sur l'agriculture, l'industrie et le commerce de l'Égypte," Description de l'Egypte (Paris: Imprimerie impériale, 1809), 2.1, quoted in Godlewska, "Napoleon's Geographers," in Geography and Empire, ed. Godlewska and Lewis, 50.