Domestic terrorism with chemical or biological agents: Psychiatric aspects

American Journal of Psychiatry

Volumn 156, Issue 10, 1999, Pages 1500-1505

  DiGiovanni Jr , Cleto ^a  

^a WALTER REED ARMY MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ATROPINE; CHLORMETHINE DERIVATIVE; MUSTARD GAS DERIVATIVE; NERVE GAS; ORGANOPHOSPHATE PESTICIDE; SARIN;

BIOLOGICAL WARFARE; COGNITIVE DEFECT; DELIRIUM; DISASTER; DISTRESS SYNDROME; EMERGENCY TREATMENT; HUMAN; MENTAL HEALTH CARE; NEUROLOGIC DISEASE; NEUROTOXICITY; PATIENT COUNSELING; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT; REVIEW; WAR; WEAPON;

EID: 0344172143     PISSN: 0002953X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1176/ajp.156.10.1500     Document Type: Review

References (59)

1. Bowers MB, Goodman E, Sim VM: Some behavioral changes in man following anticholinesterase administration. J Nerv Ment Dis 1964; 138:383-389
2. Sidel FR: Soman and sarin: clinical manifestations and treatment of accidental poisoning by organophosphates. Clin Toxicol 1974; 7:1-17
3. Eyer P: Neuropsychopathological changes by organophosphorus compounds - a review. Hum Exp Toxicol 1995; 14: 857-864
4. Nozaki H, Aikawa N, Fujishima S, Suzuki M, Shinozawa Y, Hori S, Nogawa S: A case of VX poisoning and the difference from sarin (letter). Lancet 1995; 346:698-699
5. Minton NA, Murray VS: A review of organophosphate poisoning. Med Toxicol Adverse Drug Exp 1988; 3:350-375
6. Levin HS, Rodnitzky RL: Behavioral effects of organophosphate in man. Clin Toxicol 1976; 9:391-403
7. Feldman RG, Ricks NL, Baker DL: Neuropsychological effects of industrial toxins: a review. Am J Ind Med 1980; 1:211-227
8. Mearns J, Dunn J, Lees-Haley PR: Psychological effects of organophosphate pesticides: a review and call for research by psychologists. J Clin Psychol 1994; 50:286-294
9. Jamal GA: Long-term neurotoxic effects of organophosphate compounds. Adverse Drug React Toxicol Rev 1995; 14:85-99
10. Steenland K, Jenkins B, Ames RG, O'Malley M, Chrislip D, Russo J: Chronic neurological sequelae to organophosphate pesticide poisoning. Am J Public Health 1994; 84:731-736
11. Headley DB: Effects of atropine sulfate and pralidoxime chloride on visual, physiological, performance, subjective, and cognitive variables in man: a review. Mil Med 1982; 147:122-132
12. Longo VG: Behavioral and electroencephalographic effects of atropine and related compounds. Pharmacol Rev 1966; 18: 965-966
13. Wadia RS, Sadagopan C, Amin RB, Sardesai HV: Neurological manifestations of organophosphorus insecticide poisoning. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1974; 37:841-847
14. Colardyn F, de Keyser H, Ringoir S, de Bersaques J: Clinical observation and therapy of injuries with vesicants. J Toxicol Clin Exp 1986; 6:237-246
15. Pauser G, Aloy A, Carvana M, Graninger W, Havel M, Koller W, Mutz N: Lethal intoxication by wargases on Iranian soldiers: therapeutic interventions on survivors of mustard gas and mycotoxin immersion. Arch Belg Suppl 1984, pp 341-351
16. Borak J, Sidel FR: Agents of chemical warfare: sulfur mustard. Ann Emerg Med 1992; 21:303-308
17. Azizi F, Keshavarz A, Roshanzamir F, Nafarabadi M: Reproductive function in men following exposure to chemical warfare with sulphur mustard. Med War 1995; 11:34-44
18. Franz DR, Jahrling PB, Friedlander AM, McClain DJ, Hoover DL, Bryne WR, Pavlin JA, Christopher GW, Eitzen EM Jr: Clinical recognition and management of patients exposed to biological warfare agents. JAMA 1997; 278:399-411
19. Bryan JL: Human behavior and fire, in Fire Protection Handbook. Edited by Cote AE. Quincy, Mass, National Fire Protection Association, 1986, pp 1-17-1-31
20. Carmeli A, Liberman N, Mevorach L: Anxiety-related somatic reactions during missile attacks. Isr J Med Sci 1991; 27:677-680
21. Defense Technical Information Center: Meeting the Chemical Threat: Psychiatric Casualties in a Chemical Environment: Report P004081. Washington, DC, Defense Technical Information Center, 1980
22. McLeod WR: Merphos poisoning or mass panic? Aust NZ J Psychiatry 1975; 9:225-229
23. Small GW, Borus JF: Outbreak of illness in a school chorus: toxic poisoning or mass hysteria? N Engl J Med 1983; 308: 632-635
24. Feinberg DT, Steinberg D, Collins MT: A sudden outbreak of illness suggestive of mass hysteria in schoolchildren. Arch Fam Med 1994; 3:711-716
25. Taylor BW, Werbicki JE: Pseudodisaster: a case of mass hysteria involving 19 schoolchildren. Pediatr Emerg Care 1993; 9: 216-217
26. Selden BS: Adolescent epidemic hysteria presenting as a mass casualty, toxic exposure incident. Ann Emerg Med 1989; 18:892-895
27. Modan B, Swartz TA, Tirosh M, Costin C, Weissenberg E, Donagi A, Acker C, Revach M, Vettorazzi G: The Arjenyattah epidemic, a mass phenomenon: spread and triggering factors. Lancet 1983; 2:1472-1474
28. Stahl SM, Lebedun M: Mystery gas: an analysis of mass hysteria. J Health Soc Behav 1975; 15:44-50
29. Colligan MJ, Urtes MA, Wisseman C, Rosensteel RE, Anania TL, Hornung RW: An investigation of apparent mass psychogenic illness in an electronics plant. J Behav Med 1979; 2: 297-309
30. Brown SD: In the wake of disaster: stress, hysteria, and the event, in Ideas of Difference: Social Ordering and the Labour of Division. Edited by Hetherington K, Munro R. Oxford, England, Blackwell, 1997, pp 64-87
31. Struewing JP, Gray GC: An epidemic of respiratory complaints exacerbated by mass psychogenic illness in a military recruit population. Am J Epidemiol 1990; 132:1120-1129
32. Singer TJ: An introduction to disaster: some considerations of a psychological nature. Aviat Space Environ Med 1982; 53: 245-250
33. Ursano RJ, Fullerton CS, Norwood AE: Psychiatric dimensions of disaster: patient care, community consultation, and preventive medicine. Harvard Rev Psychiatry 1995; 3:196-209
34. Raphael B: When Disaster Strikes: How Individuals and Communities Cope With Catastrophe. New York, Basic Books, 1986
35. Anteau CM, Williams LA: What we learned from the Oklahoma City bombing. Nursing 1998; 28:52-55
36. Ohbu S, Yamashina A, Takasu N, Yamaguchi T, Murai T, Nakano K, Matsui Y, Mikami R, Sakurai K, Hinohara S: Sarin poisoning on Tokyo subway. South Med J 1997; 90:587-593
37. Smith EM, North CS, Price PC: Response to technological accidents, in Mental Health Response to Mass Emergencies: Theory and Practice. Edited by Lystad M. New York, Brunner/ Mazel, 1988, pp 52-95
38. Dalgleish T, Joseph S, Thrasher S, Tranah T, Yule W: Crisis support following the Herald-of-Free-Enterprise disaster: a longitudinal perspective. J Trauma Stress 1996; 9:833-845
39. Parker G: Psychological disturbance in Darwin evacuees following Cyclone Tracy. Med J Aust 1975; 1:650-652
40. Tyhurst JS: Individual reactions to community disaster: the natural history of psychiatric phenomena. Am J Psychiatry 1951; 107:764-769
41. Strumpfer DJW: Fear and affiliation during a disaster. J Soc Psychol 1970; 82:263-268
42. Cohen R, Culp C, Genser S: Human Problems in Major Disasters: A Training Curriculum for Emergency Medical Personnel. Washington, DC, US Government Printing Office, 1987
43. Deahl MP, Bisson JI: Dealing with disasters: does psychological debriefing work? J Accid Emerg Med 1995; 12:255-258
44. Chemtob CM, Tomas S, Law W, Cremniter D: Postdisaster psychosocial intervention: a field study of the impact of debriefing on psychological distress. Am J Psychiatry 1997; 154: 415-417
45. Joseph S, Yule W, Williams R, Andrews B: Crisis support in the aftermath of disaster: a longitudinal perspective. Br J Clin Psychol 1993; 32:177-185
46. Carlton TG: Early psychiatric intervention following a maritime disaster. Mil Med 1980; 145:114-116
47. Marshall SLA: Men Against Fire: The Problem of Battle Command in Future War. Gloucester, Mass, Peter Smith, 1978
48. Cigrang JA, Pace JV, Yasuhara TT: Critical incident stress intervention following fatal aircraft mishaps. Aviat Space Environ Med 1995; 66:880-882
49. Budd F: Helping the helpers after the bombing in Dhahran: critical incident stress services for an air rescue squadron. Mil Med 1997; 162:515-520
50. Davis JA: Sadness, tragedy and mass disaster in Oklahoma City: providing critical incident stress debriefings to a community in crisis. Accid Emerg Nurs 1996; 4:59-64
51. Terr LC: Mini-marathon groups: psychological "first-aid" following disasters. Bull Menninger Clin 1992; 56:76-86
52. Shapiro F: Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing: Basic Principles, Protocols, and Procedures. New York, Guilford Press, 1995
53. Tucker P, Pfefferbaum B, Vincent R, Boehler SD, Nixon SJ: Oklahoma City: disaster challenges mental health and medical administrators. J Behav Health Serv Res 1998; 25:93-99
54. Jacobs GA, Quervillon RP, Stricherz M: Lessons from the aftermath of flight 232. Am Psychol 1990; 45:1329-1335
55. Lystad M: Perspectives on human response to mass emergencies, in Mental Health Response to Mass Emergencies. Edited by Lystad M. New York, Brunner/Mazel, 1988, pp xvii-xviii
56. Holloway HC, Norwood AE, Fullerton CS, Engel CC Jr, Ursano RJ: The threat of biological weapons: prophylaxis and mitigation of psychological and social consequences. JAMA 1997;278:425-427
57. Peters RG, Covello VT, McCallum DB: The determinants of trust and credibility in environmental risk communication: an empirical study. Risk Anal 1997; 17:43-54
58. Carter BJ, Cammermeyer M: Biopsychological responses of medical unit personnel wearing chemical defense ensemble in a simulated chemical warfare environment. Mil Med 1985; 150:239-249
59. King JM, Frelin AJ: Impact of the chemical protective ensemble on the performance of basic medical tasks. Mil Med 1984; 149:496-501