Microstructure of dispersions of lamellar droplets carrying anchoring hydrophobically endcapped poly(sodium acrylate)s as novel steric stabilizers

Langmuir

Volumn 15, Issue 15, 1999, Pages 4989-5001

  Kevelam, Jan ^a   Martinucci, Silvia ^a   Engberts, Jan B F N ^a   Blokzijl, Wilfried ^b   Van De Pas, John ^b   Blonk, Han ^b   Versluis, Peter ^b   Visser, Antonie J W G ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF GRONINGEN   (Netherlands)

^b UNILEVER RESEARCH VLAARDINGEN   (Netherlands)

^c WAGENINGEN UNIVERSITY   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADSORPTION; CRYSTAL MICROSTRUCTURE; ELECTROLYTES; EMISSION SPECTROSCOPY; FLUORESCENCE; HYDROPHOBICITY; MICROSCOPIC EXAMINATION; MOLECULAR WEIGHT; REFRACTIVE INDEX; STABILIZERS (AGENTS); SURFACE ACTIVE AGENTS; SYNTHESIS (CHEMICAL);

CONFOCAL SCANNING LASER MICROSCOPY; POLYSODIUM ACRYLATE;

POLYACRYLATES;

EID: 0344110154     PISSN: 07437463     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1021/la981636v     Document Type: Article

References (50)

1. (a) Russel, W. B.; Saville, D. A.; Schowalter, W. R. Colloidal Dispersions; Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, 1989.
2. th General Meeting of the German Colloid Society, Interfaces, Surfactants and Colloids in Engineering, Dresden, Germany, Sept. 26-29; Prog. Colloid Polym. Sci. 1996, 101, 1.
3. th General Meeting of the German Colloid Society, Interfaces, Surfactants and Colloids in Engineering, Dresden, Germany, Sept. 26-29; Prog. Colloid Polym. Sci. 1996, 101, 1.
4. Napper, D. H. Polymeric Stabilization of Dispersions; Academic Press: London, 1983.
5. Milner, S. T. Europhys. Lett. 1988, 7, 695.
6. De Gennes, P.-G. Macromolecules 1980, 13, 1069.
7. Zhulina, E. B.; Borisov, O. V.; Pryamitsyn, V. A. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 1990, 137, 495.
8. Hadziioannou, G.; Patel, S.; Grannick, S.; Tirrell, M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1986, 108, 2871.
9. Registered trademark from Liposome Technology, Inc.; cf. Lasic, D. D. Polym. Prepr. 1997, 38, 543.
10. Blume, G.; Cevc, G. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1990, 102, 91.
11. (b) Needham, D.; McIntosh, T. J.; Lasic, D. D. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1992, 1108, 40.
12. Van de Pas, J. C. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, 1993.
13. Israelachvili, J. N.; Mitchell, D.; Ninham, R. W. J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans. 1 1976, 72, 1525.
14. Larson, K. Z. Phys. Chem. 1967, 56, 173.
15. Safran, S. A.; Pincus, P.; Andelman, D. A. Science 1990, 248, 354.
16. 25SH under the experimental conditions) and k* denotes the efficiency of initiation (i.e., k* = 0.10-0.26). This equation is similar to the general equation for chain transfer as proposed previously (Mayo, F. R J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1943, 65, 2324).
17. Jager, J. Ph.D. Thesis; University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, 1987.
18. Unless otherwise stated, the measurements were performed at 25 °C.
19. Bruggeman, D. A. G. Ann. Phys. 1935, 24, 636.
20. Van de Pas, J. C. Tenside Surf. Det. 1991, 28, 158.
21. For basic principles, see: Brandrup, J.; Immergut, E. H. Polymer Handbook; 3rd ed.; Wiley: New York, 1989.
22. Van Hoek, A.; Visser, A. J. W. G. Proc. SPIE-Int. Soc. Opt. Eng. 1992, 1640, 325.
23. (a) Bastiaens, P. I. H.; Van Hoek, A.; Benen, J. A. E.; Brochon, J. C.; Visser, A. J. W. G. Biophys. J. 1992, 63, 839.
24. (b) Leenders, R.; Kooijman, M.; Van Hoek, A.; Veeger, C.; Visser, A. J. W. G. Eur. J. Biochem. 1993, 211, 37.
25. (a) Eigen, M.; Rigler, R. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1994, 91, 5740.
26. (b) Rigler, R. J. Biotechnology 1995, 41, 177.
27. (c) Thompson, N. L. In Topics in Fluorescence Spectroscopy; Lakowicz, J. R., Ed.; Plenum Press: New York, 1991; Vol. 1, pp. 337-378.
28. The reported value corresponds to the refractive index of lamellar droplets present in a 40/60/20 model system containing 1% w/w of EC7800.
29. Mohammadi, M. Adv. Colloid Interface Sci. 1995, 62, 17.
30. Dispersions of lamellar droplets have low (volume fraction-dependent) viscous and elastic moduli, which provides strong evidence against the doubly endcapped nature of the stabilizing polymers, since this would result in bridging interactions. (Kevelam, J.; et al. Langmuir 1995, 15, 5002.
31. (a) Bevington, J. C.; Ebdon, J. R.; Huckerby, T. N. In NMR Spectroscopy of Polymers; Ibbett, R. N., Ed.; Chapman & Hall: Glasgow, 1993.
32. (b) Garmon, R. G. In Polymer Molecular Weights, Part 1; Slade, E. P., Jr., Ed.; Marcel Dekker: New York, 1975.
33. Newman, S.; Krigbaum, W. R.; Laugier, C.; Flory, P. J. J. Polym. Sci. 1954, 14, 451.
34. Hiemenz, P. C. Polymer Chemistry: The Basic Concepts; Marcel Dekker: New York, 1984.
35. Blonk, J. C. G.; Pas, J. C., van de; Visser, A.; Brouwn, L. F. Colloids Surf. A 1998, 144, 287.
36. For UV/Vis absorption spectral data of fluoresceinamine, isomer I, see: Sigma-Aldrich Library of Stains, Dyes and Indicators; p 379.
37. Rypacek, F.; Drobnik, J.; Kalal, J. Anal. Biochem. 1980, 104, 141.
38. One possibility is that the nonbonded electron pair on the (amino-) nitrogen atom in fluoresceinamine quenches the fluorescence of the molecule through photoelectron transfer (cf. Bissell, R. A.; Prasanna da Silva, A.; Gimal Gunaratne, H. Q.; Mark Lynch, P. L.; Maguire, G. E. M.; Samankumara, K. R. A. Chem. Soc. Rev. 1992, 187). In case of fluoresceinmethacrylamide, the elecron pair will be partly delocalized into the carbonyl group, which reduces the efficiency of quenching.
39. Small, E. W.; Isenberg, I. Biopolymers 1977, 16, 1907.
40. Berkhout, T. A.; Visser, A. J. W. G.; Wirtz, K. W. A. Biochemistry 1984, 23, 1505.
41. Bastiaens, P. I. H.; Van Hoek, A.; Wolkers, W. F.; Brochon, J. C.; Visser, A. J. W. G. Biochemistry 1992, 31, 7050.
42. Szabo, A. J. Chem. Phys. 1984, 81, 150.
43. Qualitative information obtained from stability studies of complete liquid detergent formulations (unpublished results).
44. Hristova, K.; Needham, D. In Stealth Liposomes; Lasic, D. D., Martin, F., Eds., CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, 1995; p 44.
45. Daniels, F.; Williams, J. W.; Bender, P.; Alberty, R. A.; Cornwell, C. D. Experimental Physical Chemistry; McGraw-Hill, Inc.: New York, 1962; pp 328-332.
46. We stress that the use of the Freundlich isotherm to describe the adsorption of these polymers to lamellar droplets may not be justified theoretically since the surface area of the droplets is not constant; however, we accept the Freundlich equation as an empirical relationship to predict the amount of adsorbed polymer from the concentration of polymer in the dispersion, which is very convenient from a practical point of view.
47. Since the solution is turbid, the diameter of the particles is on the order of the wavelength of visible light (a few hundred nm).
48. w = 8000, in 30% w/w NaCit, is about 1 mM (to be published). The polymer concentration in the continuous phase is only 0.25% ≃ 2.5 g/L ≃ (2.5/ 8000) mol/L ≃ 0.3 mM (the continuous phase has been diluted after the centrifugation step).
49. Micelles cannot be observed by TEM if the negative staining technique is used; however, this does not imply the complete absence of micellar structures in solution.
50. Everett, D. H. Basic Principles of Colloid Science; Royal Society of Chemistry: Letchworth, U. K., 1988.