Treatment of Lateral Ankle Instability with Transfer of the Extensor Digitorum Brevis Muscle

Journal of Foot and Ankle Surgery

Volumn 42, Issue 4, 2003, Pages 183-192

  Westlin, Nils E ^b   Vogler, Harold W ^a   Albertsson, Magnus P ^a   Arvidsson, Tina ^a   Montgomery, Fredrik ^a  

^a LUND UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (Sweden)

^b NONE   (Sweden)

Author keywords

Ankle; Injury instability; Ligament; Reconstruction

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ANKLE INJURY; ANKLE INSTABILITY; ARTICLE; CLINICAL ARTICLE; CONTROLLED STUDY; EXTENSOR DIGITORUM BREVIS; EXTENSOR MUSCLE; FEMALE; FOLLOW UP; FOOT; HUMAN; JOINT FUNCTION; JOINT MOBILITY; JOINT STABILITY; MALE; MUSCLE TRANSPLANTATION; PREOPERATIVE PERIOD; SCORING SYSTEM;

EID: 0344065785     PISSN: 10672516     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S1067-2516(03)70027-1     Document Type: Article

References (158)

1. DeLoes M, Goldie I. Incidence rate of injuries during sports activity and physical exercise in a rural Swedish Municipality. Int J Sports Med 9:461-467, 1998.
2. Kannus P, Renstrom P. Treatment for acute tears of the lateral ligaments. Current concepts review. J Bone Joint Surg 73A:305-312, 1991.
3. Ogilvie-Harris DJ, Gilbert M. Treatment modalities for soft tissue injuries of the ankle: a critical review. Clin J Sport Med 5:175-186, 1995.
4. Shrier L. Treatment of lateral collateral ligament sprains of the ankle. Clin J Sport Med 5:187-195, 1995.
5. Brostrom L. Sprained ankles. VI. Surgical treatment of "chronic" ligament ruptures. Acta Chir Scand 132:551-565, 1966.
6. Renstrom PA. Persistently painful sprained ankle. J Am Acad Orthop Surg 2:270-280, 1994.
7. Zwipp H, Rammelt S, Grass R. Ligamentous injuries about the ankle and subtalar joints. Clin Podiatr Med Surg 19:195-229, 2002.
8. Kumai T, Takakura Y, Rufai A, Milz S, Benjamin M. The functional anatomy of the human anterior talofibular ligament in relation to ankle sprains. J Anat 200:457-465, 2002.
9. Nilsson S. Sprains of the lateral ankle ligaments. An epidemiological and clinical study with special reference to different forms of conservative treatment. Part I. Epidemiological and clinical considerations. J Oslo City Hosp 32:3-29, 1982.
10. Janis LR, Kittleson RS, Cox DG. Chronic lateral ankle instability: assessment of subjective outcomes following delayed primary repair and a new secondary reconstruction. J Foot Ankle Surg 37:369-375, 1998.
11. Berlemann NC, Berlemann U, Zimmermann H. Surgical indication of ankle joint supination trauma? Ther Umsch 57:748-755, 2000.
12. Brostrom L. Sprained ankles. V. Treatment and prognosis in recent ligament ruptures. Acta Chir Scand 132:537-550, 1966.
13. Brostrom L, Ankle sprains. Lakartidningen 64:1629-1644, 1967.
14. Cramer EA, Friedhoff K. Taping - a safe alternative in the early functional treatment of all ligament instabilities of the proximal ankle joint? Results of a prospective study. Unfallchirurg 93:275-283, 1990.
15. van Rappard JH, Reinders JF, Mahabier C, Munting JD. Operative treatment of persistent lateral instability of the ankle-is it worse to sprain the ankle than to break it? Neth J Surg 39:65-67, 1987.
16. Knop C, Thermann H, Blauth M, Bastian L, Zwipp H, Tscherne H. Treatment of recurrence of fibular ligament rupture. Results of a prospective randomized study. Unfallchirurg 102:23-28, 1999.
17. Ogilvie-Harris DJ, Gilbart MK, Chorney K. Chronic pain following ankle sprains in athletes: the role of arthroscopic surgery. Arthroscopy 13:564-574, 1997.
18. Perlman M, Leveille D, DeLeonibus J, Hartman R, Klein J, Handelman R, Schulz E, Wertheimer S. Inversion lateral ankle trauma: differential diagnosis, review of the literature, and prospective study. J Foot Surg 26:95-135, 1987.
19. Vitale TD, Fallat LM. Lateral ankle sprains: evaluation and treatment. J Foot Surg 27:248-258, 1988.
20. Schaap GR, de Keizer G, Marti K. Inversion trauma of the ankle. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 108:273-275, 1989.
21. Vertullo C. Unresolved lateral ankle pain. It's not always "just a sprain." Aust Fam Physician 31:247-253, 2002.
22. Keller M, Grossman J, Caron M, Mendicino RW. Lateral ankle instability and the Brostrom-Gould procedure. J Foot Ankle Surg 35:513-520, 1996.
23. Verhagen RA, de Keizer G, van Dijk CN. Long-term follow-up of inversion trauma of the ankle. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 114:92-96, 1995.
24. Linde F, Hvass I, Jurgensen U, Madsen F. Early mobilizing treatment in lateral ankle sprains. Course and risk factors for chronic painful or function-limiting ankle. Scand J Rehabil Med 18:17-21, 1986.
25. Lynch SA, Renstrom PA. Treatment of acute lateral ankle ligament rupture in the athlete. Conservative versus surgical treatment. Sports Med 27:61-71, 1999.
26. Gerber J, Williams GN, Scoville CR, Arciero RA, Taylor DC. Persistent disability associated with ankle sprains. Foot Ankle Int 19:653-660, 1998.
27. Vaes P, Van Gheluwe B, Duquet W. Control of acceleration during sudden ankle supination in people with unstable ankles. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 31:741-752, 2001.
28. Tropp H. Functional instability of the ankle joint [dissertation]. Linköping, Sweden, Linköping University, 1985.
29. Messer TM, Cummins CA, Ahn J, Kelikian AS. Outcome of the modified Brostrom procedure for chronic lateral ankle instablity. Foot Ankle Int 21:996-1003, 2000.
30. Chrisman OD, Snook GA. Reconstruction of the lateral ligament tears of the ankle. An experimental study and clinical evaluation of seven patients treated by a new modification of the Elmslie procedure. J Bone Joint Surg 51A:904-912, 1969.
31. Colville MR, Grondel RJ. Anatomic reconstruction of the lateral ankle ligaments using a split peroneus brevis tendon graft. Am J Sports Med 23:210-213, 1995.
32. Colville MR, Marder RA, Zarins B. Reconstruction of the lateral ankle ligaments. A biomechanical analysis. Am J Sports Med 20:594-600, 1992.
33. Evans DL. Recurrent Instability of the ankle-a method of surgical treatment. Proc Royal Soc Med 46:343-344, 1953.
34. Elmslie R. Recurrent subluxation of the ankle-joint. Ann Surg 100:364-367, 1934.
35. Fritschy D, de Reynier JC, Blanc Y. Plastic surgery of the ligament for chronic lateral instability of the ankle. Int Orthop 12:239-247, 1988.
36. Duquennoy A, Letendard J, Loock P. Chronic instability of the ankle treated by reefing of the lateral ligament. Rev Chir Orthop Reparatrice Appar Mot 66:311-316, 1980.
37. Eyring EJ, Guthrie WD. A surgical approach to the problem of severe lateral instability at the ankle. Clin Orthop 206:185-191, 1986.
38. Baciu C, Dobre I, Russu A. Resolution of chronic lateral instability of the ankle by ligamentoplasty (Lee-Castaing tenodesis). Rev Chir Oncol Radiol O R L Oftalmol Stomatol Chir 32:435-444, 1983.
39. Ahlgren O, Larsson S. Reconstruction for lateral ligament injuries of the ankle. J Bone Joint Surg 71B:300-303, 1989.
40. Gillespie HS, Boucher P. Watson-Jones repair of lateral instability of the ankle. J Bone Joint Surg 53:920-924, 1971.
41. Gordes W, Viernstein K Jr. The tenodesis of the peroneus muscle for the treatment of the chronic insufficiency of the lateral ligaments of the upper ankle joint. Int Orthop 3:293-298, 1980.
42. Hawkins RB. Arthroscopic stapling repair for chronic lateral instability. Clin Podiatr Med Surg 4:875-883, 1987.
43. Hedeboe J, Johannsen A. Recurrent instability of the ankle joint. Surgical repair by the Watson-Jones method. Acta Orthop Scand 50:337-340, 1979.
44. Larsen E. Tendon transfer for lateral ankle and subtalar joint instability. Acta Orthop Scand 59:168-172, 1988.
45. Lee HG. Surgical repair in recurrent dislocation of the ankle. J Bone Joint Surg 39A:828-834, 1957.
46. Levy M. Newly modified Evans operation enables immediate mobilization. Reinforcement band stabilizes ankle, no cast is used. Orthop Rev 15:600-604, 1986.
47. Lundeen RO, Hawkins RB. Arthroscopic lateral ankle stabilization. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 75:372-376, 1985.
48. Ottosson L. Lateral instability of the ankle treated by a modified Evans procedure. Acta Orthop Scand 49:302-305, 1978.
49. Pieron AP. Dynamic peroneus tendon transfer for repair of the unstable ankle. Can J Surg 25:672-675, 1982.
50. Schroder HM, Lind T, Andersen K, Kragh B. The Ottosson repair in lateral instability of the ankle. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 107:280-282, 1988.
51. Ting G, Levitsky DR. Levitsky ankle stabilization procedure. J Foot Surg 28:233-236, 1989.
52. Walker JF Jr. Surgical treatment of chronic lateral instability of the ankle joint-a new procedure. Am J Sports Med 17:849, 1989.
53. Williams JG. Plication of the anterolateral capsule of the ankle with extensor digitorum brevis transfer for chronic lateral ligament instability. Injury 19:65-69, 1988.
54. Wilson MK, Smith WK, Johnston WB, Huffmyer JH. Split peroneus brevis transfer: nonosseous ankle stabilization procedure. J Foot Surg 21:324-329, 1982.
55. Zenni EJ Jr, Grefer M, Krieg JK, Lambert MB, Florez R. Lateral ligamentous instability of the ankle: a method of surgical reconstruction by a modified Watson-Jones technique. Am J Sports Med 5:78-83, 1977.
56. Zwipp H, Oestem HJ. Results of a muscle-activated M. peroneus brevis graft. Aktuelle Traumatol 11:185-191, 1981.
57. Zwipp H, Tscherne H. Treatment of chronic anterolateral instability of the upper ankle joint: direct ligament reconstruction-periosteal flap-tenodesis. Unfallheilkunde 87:405-415, 1984.
58. Yu GV, Lynn JA, Thomton D, Choos JN. The split peroneus longus lateral ankle stabilization procedure. J Foot Ankle Surg 33:298-313, 1994.
59. Sugimoto K, Takakura Y, Kumai T, Iwai M, Tanaka Y. Reconstruction of the lateral ankle ligaments with bone-patellar tendon graft in patients with chronic ankle instability: a preliminary report. Am J Sports Med 30:340-346, 2002.
60. Srinivasan VB, Downes EM. Split peroneus longus tenodesis for chronic lateral ligamentous instability of ankle. Injury 27:467-469, 1996.
61. Smith PA, Miller SJ, Berni AJ. A modified Chrisman-Snook procedure for reconstruction of the lateral ligaments of the ankle: review of 18 cases. Foot Ankle Int 16:259-266, 1995.
62. Sjolin SU, Dons-Jensen H, Simonsen O. Reinforced anatomical reconstruction of the anterior talofibular ligament in chronic anterolateral instability using a periosteal flap. Foot Ankle 12:15-18, 1991.
63. Segesser B, Goesele A. Weber fibular ligament-plasty with plantar tendon with Segesser modification. Sportverletz Sportschaden 10:88-93, 1996.
64. Schmidt R, Becker HP, Gemgross H. Surgical treatment of chronic ankle joint instability-many variations in German clinics. Analysis of a 1994 German survey. Sportverletz Sportschaden 11:21-26, 1997.
65. Saragaglia D, Fontanel F, Montbarbon E, Tourne Y, Picard F, Charbel A. Reconstruction of the lateral ankle ligaments using an inferior extensor retinaculum flap. Foot Ankle Int 18:723-728, 1997.
66. Sammarco GJ, Idusuyi OB. Reconstruction of the lateral ankle ligaments using a split peroneus brevis tendon graft. Foot Ankle Int 20:97-103, 1999.
67. Sammarco GJ, Carrasquillo HA. Surgical revision after failed lateral ankle reconstruction. Foot Ankle Int 16:748-753, 1995.
68. Rudert M, Wulker N, Wirth CJ. Reconstruction of the lateral ligaments of the ankle using a regional periosteal flap. J Bone Joint Surg 79B:446-451, 1997.
69. Rosenbaum D, Becker HP, Sterk J, Gemgross H, Claes L. Functional evaluation of the 10-year outcome after modified Evans repair for chronic ankle instability. Foot Ankle Int 18:765-771, 1997.
70. Reed TM. Modified Elmslie lateral ankle stabilization procedure. J Foot Ankle Surg 35:162-165, 191 [discussion], 1996.
71. Pieron AP. Lateral ankle instability correction by translocation of the intact peroneus brevis tendon: a prospective study of 45 cases. J South Orthop Assoc 7:187-191, 1998.
72. Paterson R, Cohen B, Taylor D, Bourne A, Black J. Reconstruction of the lateral ligaments of the ankle using semi-tendinosis graft. Foot Ankle Int 21:413-419, 2000.
73. Palladino SJ, Smith SB, Jackson JL. Plantaris tendon reconstruction of the lateral ankle ligaments. J Foot Surg 30:406-413, 1991.
74. Paden MH, Stone PA, McGarry JJ. Modified Brostrom lateral ankle stabilization utilizing an implantable anchoring system. J Foot Ankle Surg 33:617-622, 1994.
75. Oloff LM, Bocko AP, Fanton G. Arthroscopic monopolar radiofrequency thermal stabilization for chronic lateral ankle instability: a preliminary report on 10 cases. J Foot Ankle Surg 39:144-153, 2000.
76. Neugebauer R, Burri C. Alloplastic grafting of ligaments with carbon-fibres. Unfallchirurgie 7:298-304, 1981.
77. Nakata K, Shino K, Horibe S, Natsu-ume T, Mae T, Ochi T. Reconstruction of the lateral ligaments of the ankle using solvent-dried and gamma-irradiated allogeneic fascia lata. J Bone Joint Surg 82B:579-582, 2000.
78. Mabi C, Pecout C, Arnaud JP. Ligamentoplasty using the peroneus tertius in the correction of lateral laxity of the ankle. Surgical technique. Rev Chir Orthop Reparatrice Appar Mot 82:70-75, 1996.
79. Liu SH, Jacobson KE. A new operation for chronic lateral ankle instability. J Bone Joint Surg 77B:55-59, 1995.
80. Kinzl L, Burri C, Neugebauer R. Carbon fiber ligament replacement in the treatment of chronic instability of the external ankle joint ligament. Zentralbl Chir 108:1192-1197, 1983.
81. Kashuk KB, Carbonell JA, Blum JA. Arthroscopic lateral ankle stabilization. Clin Podiatr Med Surg 11:407-423, 1994.
82. Jarde O, Bouzigues P, Trinquier-Lautard JL, Havet E, Vives P. Chronic lateral ankle instability: surgical treatment with periosteum ligamentoplasty and capsular ligament tension. 34 cases. Rev Chir Orthop Reparatrice Appar Mot 85:51-57, 1999.
83. Hintermann B, Renggli P. Anatomic reconstruction of the lateral ligaments of the ankle using a plantaris tendon graft in the treatment of chronic ankle joint instability. Orthopade 28:778-784, 1999.
84. Girard P, Anderson RB, Davis WH, Isear JA, Kiebzak GM. Clinical evaluation of the modified Brostrom-Evans procedure to restore ankle stability. Foot Ankle Int 20:246-252, 1999.
85. Evans RD, Feller SR, Heath NS. Review of the Dockery procedure for lateral ankle instability. A seven-year retrospective analysis. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 88:279-284, 1998.
86. Becker HP, Rosenbaum D, Zeithammel G, Gnann R, Bauer G, Gemgross H, Claes L. Tenodesis versus carbon fiber repair of ankle ligaments: a clinical comparison. Clin Orthop 325:194-202, 1996
87. Bauer GR. New method for reconstruction in lateral ankle instability. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 85:459-463, 1995.
88. Okuda R, Kinoshita M, Morikawa J, Jotoku T, Abe M. Reconstruction for chronic lateral ankle instability using the palmaris longus tendon: is reconstruction of the calcaneofibular ligament necessary? Foot Ankle Int 20:714-720, 1999.
89. Bar BW, Tausch W. Follow-up results of ligament replacement by PDS in chronic lateral ligament instability of the upper ankle joint. Zentralbl Chir 115:1375-1379, 1990.
90. Becker HP, Rosenbaum D. Functional disorders of the foot after tenodeses: is the method still currently acceptable? Sportverletz Sportschaden 10:94-99, 1996.
91. Becker HP, Zeithammel G, Danz B, Rosenbaum D, Gemgross H. Clinical and roentgenologic 5 year follow-up of modified Evansplasty in chronic lateral instability of the ankle joint. Unfallchirurg 98:333-337, 1995.
92. Freedman LS, Jenkins AI, Jenkins DH. Carbon fibre reinforcement for chronic lateral ankle instability. Injury 19:25-27, 1988.
93. Sammarco VJ. Complications of lateral ankle ligament reconstruction. Clin Orthop 391:123-132, 2001.
94. Vavron P, Slavik M. Care of chronic rupture of the fibular ligaments using the Weber method of reconstruction at the ILF. Acta Chir Orthop Traumatol Cech 57:138-143, 1990.
95. Usami N, Inokuchi S, Hiraishi E, Miyanaga M, Waseda A. Clinical application of artificial ligament for ankle instability-long-term follow-up. J Long Term Eff Med Implants 10:239-250, 2000.
96. Becker HP, Rosenbaum D. Chronic recurrent ligament instability on the lateral ankle. Orthopade 28:483-492, 1999.
97. Epstein J. Chronic lateral ankle instability: results when treated with the modified Evans procedure. J Foot Surg 21:260-264, 1982.
98. Kaplan EG, Kaplan GS, Vaccari OA, Kaplan DM, Kaplan RK, Isenberg MS. A triligamentous reconstruction for lateral ankle instability. J Foot Surg 23:240-247, 1984.
99. Lauttamus L, Korkala O, Tanskanen P. Lateral ligament injuries of the ankle. Surgical treatment of late cases. Ann Chir Gynaecol 71:164-167, 1982.
100. Larsen E. Chronic lateral instability of the ankle. A radiographical, clinical and functional study with evaluation of synovial changes and predisposing foot deformities. Dan Med Bull 40:332-350, 1993.
101. Larsen E. Static or dynamic repair of chronic lateral ankle instability. A prospective randomized study. Clin Orthop 257:184-192, 1990.
102. Hambly E. Recurrent dislocation of the ankle due to rupture of external lateral ligament. Br Med J 1:413, 1945.
103. Watson-Jones R. Fractures and Joint Injuries, 4th ed, vol 2, pp 812-830, Livingston, Edinburgh, 1955.
104. van der Rijt AJ, Evans GA. The long-term results of Watson-Jones tenodesis. J Bone Joint Surg 66B:371-375, 1984.
105. Hoy GA, Henderson IJ. Results of Watson-Jones ankle reconstruction for instability. The influence of articular damage. J Bone Joint Surg 76B:610-613, 1994.
106. Becker HP, Ebner S, Ebner D, Benesch S, Frossler H, Hayes A, Gritze G, Rosenbaum D. 12-year outcome after modified Watson-Jones tenodesis for ankle instability. Clin Orthop 358:194-204, 1999.
107. Snook GA, Chrisman OD, Wilson TC. Long-term results of the Chrisman-Snook operation for reconstruction of the lateral ligaments of the ankle. J Bone Joint Surg 67A:1-7, 1985.
108. Riegler HF. Reconstruction for lateral instability of the ankle. J Bone Joint Surg 66A:336-339, 1984.
109. Canadell JM, Valenti JR, Martinez A, de Pablos J, Villas C. Chronic lateral instability of the ankle. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 99:189-193, 1982.
110. Gianella FV, Huggler AH. A muscle activated dynamic repair of lateral instability of the ankle. Z Orthop Ihre Grenzgeb 114:805-812, 1976.
111. Younes C, Fowles JV, Fallaha M, Antoun R. Long-term results of surgical reconstruction for chronic lateral instability of the ankle: comparison of Watson-Jones and Evans techniques. J Trauma 28:1330-1334, 1988.
112. Targonski J. Primary plastic reconstruction of a lateral ligament injury of the upper ankle joint. Aktuelle Traumatol 17:35-37, 1987.
113. Kjaersgaard-Andersen P, Madsen F, Frich LH, Wethelund JO, Sojbjerg JO. Lateral hindfoot instability treated with the Evans tenodesis: a biomechanical analysis. J Foot Surg 29:25-32, 1990.
114. Rosenbaum D, Becker HP, Wilke HJ, Claes LE. Tenodeses destroy the kinematic coupling of the ankle joint complex. A three-dimensional in vitro analysis of joint movement. J Bone Joint Surg 80B: 162-168, 1998.
115. Sefton GK, Fitton JM. Reconstruction of the anterior talofibular ligament for the treatment of the unstable ankle. J Bone Joint Surg 61B:352-354, 1979.
116. Burri C, Neugebauer R. Carbon fiber replacement of the ligaments of the shoulder girdle and the treatment of lateral instability of the ankle joint. Clin Orthop 196:112-117, 1985.
117. Karlsson J, Bergsten T, Lansinger O, Peterson L. Surgical treatment of chronic lateral instability of the ankle joint. A new procedure. Am J Sports Med 17:268-273, 273-274 [discussion], 1989.
118. Karlsson J, Bergsten T, Lansinger O, Peterson L. Reconstruction of the lateral ligaments of the ankle for chronic lateral instability. J Bone Joint Surg 70A:581-588, 1988.
119. Karlsson J, Lansinger O. Chronic lateral instability of the ankle in athletes. Sports Med 16:355-365, 1993.
120. Roy-Camille R, Saillant G, Gagna G, Benazet JP, Feray C. Chronic external instability of the ankle. Surgical treatment by a periosteum ligamentoplasty. Rev Chir Orthop Reparatrice Appar Mot 72:121-126, 1986.
121. Van Bergeyk AB, Younger A, Carson B. CT analysis of hindfoot alignment in chronic lateral ankle instability. Foot Ankle Int 23:37-42, 2002.
122. Miller CA, Bosco JA III. Lateral ankle and subtalar instability. Bull Hosp Joint Dis 60:143-149, 2001.
123. Karlsson J, Eriksson BI, Bergsten T, Rudholm O, Sward L. Comparison of two anatomic reconstructions for chronic lateral instability of the ankle joint. Am J Sports Med 25:48-53, 1997.
124. Vammen S, Petersen LG, Kaalund S, Jorgensen TE. The effect of musculus extensor digitorum brevis transfer for chronic lateral ankle instability. Foot Ankle Int 19:563-565, 1998.
125. Mukherjee K, Gangopadhyay P. Extensor digitorum brevis transfer in chronic unstable ankles. J Royal Coll Surg Edinb 28:250-255, 1983.
126. Karlsson J, Peterson L. Evaluation of ankle joint function: the use of a scoring scale. Foot 1:15-19, 1991.
127. Hintermann B. Biomechanics of the ligaments of the unstable ankle joint. Sportverletz Sportschaden 10:48-54, 1996.
128. Krips R, van Dijk CN, Lehtonen H, Halasi T, Moyen B, Karlsson J. Sports activity level after surgical treatment for chronic anterolateral ankle instability. A multicenter study. Am J Sports Med 30:13-19, 2002.
129. Hamilton WG, Thompson FM, Snow SW. The modified Brostrom procedure for lateral ankle instability. Foot Ankle 14:1-7, 1993.
130. Gould N, Seligson D, Gassman J. Early and late repair of lateral ligament of the ankle. Foot Ankle 1:84-89, 1980.
131. Langstaff RJ, Handley CH. Functional ankle instability in members of the armed forces, the results of the extensor digitorum brevis transfer operation. Injury 22:105-107, 1991.
132. Freeman MAR, Dean MRE, Hanham IFF. The etiology and prevention of functional instablity of the foot. J Bone Joint Surg 47B:678-685, 1965.
133. Karlsson J, Andreasson GO. The effect of external ankle support in chronic lateral ankle joint instability. An electromyographic study. Am J Sports Med 20:257-261, 1992.
134. Freeman MA. Instability of the foot after injuries to the lateral ligament of the ankle. J Bone Joint Surg 47B:669-677, 1965.
135. Richie DH Jr. Functional instability of the ankle and the role of neuromuscular control: a comprehensive review. J Foot Ankle Surg 40:240-251, 2001.
136. Peters JW, Trevino SG, Renstrom PA. Chronic lateral ankle instability. Foot Ankle 12:182-191, 1991.
137. Frost SC, Amendola A, Is stress radiography necessary in the diagnosis of acute or chronic ankle instability? Clin J Sport Med 9:40-45, 1999.
138. Tiling T, Bonk A, Hoher J, Klein J. Acute injury to the lateral ligament of the ankle joint in the athlete. Chirurg 65:920-933, 1994.
139. Lofvenberg R, Karrholm J, Selvik G, Hansson LI, Ahlgren O. Chronic lateral instability of the ankle, Roentgen stereophotogrammetry of talar position. Acta Orthop Scand 60:34-39, 1989.
140. Cannon LB, Hackney RG. Anterior tibiotalar impingement associated with chronic ankle instablity. J Foot Ankle Surg 39:383-386, 2000.
141. Staples OS, Ruptures of the fibular collateral ligaments of the ankle-a result of immediate treatment. J Bone Joint Surg 57A: 101-107, 1975.
142. Karlsson J, Lansinger O. Lateral instability of the ankle joint. Nonsurgical treatment is the first choice-20 per cent may need ligament surgery. Lakartidningen 88:1399-1402, 1991.
143. Kerkhoffs GM, Rowe BH, Assendelft WJ, Kelly K, Struijs PA, van Dijk CN. Immobilisation and functional treatment for acute lateral ankle ligament injuries in adults (Cochrane Review). Cochrane Database Syst Rev 3:CD003762, 2002.
144. Konradsen L, Bech L, Ehrenbjerg M, Nickelsen T. Seven years follow-up after ankle inversion trauma. Scand J Med Sci Sports 12:129-135, 2002.
145. Balduini FC, Vegso JJ, Torg JS, Torg E. Management and rehabilitation of ligamentous injuries to the ankle. Sports Med 4:364-380, 1987.
146. Brostrom L. Sprained ankles. 3. Clinical observations in recent ligament ruptures. Acta Chir Scand 130:560-569, 1965.
147. Hertel J. Functional instability following lateral ankle sprain. Sports Med 29:361-371, 2000.
148. Konradsen L, Ravn JB. Ankle instability caused by prolonged peroneal reaction time. Acta Orthop Scand 61:388-390, 1990.
149. Lofvenberg R, Karrholm J, Sundelin G, Ahlgren O. Prolonged reaction time in patients with chronic lateral instability of the ankle. Am J Sports Med 23:414-417, 1995.
150. Lofvenberg R, Karrholm J, Sundelin G. Proprioceptive reaction in the healthy and chronically unstable ankle joint. Sportverletz Sports-chaden 10:79-83, 1996.
151. Takebayashi T, Yamashita T, Minaki Y, Ishii S. Mechanosensitive afferent units in the lateral ligament of the ankle. J Bone Joint Surg 79B:490-493, 1997.
152. Takebayashi T, Yamashita T, Sakamoto N, Yamada Y, Minaki Y, Ishii S. Biomechanical characteristics of the lateral ligament of the ankle joint. J Foot Ankle Surg 41:154-157, 2002.
153. Cedell CA. Ankle lesions. Acta Orthop Scand 46:425-445, 1975.
154. Cedell CA. Supination-outward rotation injuries of the ankle. A clinical and roentgenological study with special reference to the operative treatment. Acta Orthop Scand 110(Suppl):3+, 1967.
155. Rasmussen O. Stability of the ankle joint. Analysis of the function and traumatology of the ankle ligaments. Acta Orthop Scand 211(Suppl):1-75, 1985.
156. Posinkovic B, Sarajlic M, Pavlovic M. Lateral instability of the upper ankle joint. Vojnosanit Pregl 45:104-108, 1988.
157. Baker JM, Ouzounian TJ. Complex ankle instability. Foot Ankle Clin 5:887-896, 2000.
158. Hollis JM, Blasier RD, Flahiff CM. Simulated lateral ankle ligamentous injury. Change in ankle stability. Am J Sports Med 23:672-677, 1995.