Evolutionary aspects of anxiety disorders

Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience

Volumn 5, Issue 3, 2003, Pages 223-236

  Price, John S ^a,b  

^a BRIGHTON GENERAL HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

^b NONE   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Agoraphobia; Anxiety disorder; Behavioral ecology; De escalating strategy; Depressive disorder; Evolution; Triune brain; Yerkes Dodson law

Indexed keywords

AFFECT; ANXIETY DISORDER; ARTICLE; BRAIN; CONSCIOUSNESS; EVOLUTIONARY ADAPTATION; GENERALIZED ANXIETY DISORDER; HUMAN; INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION; NONHUMAN; SOCIAL INTERACTION; SOCIAL PHOBIA; SOCIAL SUPPORT;

EID: 0344010613     PISSN: 12948322     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (86)

1. Stevens A, Price J. Evolutionary Psychiatry: A New Beginning. 2nd ed. London, UK: Routledge; 2000.
2. McGuire MT, Troisi A. Darwinian Psychiatry. New York, NY: Oxford University Press; 1998.
3. Marks IM. Fears, Phobias and Rituals. New York, NY: Oxford University Press; 1987.
4. Marks IM, Nesse RM. Fear and fitness: an evolutionary analysis of anxiety disorders. Ethol Sociobiol. 1994;15:247-261.
5. Gilbert P, Trower P. The evolution and manifestation of social anxiety. In: Crozier WR, ed. Shyness and Embarrassment: Perspectives from Social Psychology. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press; 1990:144-177.
6. Nesse RM. An evolutionary perspective on panic disorder and agoraphobia. Ethol Sociobiol. 1987;8:73s-85s.
7. Nesse RM. Proximate and evolutionary studies of anxiety, stress and depression: synergy at the interface. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 1999;23:895-903.
8. Stein DJ, Bouwer C. A neuro-evolutionary approach to the anxiety disorders. J Anxiety Disord. 1997;11:409-429.
9. Ohman A, Mineka S. Fears, phobias and preparedness: toward an evolved module of fear and fear learning. Psychol Rev. 2001;108:483-522.
10. Hofer MA. An evolutionary perspective on anxiety. In: Roose SP, Glick RA, eds. Anxiety as Symptom and Signal. Hillsdale, NJ: Analytic Press; 1995:17-38.
11. Woody S, Rachman S. Generalised anxiety disorder (GAD) as an unsuccessful search for safety. Clin Psychol Rev. 1994;14:743-753.
12. de Waal F. The reconciled hierarchy. In: Chance MRA, ed. Social Fabrics of the Mind. Hove, UK: Lawrence Erlbaum; 1988:297-312.
13. de Waal F. Peacemaking Among Primates. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press; 1989.
14. Aureli F, de Waal FMB. Why natural conflict resolution? In: Aureli F, de Waal FMB, eds. Natural Conflict Resolution. Berkely, Calif: University of California Press; 2000:1-10.
15. Price JS, Sloman L, Gardner R, et al. The social competition hypothesis of depression. Br J Psychiatry. 1994:164:309-135. Reprinted in: Baron-Cohen S, ed. The Maladapted Mind: Classic Readings in Evolutionary Psychopathology. Hove, UK: Psychology Press; 1997:241-253.
16. Price JS, Sloman L, Gardner R, et al. The social competition hypothesis of depression. Br J Psychiatry. 1994:164:309-135. Reprinted in: Baron-Cohen S, ed. The Maladapted Mind: Classic Readings in Evolutionary Psychopathology. Hove, UK: Psychology Press; 1997:241-253.
17. Gardner R, Price J. Sociophysiology and depression. In: Joiner T, Coyne JD, eds. Recent Advances in Interpersonal Approaches to Depression. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association; 1996:247-268.
18. Whyte FW. Street Comer Society. 2nd ed. Chicago, III: University of Chicago Press; 1955.
19. Gilbert P, Allan S, Brough S, Melley S, Miles JNV. Relationship of anhedonia and anxiety to social rank, defeat and entrapment. J Affect Disord. 2002;71:141-151.
20. Fournier MA, Moskowitz DS, Zuroff DC. Social rank strategies in hierarchical relationships. J Pers Soc Psychol. 2002;83:425-433.
21. Weissman MM, Markowitz JC, Klerman GI. Comprehensive Guide to Interpersonal Psychotherapy. New York, NY: Basic Books; 2000.
22. Buss DM. The evolution of anxiety and social exclusion. J Soc Clin Psychol. 1990;9:196-201.
23. Mineka S, Watson D, Clark LA. Comorbidity of anxiety and unipolar mood disorders. Am Rev Psychol. 1998;49:377-412.
24. Kaufman J, Charney D. Comorbidity of mood and anxiety disorders. Depress Anxiety. 2000;12:69-76.
25. Tyrer P. The case for cothymia: mixed anxiety and depression as a single diagnosis. BrJ Psychiatry. 2001;179:191-193.
26. Nemeroff CB. Comorbidity of mood and anxiety disorders: the rule, not the exception. Am J Psychiatry. 2001;159:3-4.
27. Davidson RJ. Ekman P. Afterword: how are emotions distinguished from moods, temperament and other related affective constructs. In: Eckman P, Davidson RJ, eds. The Nature of Emotion: Fundamental Questions. New York, NY: Oxford University Press; 1994:94-96.
28. MacLean PD. The Triune Brain in Evolution. New York, NY: Plenum Press; 1990.
29. Cory G, Gardner R, eds. The Neuroethology of Paul MacLean: Convergences and Frontiers. Westport, Conn: Greenwood-Praeger; 2002.
30. Price JS. Gurdjieff and the triune brain. ASCAP Newsletter. 1998; 11:19-21.
31. Price JS. The triune brain, escalation de-escalation strategies, and mood disorders. In: Cory G, Gardner R, eds. The Neuroethology of Paul MacLean: Convergences and Frontiers. Westport, Conn: Greenwood-Praeger; 2002.
32. Cornford FM. The Republic of Plato. Translated with introduction and notes. London, UK: Turnstone Books; 1976.
33. Huntingford FA, Taylor AC, Sneddon LU, Neat FC. Prowess and the resolution of animal fights. In: Espmark Y, Amundsen T, Rosenqvist G, eds. Animal Signals: Signalling and Signal Design in Animal Communication. Trondheim, Norway: Tapir Academic Press; 2000:259-276.
34. Krebs JR, Davies NB. An Introduction to Behavioural Ecology, 3rd ed. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Scientific Publications; 1993.
35. Clutton-Brock TH, Guiness FE, Albob SD. Red Deer: Behaviour and Ecology of Two Sexes. Edinburgh, UK: Edinburgh University Press; 1982.
36. Maynard Smith J, Harper DG. The evolution of aggression: can selection generate variability? Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 1988;319:557-570.
37. Maynard Smith J. Evolution and the Theory of Games. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press; 1982.
38. Price JS, Gardner R, Erickson M. Can depression, anxiety and somatisation be understood as appeasement displays. J Affect Disord. 2003. In press.
39. Price JS, Gardner R. The paradoxical power of the depressed patient: a problem for the ranking theory of depression. Br J Med Psychol. 1995; 68:193-206.
40. Gilbert P. Depression: The Evolution of Powerlessness. Hove, UK: Lawrence Erlbaum; 1992.
41. Barkow JH. Precis of Darwin, Sex and Status: biological approaches to mind and culture. Behav Brain Sci. 1991;14:295-334.
42. Bowlby J. Attachment and Loss. Vol 1. Attachment. London, UK: Hogarth Press; 1969.
43. Bowlby J. Attachment and Loss. Vol 2. Separation, Anxiety and Anger. London, UK: Hogarth Press; 1973
44. Bowlby J. Attachment and Loss. Vol 3. Loss. Sadness and Depression. London, UK: Hogarth Press; 1980.
45. Holmes J. Attachment theory: a biological basis for psychotherapy? Br J Psychiatry. 1993;163:430-438.
46. Clement Y, Calatayud F, Belzung C. Genetic basis of anxiety-like behaviour: a critical review. Brain Res Bull, 2002;57:57-71.
47. Price JS, Gardner R. Humans are superhuman animals: a reply to commentaries by J. Birtchnell and P. Gilbert. Br J Med Psychol. 1995;68:217-222.
48. De Waal FBM, Harcourt AH. Coalitions and alliances: a history of ethological research. In: Harcourt AH, de Waal FBM, eds. Coalitions and Alliances in Humans and Other Animals. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press; 1992:1-19.
49. Stevens A, Price JS. Prophets, Cults and Madness. London, UK: Duckworth; 2000.
50. Boehm C. Egalitarian behaviour and reverse dominance hierarchy. Curr Anthropol. 1993;34:227-254.
51. Price JS. Implications of sexual selection for variation in human personality and behavior. In: van der Dennen J, Smillie D, eds. The Darwinian Heritage and Sociobiology. Westport, Conn: Greenwood Publishing Group; 1999:295-308.
52. Shively CA. Social subordination stress, behaviour, and central monoaminegic function in female cynomolgous monkeys. Biol Psychiatry. 1998;44:882-891.
53. Shively CA, Laber-Laird K, Anton RF Behavior and physiology of social stress and depression in female cynomolgous monkeys. Biol Psychiatry. 1997;41:871-882.
54. McGuire MT, Raleigh MJ. Serotonin-behavior interactions in vervet monkeys. Psychopharmacol Bull. 1985;21:458-463.
55. Gardner R. Evolutionary perspectives on stress and affective disorders. Sem Neuropsychiatry. 2001;6:32-42.
56. Gardner R: Psychiatry needs a basic science titled sociophysiology. Biol Psychiatry. 1996;39:833-834.
57. Price JS. The adaptive function of mood change. Br J Med Psychol. 1998;71:465-477.
58. Sloman L, Atkinson L, Milligan K, Liotti G. Attachment, social rank and affect regulation: speculations on an ethological approach to family interaction. Fam Process. 2002;41:479-493.
59. Nicolescu AB, Akiskal HS. Proposed endophenotypes of dysthymia: evolutionary, clinical and pharmacogenomic considerations. Mol Psychiatry. 2001;6:363-366.
60. Coyne JC. Studying depressed persons' interactions with strangers and spouses. J Abnorm Psychol. 1985;94:231-232.
61. Klerman GL. Depression and adaptation. In: Friedman RJ, Katz MM, eds. The Psychology of Depression. Washington, DC: V. H. Winston; 1974:127-145.
62. Howell S. "To be angry is not to be human, but to be fearful is": Chewong concepts of human nature. In: Howell S, Willis R, eds. Societies at Peace: Anthropological Perspectives. London, UK: Routledge; 1989:45-59.
63. Datta S. The acquisition of dominance among free-ranging rhesus monkeys. Anim Behav. 1988;36:754-772.
64. Curtin LL. The Yerkes-Dodson law. Nurs Manage. 1984;15:7-8.
65. Yerkes RM, Dodson JD. The relation of strength of stimulus to rapidity of habit-formation, J Comp Neurol Psychol. 1908;18:459-482.
66. Gray P. Psychology. New York, NY: Worth Publishers; 1991.
67. Price JS. Developmental features of depression. ASCAP Bull. 2002;3:16-20.
68. James B. Why do people have accidents? BMJ. 1991;84:382-383.
69. Smith A. Stress and information processing. In: Johnston M, Wallace L, eds. Stress and Medical Procedures. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press; 1990:58-80.
70. Selye H. Stress Without Distress. London, UK: Hodder & Stoughton; 1974.
71. Seyfarth RM. Vocal communication and its relation to language. In: Smuts BB, Cheney DL, Seyfarth RM, Wrangham RW, Struhsaker TT, eds. Primate Societies. Chicago, III: University of Chicago Press; 1986:440-451.
72. Cheney DL, Wrangham W. Predation. In: Smuts BB, Cheney DL, Seyfarth RM, Wrangham RW, Struhsaker TT, eds. Primate Societies. Chicago, III: University of Chicago Press; 1986:227-239.
73. Cheney DL, Seyfarth RM. How Monkeys See the World: Inside the Mind of Another Species. Chicago, III: University of Chicago Press, 1990.
74. Akiskal HS. Toward a definition of generalised anxiety disorder as an anxious temperament type. Acta Psychiat Scand Suppl. 1998;393:66-73.
75. DeVore I, Hall KRL. Baboon ecology. In: DeVore I, ed. Primate Behavior: Field Studies of Monkeys and Apes. New York, NY: Hold, Reinhart & Winston; 1965:20-52.
76. Pusey AE. The primate perspective on dispersal. In: Stenseth NC, Lidicker WZ, eds. Animal Dispersal: Small Mammals as a Model. London, UK: Chapman & Hall; 1992:243-259.
77. Lange A, van Dyck R. The function of agoraphobia in the marital relationship. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1992;85:89-93.
78. Dowling S. The ontogeny and dynamics of anxiety in childhood. In: Roose SP, Glick RA, eds. Anxiety as Symptom and Signal. Hillsdale, NJ: Analytic Press; 1995:75-86.
79. Menzies RG, Harris LM. Mode of onset in evolutionarily relevant and evolutionarily-neutral phobias: evidence from a clinical sample. Depress Anxiety. 1997;5:134-136.
80. Glick RA. Freudian and post-Freudian theories of anxiety. In: Roose SP, Glick RA, eds. Anxiety as Symptom and Signal, Hillsdale, NJ: Analytic Press; 1995:1-16.
81. Sober E, Wilson DS. Unto Others: The Evolution and Psychology of Unselfish Behavior. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press; 1998.
82. Nesse RM. Evolutionary biology: a basic science for psychiatry. World Med. 2002;1:7-9.
83. Gardner R. Sociophysiology as the basic science of psychiatry. Theor Med. 1997;18:335-356.
84. Gilbert P, Depression and stress: a biopsychosocial exploration of evolved functions and mechanisms. Stress Int J Biol Stress. 2001;4:121-135.
85. Gilbert P. Evolution and social anxiety: the role of social competition and social hierarchies. In: Schnieder F, ed. Social Anxiety: Psychiatric Clinics of North America. 2001;24:723-751.
86. James W. Principles of Psychology. Vol 1. New York, NY: Henry Holt; 1890.