The pacific age in world history

Journal of World History

Volumn 7, Issue 1, 1996, Pages 41-69

  Korhonen, Pekka ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF JYVÄSKYLÄ   (Finland)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0343898919     PISSN: 10456007     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1353/jwh.2005.0055     Document Type: Article

References (146)

1. Watanabe Akio, Ajia Taiheiyō no kokusai kankei (Tokyo: Tokyo Daigaku Shuppankai, 1992), pp. 98-102. I am grateful for a conversation with Watanabe in February 1994 at Aoyama Gakuin University in Tokyo. I am in debt also to Yamaoka Michio for a conversation in Waseda University in March 1994 and for his study Ajia-Taiheiyō jidai ni mukete - sono zenshi toshite no Taiheiyō mondai chōsakai to Taiheiyō kaigi (Tokyo: Hokuju Shuppan, 1991). My debt is even greater to Akami Tomoko of the Australian National University, who allowed me to use two manuscripts, a chapter draft for her dissertation, The Liberal Dilemma: New Liberals and Internationalism at the Institute of Pacific Relations, 1925-1930 (Canberra: Australian National University, Pacific Studies Centre, 1995), and "The Rise and Fall of a 'Pacific Sense': Experiment of the Institute of Pacific Relations, 1925-1930," Shibusawa kenkyū 7 (1994): 2-37. My article was also inspired by Arif Dirlik, "The Asia-Pacific Idea: Reality and Representation in the Invention of a Regional Structure," Journal of World History 3 (1992): 55-79.
2. Watanabe Akio, Ajia Taiheiyō no kokusai kankei (Tokyo: Tokyo Daigaku Shuppankai, 1992), pp. 98-102. I am grateful for a conversation with Watanabe in February 1994 at Aoyama Gakuin University in Tokyo. I am in debt also to Yamaoka Michio for a conversation in Waseda University in March 1994 and for his study Ajia-Taiheiyō jidai ni mukete - sono zenshi toshite no Taiheiyō mondai chōsakai to Taiheiyō kaigi (Tokyo: Hokuju Shuppan, 1991). My debt is even greater to Akami Tomoko of the Australian National University, who allowed me to use two manuscripts, a chapter draft for her dissertation, The Liberal Dilemma: New Liberals and Internationalism at the Institute of Pacific Relations, 1925-1930 (Canberra: Australian National University, Pacific Studies Centre, 1995), and "The Rise and Fall of a 'Pacific Sense': Experiment of the Institute of Pacific Relations, 1925-1930," Shibusawa kenkyū 7 (1994): 2-37. My article was also inspired by Arif Dirlik, "The Asia-Pacific Idea: Reality and Representation in the Invention of a Regional Structure," Journal of World History 3 (1992): 55-79.
3. Watanabe Akio, Ajia Taiheiyō no kokusai kankei (Tokyo: Tokyo Daigaku Shuppankai, 1992), pp. 98-102. I am grateful for a conversation with Watanabe in February 1994 at Aoyama Gakuin University in Tokyo. I am in debt also to Yamaoka Michio for a conversation in Waseda University in March 1994 and for his study Ajia-Taiheiyō jidai ni mukete - sono zenshi toshite no Taiheiyō mondai chōsakai to Taiheiyō kaigi (Tokyo: Hokuju Shuppan, 1991). My debt is even greater to Akami Tomoko of the Australian National University, who allowed me to use two manuscripts, a chapter draft for her dissertation, The Liberal Dilemma: New Liberals and Internationalism at the Institute of Pacific Relations, 1925-1930 (Canberra: Australian National University, Pacific Studies Centre, 1995), and "The Rise and Fall of a 'Pacific Sense': Experiment of the Institute of Pacific Relations, 1925-1930," Shibusawa kenkyū 7 (1994): 2-37. My article was also inspired by Arif Dirlik, "The Asia-Pacific Idea: Reality and Representation in the Invention of a Regional Structure," Journal of World History 3 (1992): 55-79.
4. Watanabe Akio, Ajia Taiheiyō no kokusai kankei (Tokyo: Tokyo Daigaku Shuppankai, 1992), pp. 98-102. I am grateful for a conversation with Watanabe in February 1994 at Aoyama Gakuin University in Tokyo. I am in debt also to Yamaoka Michio for a conversation in Waseda University in March 1994 and for his study Ajia-Taiheiyō jidai ni mukete - sono zenshi toshite no Taiheiyō mondai chōsakai to Taiheiyō kaigi (Tokyo: Hokuju Shuppan, 1991). My debt is even greater to Akami Tomoko of the Australian National University, who allowed me to use two manuscripts, a chapter draft for her dissertation, The Liberal Dilemma: New Liberals and Internationalism at the Institute of Pacific Relations, 1925-1930 (Canberra: Australian National University, Pacific Studies Centre, 1995), and "The Rise and Fall of a 'Pacific Sense': Experiment of the Institute of Pacific Relations, 1925-1930," Shibusawa kenkyū 7 (1994): 2-37. My article was also inspired by Arif Dirlik, "The Asia-Pacific Idea: Reality and Representation in the Invention of a Regional Structure," Journal of World History 3 (1992): 55-79.
5. Watanabe Akio, Ajia Taiheiyō no kokusai kankei (Tokyo: Tokyo Daigaku Shuppankai, 1992), pp. 98-102. I am grateful for a conversation with Watanabe in February 1994 at Aoyama Gakuin University in Tokyo. I am in debt also to Yamaoka Michio for a conversation in Waseda University in March 1994 and for his study Ajia-Taiheiyō jidai ni mukete - sono zenshi toshite no Taiheiyō mondai chōsakai to Taiheiyō kaigi (Tokyo: Hokuju Shuppan, 1991). My debt is even greater to Akami Tomoko of the Australian National University, who allowed me to use two manuscripts, a chapter draft for her dissertation, The Liberal Dilemma: New Liberals and Internationalism at the Institute of Pacific Relations, 1925-1930 (Canberra: Australian National University, Pacific Studies Centre, 1995), and "The Rise and Fall of a 'Pacific Sense': Experiment of the Institute of Pacific Relations, 1925-1930," Shibusawa kenkyū 7 (1994): 2-37. My article was also inspired by Arif Dirlik, "The Asia-Pacific Idea: Reality and Representation in the Invention of a Regional Structure," Journal of World History 3 (1992): 55-79.
6. Die Vorhalle Europäischer Völkergeschichten vor Herodotus, um den Kaukasus und an den Gestaden des Pontus. Eine Abhandlung zur Alterthums/cunde (Berlin: G. Reimer, 1820).
7. J. R. Seeley, The Expansion of England: Two Courses of Lectures (London: Macmillan, 1883), pp. 87-90.
8. Carl Ritter, Europa. Vorlesungen an der Universität zu Berlin (Berlin: Georg Reimer 1863), p. 1.
9. Ritter, Europa, pp. 7, 23.
10. Seeley, The Expansion of England, p. 8.
11. Seeley, The Expansion of England, pp. 10-16.
12. Inagaki Manjirō, Japan and the Pacific: A Japanese View of the Eastern Question (London: T. Fisher Unwin, 1890), pp. 54-56.
13. Inagaki, Japan and the Pacific, p. 40.
14. Inagaki, Japan and the Pacific, p. 47.
15. Inagaki, Japan and the Pacific, p. 57.
16. Inagaki Manjirō, Tōhō saku ketsuron sōan (Tokyo: Tetsugaku shoin, 1892), p. 1.
17. For more about Inagaki, see Watanabe, Ajia-Taiheiyō no kokusai kankei; Pekka Korhonen, "The Dimension of Dreams: The Discussion of the Pacific Age in Japan 1890-1994," in Japan's Socioeconomic Evolution: Continuity and Change, ed. Sarah Merzger-Court and Werner Pascha (Curzon Press: Japan Library, 1095), forthcoming.
18. For more about Inagaki, see Watanabe, Ajia-Taiheiyō no kokusai kankei; Pekka Korhonen, "The Dimension of Dreams: The Discussion of the Pacific Age in Japan 1890-1994," in Japan's Socioeconomic Evolution: Continuity and Change, ed. Sarah Merzger-Court and Werner Pascha (Curzon Press: Japan Library, 1095), forthcoming.
19. Carl Steenstrup, "A Gustavian Swede in Tanuma Okitsugu's Japan: Marginal Notes to Carl Peter Thunberg's Travelogue," Journal of Intercultural Studies 6 (1979): 20-42.
20. C. Brunsdon Fletcher, The New Pacific: British Policy and German Aims (London: Macmillan, 1917), p. 39.
21. Homer Lea, The Valor of Ignorance (New York and London: Harper and Brothers, 1909), p. 168; Nicholas Roosevelt, The Restless Pacific (New York and London: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1928), p. 3.
22. Homer Lea, The Valor of Ignorance (New York and London: Harper and Brothers, 1909), p. 168; Nicholas Roosevelt, The Restless Pacific (New York and London: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1928), p. 3.
23. Alfred Thayer Mahan, The Influnce of Sea Power upon History (London: Sampson Low, Marston, 1890).
24. Pekka Korhonen, "Japanin ekspansio 1854-1945 ja nationalismin nousu läntisen Tyynenmeren alueella," Rauhantutkimus 3 (1990): 34-67.
25. George E. Mowry, The Era of Theodore Roosevelt, 1900-1912 (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1958).
26. Alfred Thayer Mahan, The Interest of America in Sea Power, Present and Future (London: Sampson Low, Marston, 1897), p. 264.
27. Mahan, Interest of America in Sea Power, p. 251.
28. Mahan, Interest of America in Sea Power, p. 264.
29. Theodore Roosevelt, "The Strenuous Life," in The Strenuous Life: Essays and Addresses: The Works of Theodore Roosevelt (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1906), 20:3-22.
30. Theodore Roosevelt, "Expansion and Peace," in The Strenuous Life, 20:23-38. The simple self-righteous thinking of the period can be illuminated by contrasting it to the views of Theodore Roosevelt, Jr., the president's son and former governor general of the Philippines and Puerto Rico, who from retirement offered the following comment on the American visions of the late nineteenth century: "It was considered as axiomatic that no white nation could find a worthy opponent except in another white nation. Warring against the colored nations was more dangerous and more exciting than big-game shooting but still more or less in the same category. Destiny seemed to point to an entire world ruled by white people" (Colonial Policies of the United States [New York: Doubleday, 1937], p. 66).
31. Theodore Roosevelt, "Expansion and Peace," in The Strenuous Life, 20:23-38. The simple self-righteous thinking of the period can be illuminated by contrasting it to the views of Theodore Roosevelt, Jr., the president's son and former governor general of the Philippines and Puerto Rico, who from retirement offered the following comment on the American visions of the late nineteenth century: "It was considered as axiomatic that no white nation could find a worthy opponent except in another white nation. Warring against the colored nations was more dangerous and more exciting than big-game shooting but still more or less in the same category. Destiny seemed to point to an entire world ruled by white people" (Colonial Policies of the United States [New York: Doubleday, 1937], p. 66).
32. Alfred Thayer Mahan, The Problem of Asia and Its Effect upon International Politics (London: Sampson Low, Marston, 1900), passim, especially pp. 147-50.
33. Albert Bushnell Hart and Herbert Ronald Ferleger, eds., Theodore Roosevelt Cyclopedia (Westport: Theodore Roosevelt Association, 1989).
34. Hadi Soesastro, "The Role of the Pacific Basin in the International Political Economy," Foreign Relations Journal 4 (1989): 65-66.,
35. Mahan, The Problem of Asia, pp. 131, 192.
36. This is so if we do not count the victory of the Filipino forces over Spanish troops in 1898; the problem of interpreting this case lies in the fact that the Spaniards capitulated not to the Filipinos (it would have been a shame in the nineteenth-century world to do so), but to the Americans, who were white. This was pointed out to me by Temario C. Rivera of the University of the Philippines.
37. Shibusawa Masahide, Taiheiyō ni kakeru hashi - Shibusawa Ei'ichi no shōgai (Tokyo: Yomiuri Shinbun, 1970), pp. 231-34. About anti-Chinese and anti-Japanese activities in the United States, see Shibusawa, pp. 211-53;
38. and Wakatsuki Yasuo, Hainichi no rekishi. Amerika ni okeru Nihonjin no imin (Tokyo: Chūō Kōtonsha, 1972).
39. Jack London, "The Yellow Peril," in Revolution and Other Essays (London: Mill and Boon, 1910), pp. 220-37. See also another short story in the same collection, "Goliath," in which fanatic Japanese attack the United States and Japanese sea power is destroyed in five minutes (pp. 82-85).
40. Shibusawa, Taiheiyō ni kakeru hashi, pp. 236-46.
41. Lea, The Valor of Ignorance, p. 131.
42. Lea, The Valor of Ignorance, p. 151.
43. Lea, The Valor of Ignorance, p. 189.
44. Lea, The Valor of Ignorance, p. 163.
45. Lea, The Valor of Ignorance, p. 164;
46. the article appeared as "Japan and the United States-Partners," North American Review 184 (1907): 631-35.
47. The contrast between Lea's and Kaneko's ways of thinking has been analyzed by Shibusawa, Taiheiyō ni kakeru hashi, pp. 250-51.
48. For a good analysis of the race and reasons for it, see Hector C. Bywater, Sea-Power in the Pacific: A Study of the American-Japanese Naval Problem (New York: Arno Press, 1970).
49. Frank Fox, Problems of the Pacific (London: Williams and Norgate, 1912), pp. 1-2.
50. Fox, Problems of the Pacific, pp. 235-36.
51. Robert D. Schulzinger, American Diplomacy in the Twentieth Century (New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1990), pp. 21-24.
52. Fox, Problems of the Pacific, pp. 236-37.
53. Fox, Problems of the Pacific, pp. 118-19.
54. Fox, Problems of the Pacific, p. 46. The Japanese naturally were very proud of their economic and military achievements and did not try to hide the fact; see Baron Suyematsu, The Risen Sun (London: Archibald Constable, 1905).
55. Fox, Problems of the Pacific, p. 46. The Japanese naturally were very proud of their economic and military achievements and did not try to hide the fact; see Baron Suyematsu, The Risen Sun (London: Archibald Constable, 1905).
56. Fox, Problems of the Pacific, pp. 42-43, 265.
57. Fox, Problems of the Pacific, p. 280.
58. C. Brunsdon Fletcher, The New Pacific: British Policy and German Aims (London: Macmillan, 1917); and Fletcher, The Problem of the Pacific (London: William Heinemann, 1919).
59. C. Brunsdon Fletcher, The New Pacific: British Policy and German Aims (London: Macmillan, 1917); and Fletcher, The Problem of the Pacific (London: William Heinemann, 1919).
60. Fletcher, The New Pacific, pp. xix-xxv.
61. Quoted from Louis M. Alien, "Fujiwara and Suzuki: Patterns of Asian Liberation," in Japan in Asia, ed. William H. Newell (Singapore: Singapore University Press, 1981 ), p. 100.
62. Roosevelt, The Restless Pacific, p. 6; Karl Haushofer, Geopolitik des Pazifischen Oceans: Studien über die Wechselbeziehungen zwischen Geographie und Geschichte (Berlin-Grunewald: Kurt Vowinkel, 1924), pp. 20-25.
63. Roosevelt, The Restless Pacific, p. 6; Karl Haushofer, Geopolitik des Pazifischen Oceans: Studien über die Wechselbeziehungen zwischen Geographie und Geschichte (Berlin-Grunewald: Kurt Vowinkel, 1924), pp. 20-25.
64. Oswald Spengler, Der Untergang des Abendlandes: Umrisse einer Morphologie der Weltgeschichte, 2 vols. (Munich: Oskar Beck, 1918-22); translated as The Decline of the West, trans. C. F. Atkinson, 2 vols. (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1926-28).
65. Oswald Spengler, Der Untergang des Abendlandes: Umrisse einer Morphologie der Weltgeschichte, 2 vols. (Munich: Oskar Beck, 1918-22); translated as The Decline of the West, trans. C. F. Atkinson, 2 vols. (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1926-28).
66. Guenther Stein, "Through the Eyes of a Japanese Newspaper Reader," Pacific Affairs 9(1936): 177-90.
67. Haushofer, Geopolitik des Pazifischen Ozeans, p. 123.
68. "If one god leaves you, another one will help." Haushofer, Geopolitik des Pazifischen Ozeans, p. 13.
69. P. T. Etherton and H. Hessell Tiltman, The Pacific: A Forecast (London: Ernest Benn, 1928).
70. Frank Fox, The Mastery of the Pacific or the Future of the Pacific (London: Bodley Head, 1928).
71. Lawrence T. Woods, Asia-Pacific Diplomacy: Non-governmental Organizations and International Relations (Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, 1993).
72. Paul F. Hooper, Elusive Destiny: The Internationalist Movement in Modern Hawaii (Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press, 1980), pp. 65-136. See also Philip F. Rehhock, "Organizing Pacific Science: Local and International Origins of the Pacific Science Association," in Nature in its Greatest Extent: Western Science in the Pacific, ed. Roy MacLeod and Philip F. Rehhock (Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press, 1988), pp. 195-221.
73. Paul F. Hooper, Elusive Destiny: The Internationalist Movement in Modern Hawaii (Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press, 1980), pp. 65-136. See also Philip F. Rehhock, "Organizing Pacific Science: Local and International Origins of the Pacific Science Association," in Nature in its Greatest Extent: Western Science in the Pacific, ed. Roy MacLeod and Philip F. Rehhock (Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press, 1988), pp. 195-221.
74. Paul F. Hooper, as quoted in "A Brief History of the Institute of Pacific Relations," Shibusawa kenkyū (1992): 3-32.
75. See Viscount Shibusawa, "Peace in the Pacific - Japan and the United States," Pacific Affairs 3 (1930): 273-77.
76. W. J. Hinton, "A Statement on the Effects of the Industrial Development of the Orient on European Industries," in Problems of the Pacific: Proceedings of the Second Conference of the Institute of Pacific Relations, Honolulu, Hawaii, July 15 to 29, 1927, ed. J. B. Condliffe (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1928), p. 391.
77. Institute of Pacific Relations, "Diplomatic Relations in the Pacific," in Problems of the Pacific, ed. Condliffe, pp. 172-77.
78. See several articles in Pacific Affairs 3 (1930), including F. W. Eggleston, "Australia's View of Pacific Problems," p. 12; Lord Hailsham, "Great Britain in the Orient," pp. 17-26; and Newton W. Rowell, "Canada Looks Westward," pp. 27-28.
79. See several articles in Pacific Affairs 3 (1930), including F. W. Eggleston, "Australia's View of Pacific Problems," p. 12; Lord Hailsham, "Great Britain in the Orient," pp. 17-26; and Newton W. Rowell, "Canada Looks Westward," pp. 27-28.
80. See several articles in Pacific Affairs 3 (1930), including F. W. Eggleston, "Australia's View of Pacific Problems," p. 12; Lord Hailsham, "Great Britain in the Orient," pp. 17-26; and Newton W. Rowell, "Canada Looks Westward," pp. 27-28.
81. See several articles in Pacific Affairs 3 (1930), including F. W. Eggleston, "Australia's View of Pacific Problems," p. 12; Lord Hailsham, "Great Britain in the Orient," pp. 17-26; and Newton W. Rowell, "Canada Looks Westward," pp. 27-28.
82. Sawayanagi Masatarō, "The General Features of Pacific Relations as Viewed by Japan," in Problems of the Pacific, ed. Condliffe, pp. 30-33.
83. Sir Frederick Whyte, "Opening Statement for the British Group," in Problems of the Pacific, ed. Condliffe, pp. 23-29.
84. Herbert Croly, "The Human Potential in Pacific Politics," in Problems of the Pacific, ed. Condliffe, pp. 577-90.
85. Nicholas Roosevelt, The Philippines: A Treasury and a Problem (New York: Sears, 1933). P. 283; Roosevelt, The Restless Pacific, pp. 274-83.
86. Nicholas Roosevelt, The Philippines: A Treasury and a Problem (New York: Sears, 1933). P. 283; Roosevelt, The Restless Pacific, pp. 274-83.
87. Roosevelt, The Restless Pacific, p. vii.
88. Saitō Sōchi, "Taiheiyō jidai no torai to sono shomondai," Bōeki 28 (1928): 18-24.
89. Moriya Hideo, Taiheiyō jidai kuru (Tokyo: Nihon Hyōronsha, 1928), p. 6.
90. Nitobe Inazo, "Opening address at Kyoto," Pacific Affairs 2 (1929): 685.
91. J. Merle Davis, "Will Kyoto Find the Trail?" Pacific Affairs 2 (1929): 685-88.
92. Governor Sagami, "Governor Sagami's Greeting," Pacific Affairs 2 (1929): 761.
93. Hector C. Bywater, The Great Pacific War: A History of the American-Japanese Campaign of 1931-33 (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1991); Arnold J. Toynbee, "The Next War - Europe or Asia?" Pacific Affairs 7 (1934): 3-13; Robert S. Pickens, Storm Clouds over Asia (New York: Funk and Wagnalls, 1934); Nathaniel Peffer, Must We Fight in Asia? (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1935).
94. Hector C. Bywater, The Great Pacific War: A History of the American-Japanese Campaign of 1931-33 (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1991); Arnold J. Toynbee, "The Next War - Europe or Asia?" Pacific Affairs 7 (1934): 3-13; Robert S. Pickens, Storm Clouds over Asia (New York: Funk and Wagnalls, 1934); Nathaniel Peffer, Must We Fight in Asia? (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1935).
95. Hector C. Bywater, The Great Pacific War: A History of the American-Japanese Campaign of 1931-33 (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1991); Arnold J. Toynbee, "The Next War - Europe or Asia?" Pacific Affairs 7 (1934): 3-13; Robert S. Pickens, Storm Clouds over Asia (New York: Funk and Wagnalls, 1934); Nathaniel Peffer, Must We Fight in Asia? (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1935).
96. Hector C. Bywater, The Great Pacific War: A History of the American-Japanese Campaign of 1931-33 (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1991); Arnold J. Toynbee, "The Next War - Europe or Asia?" Pacific Affairs 7 (1934): 3-13; Robert S. Pickens, Storm Clouds over Asia (New York: Funk and Wagnalls, 1934); Nathaniel Peffer, Must We Fight in Asia? (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1935).
97. Ishimaru Tōta, Japan Must Fight Britain (New York: Telegraph Press, 1936).
98. O. Tanin and E. Yohan, When Japan Goes to War (New York: Vanguard Press, 1936).
99. Anonymous, "The Development of Pacific Trade," Pacific Affairs 4 (1931): 516-22.
100. William Brandt, "The United States, China, and the World Market," Pacific Affairs 13 (1940): 279-319.
101. See Takaki Yasaki, "World Peace Machinery and the Asia Monroe Doctrine," Pacific Affairs 5 (1932): 941-53.
102. Brandt mentioned it, but was quite pessimistic about the possibilities ("The United States, China, and the World Market," p. 319). Kurt Hesse argued about east Asia, but not the Pacific, as the future world center (Die Schicksalstunde der alten Mächte: Japan und die Welt [Hamburg: Hanseatische, 1934]).
103. Brandt mentioned it, but was quite pessimistic about the possibilities ("The United States, China, and the World Market," p. 319). Kurt Hesse argued about east Asia, but not the Pacific, as the future world center (Die Schicksalstunde der alten Mächte: Japan und die Welt [Hamburg: Hanseatische, 1934]).
104. Hooper, Elusive Destiny.
105. William Wyatt Davenport, ed., The Pacific Era: A Collection of Speeches and Other Discourse in Conjunction with the Fortieth Anniversary of the Founding of the University of Hawaii (Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press, 1948).
106. Donald W. White, "The 'American Century' in World History," Journal of World History 3 (1992): 105-27.
107. Kojima Kiyoshi and Kurimoto Hiroshi, Taiheryō kyōdō ichiba to Tōnan Ajia (Tokyo: Nihon Keizai Kenkyū Sentā, 1965).
108. See a more thorough analysis of Miki's rhetoric in Pekka Korhonen, Japan and the Pacific Free Trade Area (London and New York: Routledge, 1994), pp. 145-53.
109. See Miki's "Watakushi no Ajia-Taiheiyō kōsō" and other speeches from 1967 in Miki Takeo, Gikai seiji to tomoni enzetsu hatsugen shū (Tokyo: Miki Takeo Shuppan Kinenkai, 1984).
110. See Miki's "Watakushi no Ajia-Taiheiyō kōsō" and other speeches from 1967 in Miki Takeo, Gikai seiji to tomoni enzetsu hatsugen shū (Tokyo: Miki Takeo Shuppan Kinenkai, 1984).
111. Woods, Asia-Pacific Diplomacy; and Kojima Kiyoshi, ed., Pacific Trade and Development: Papers and Proceedings of a Conference held by the japan Economic Research Center in January 1968 (Tokyo: JERC, 1968).
112. Woods, Asia-Pacific Diplomacy; and Kojima Kiyoshi, ed., Pacific Trade and Development: Papers and Proceedings of a Conference held by the japan Economic Research Center in January 1968 (Tokyo: JERC, 1968).
113. Pekka Korhonen, "The Theory of the Flying Geese Pattern of Development and Its Interpretations," Journal of Peace Research 31 (1994): 93-108.
114. The Pacific Community Idea: Hearings before the Subcommittee on Asian and Pacific Affairs of the Committee on Foreign Affairs, House of Representatives (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1979); Congressional Research Service, Library of Congress, An Asian-Pacific Regional Economic Organisation: An Exploratory Concept Paper (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1979).
115. The Pacific Community Idea: Hearings before the Subcommittee on Asian and Pacific Affairs of the Committee on Foreign Affairs, House of Representatives (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1979); Congressional Research Service, Library of Congress, An Asian-Pacific Regional Economic Organisation: An Exploratory Concept Paper (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1979).
116. Kan Taiheiyō Rental Kenkyū Grūpu, Kan Taiheiyō Rentai no Kōsō (Tokyo: Ōkurashō Insatsu Kyoku, 1980).
117. E. Gough Whitlam, A Pacific Community (Cambridge and London: Australian Studies Endowment, 1981).
118. Francisco Orrego Vicuña, ed., La communidad del Pacifico en perspectiva (Santiago de Chile: Institute de Estudios Internacionales de la Universidad de Chile, 1979).
119. Ōhira Masayoshi kaisōroku Hankōkai, Ōhira Mosayoshi kaisōroku (Tokyo: Kagoshima Shuppankai, 1983), p. 570.
120. See Suzuki's speeches during his ASEAN tour in January 1981, Suzuki sōri daijin no ASEAN shokoku hōmon (Tokyo: Gaimushō Ajia Kyoku, 1981); or his address at the East-West Center in Honolulu in June 1982, "The Coming of the Pacific Age," Pacific Cooperation Newsletter 1 (1982): 1-4.
121. See Suzuki's speeches during his ASEAN tour in January 1981, Suzuki sōri daijin no ASEAN shokoku hōmon (Tokyo: Gaimushō Ajia Kyoku, 1981); or his address at the East-West Center in Honolulu in June 1982, "The Coming of the Pacific Age," Pacific Cooperation Newsletter 1 (1982): 1-4.
122. See from the Philippines: Jose P. Leviste, Jr., ed., The Pacific Lake: Philippine Perspectives on a Pacific Community (Manila: Philippine Council for Foreign Relations, 1986); from Malaysia: Arifin Bey, Ajia-Taiheiyō no jidai (Tokyo: Chūō Kōronsha, 1987); from Singapore: Lau Teik Soon and Leo Suryadinata, eds., Moving into the Pacific Century (Singapore: Heinemann Asia, 1988); from Argentina: Carlos J. Moneta, Japon y America Latina en los años noventa (Buenos Aires: Planeta, 1991); from Fiji: School of Social and Economic Development, A New Oceania: Rediscovering Our Sea of Islands (Suwa: University of the South Pacific, 1993).
123. See from the Philippines: Jose P. Leviste, Jr., ed., The Pacific Lake: Philippine Perspectives on a Pacific Community (Manila: Philippine Council for Foreign Relations, 1986); from Malaysia: Arifin Bey, Ajia-Taiheiyō no jidai (Tokyo: Chūō Kōronsha, 1987); from Singapore: Lau Teik Soon and Leo Suryadinata, eds., Moving into the Pacific Century (Singapore: Heinemann Asia, 1988); from Argentina: Carlos J. Moneta, Japon y America Latina en los años noventa (Buenos Aires: Planeta, 1991); from Fiji: School of Social and Economic Development, A New Oceania: Rediscovering Our Sea of Islands (Suwa: University of the South Pacific, 1993).
124. See from the Philippines: Jose P. Leviste, Jr., ed., The Pacific Lake: Philippine Perspectives on a Pacific Community (Manila: Philippine Council for Foreign Relations, 1986); from Malaysia: Arifin Bey, Ajia-Taiheiyō no jidai (Tokyo: Chūō Kōronsha, 1987); from Singapore: Lau Teik Soon and Leo Suryadinata, eds., Moving into the Pacific Century (Singapore: Heinemann Asia, 1988); from Argentina: Carlos J. Moneta, Japon y America Latina en los años noventa (Buenos Aires: Planeta, 1991); from Fiji: School of Social and Economic Development, A New Oceania: Rediscovering Our Sea of Islands (Suwa: University of the South Pacific, 1993).
125. See from the Philippines: Jose P. Leviste, Jr., ed., The Pacific Lake: Philippine Perspectives on a Pacific Community (Manila: Philippine Council for Foreign Relations, 1986); from Malaysia: Arifin Bey, Ajia-Taiheiyō no jidai (Tokyo: Chūō Kōronsha, 1987); from Singapore: Lau Teik Soon and Leo Suryadinata, eds., Moving into the Pacific Century (Singapore: Heinemann Asia, 1988); from Argentina: Carlos J. Moneta, Japon y America Latina en los años noventa (Buenos Aires: Planeta, 1991); from Fiji: School of Social and Economic Development, A New Oceania: Rediscovering Our Sea of Islands (Suwa: University of the South Pacific, 1993).
126. See from the Philippines: Jose P. Leviste, Jr., ed., The Pacific Lake: Philippine Perspectives on a Pacific Community (Manila: Philippine Council for Foreign Relations, 1986); from Malaysia: Arifin Bey, Ajia-Taiheiyō no jidai (Tokyo: Chūō Kōronsha, 1987); from Singapore: Lau Teik Soon and Leo Suryadinata, eds., Moving into the Pacific Century (Singapore: Heinemann Asia, 1988); from Argentina: Carlos J. Moneta, Japon y America Latina en los años noventa (Buenos Aires: Planeta, 1991); from Fiji: School of Social and Economic Development, A New Oceania: Rediscovering Our Sea of Islands (Suwa: University of the South Pacific, 1993).
127. Institut du Pacifique, Le Pacifique, "nouveau centre du monde" (Paris: Berger-Levraut, 1983); Michael West Oborne and Nicholas Fourt, Pacific Basin Economic Cooperation (Paris: OECD, 1983); Staffan Burenstam Linder, The Pacific Century: Economic and Political Consequences of Asian-Pacific Dynamism (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1986); I. I. Kovalenko, Ajia-Toiheiyō kyōdōtai ron - shisō, puran, tenbō (Tokyo: Kyōdō Sangyō KK Shuppanbu, 1988).
128. Institut du Pacifique, Le Pacifique, "nouveau centre du monde" (Paris: Berger-Levraut, 1983); Michael West Oborne and Nicholas Fourt, Pacific Basin Economic Cooperation (Paris: OECD, 1983); Staffan Burenstam Linder, The Pacific Century: Economic and Political Consequences of Asian-Pacific Dynamism (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1986); I. I. Kovalenko, Ajia-Toiheiyō kyōdōtai ron - shisō, puran, tenbō (Tokyo: Kyōdō Sangyō KK Shuppanbu, 1988).
129. Institut du Pacifique, Le Pacifique, "nouveau centre du monde" (Paris: Berger-Levraut, 1983); Michael West Oborne and Nicholas Fourt, Pacific Basin Economic Cooperation (Paris: OECD, 1983); Staffan Burenstam Linder, The Pacific Century: Economic and Political Consequences of Asian-Pacific Dynamism (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1986); I. I. Kovalenko, Ajia-Toiheiyō kyōdōtai ron - shisō, puran, tenbō (Tokyo: Kyōdō Sangyō KK Shuppanbu, 1988).
130. Institut du Pacifique, Le Pacifique, "nouveau centre du monde" (Paris: Berger-Levraut, 1983); Michael West Oborne and Nicholas Fourt, Pacific Basin Economic Cooperation (Paris: OECD, 1983); Staffan Burenstam Linder, The Pacific Century: Economic and Political Consequences of Asian-Pacific Dynamism (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1986); I. I. Kovalenko, Ajia-Toiheiyō kyōdōtai ron - shisō, puran, tenbō (Tokyo: Kyōdō Sangyō KK Shuppanbu, 1988).
131. See, e.g., Saitō Shizuo, ed., Taiheiyō jidai. Taiheiyō chi-iki tōgō no kenkyū (Tokyo: Shinyūdō, 1983); Keizai kigakuchō sōgō keikaku kyoku, ed., Taiheiyō jidai no tenbō-2000 nen ni ataru Taiheiyō chi-iki no keizai hatten to kadai (Tokyo: Ōkurashō Insatsu Kyoku, 1985).
132. See, e.g., Saitō Shizuo, ed., Taiheiyō jidai. Taiheiyō chi-iki tōgō no kenkyū (Tokyo: Shinyūdō, 1983); Keizai kigakuchō sōgō keikaku kyoku, ed., Taiheiyō jidai no tenbō-2000 nen ni ataru Taiheiyō chi-iki no keizai hatten to kadai (Tokyo: Ōkurashō Insatsu Kyoku, 1985).
133. William McCord, The Dawn of the Pacific Century: Implications for Three Worlds of Development (New Brunswick, N.J. and London: Transaction, 1991); Frank Gibney, The Pacific Century: America and Asia in a Changing World (New York: Macmillan, 1992); Mark Borthwick, Pacific Century: The Emergence of Modem Pacific Asia (Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1992); see also various articles in Asia Pacific Community, published 1978-86 in Tokyo.
134. William McCord, The Dawn of the Pacific Century: Implications for Three Worlds of Development (New Brunswick, N.J. and London: Transaction, 1991); Frank Gibney, The Pacific Century: America and Asia in a Changing World (New York: Macmillan, 1992); Mark Borthwick, Pacific Century: The Emergence of Modem Pacific Asia (Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1992); see also various articles in Asia Pacific Community, published 1978-86 in Tokyo.
135. William McCord, The Dawn of the Pacific Century: Implications for Three Worlds of Development (New Brunswick, N.J. and London: Transaction, 1991); Frank Gibney, The Pacific Century: America and Asia in a Changing World (New York: Macmillan, 1992); Mark Borthwick, Pacific Century: The Emergence of Modem Pacific Asia (Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1992); see also various articles in Asia Pacific Community, published 1978-86 in Tokyo.
136. William McCord, The Dawn of the Pacific Century: Implications for Three Worlds of Development (New Brunswick, N.J. and London: Transaction, 1991); Frank Gibney, The Pacific Century: America and Asia in a Changing World (New York: Macmillan, 1992); Mark Borthwick, Pacific Century: The Emergence of Modem Pacific Asia (Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1992); see also various articles in Asia Pacific Community, published 1978-86 in Tokyo.
137. Kojima Kiyoshi, Zoku. Taiheiyō keizaiken no seisei (Tokyo: Bunshodō, 1990), pp. 296-97.
138. Hiroharu Seki, The Asian-Pacific in Global Transformation: Bringing the "Nation-State Japan" Back In (Tokyo: Institute of Oriental Studies, University of Tokyo, 1987); Koike Hirotsugu, Ajia-Taiheiyō shinron. Sekai wo kaeru keizai dainamizumu (Tokyo: Nihon Keizai Shinbunsha, 1993); Yamaoka, Ajia-Taiheiyō jidai ni mukete; Watanabe, Ajia-Taiheiyō no kokusai kankei.
139. Hiroharu Seki, The Asian-Pacific in Global Transformation: Bringing the "Nation-State Japan" Back In (Tokyo: Institute of Oriental Studies, University of Tokyo, 1987); Koike Hirotsugu, Ajia-Taiheiyō shinron. Sekai wo kaeru keizai dainamizumu (Tokyo: Nihon Keizai Shinbunsha, 1993); Yamaoka, Ajia-Taiheiyō jidai ni mukete; Watanabe, Ajia-Taiheiyō no kokusai kankei.
140. Hiroharu Seki, The Asian-Pacific in Global Transformation: Bringing the "Nation-State Japan" Back In (Tokyo: Institute of Oriental Studies, University of Tokyo, 1987); Koike Hirotsugu, Ajia-Taiheiyō shinron. Sekai wo kaeru keizai dainamizumu (Tokyo: Nihon Keizai Shinbunsha, 1993); Yamaoka, Ajia-Taiheiyō jidai ni mukete; Watanabe, Ajia-Taiheiyō no kokusai kankei.
141. Watanabe Toshio, Nishi-Toiheiyō no jidai. Ajia shin sangyō kokka no seiji keizaigaku (Tokyo: Bungei Shunjū, 1989).
142. Lim Huang Sing, Japan's Role in ASEAN: Issues and Prospects (Singapore: Times, 1994).
143. Commission for a New Asia, Towards a New Asia (n.p.: Sasakawa Peace Foundation, 1994).
144. Mohamad Mahathir and Ishihara Shintaro, "No" to leru Ajia: Tai Oo-Bei e no kaado (Tokyo: Koobunsha, 1995), pp. 14, 237.
145. George Friedman and Meredith Lebard, The Coming War with Japan (New York: St. Martin s Press, 1991). Hector Bywater's Great Pacific War was also reprinted in 1991 by the same publisher.
146. George Friedman and Meredith Lebard, The Coming War with Japan (New York: St. Martin s Press, 1991). Hector Bywater's Great Pacific War was also reprinted in 1991 by the same publisher.