The declining social and economic fortunes of African American males: A critical assessment of four perspectives

Review of Black Political Economy

Volumn 25, Issue 4, 1998, Pages 17-40

  Johnson, James H ^a   Farrell, Walter C ^a   Stoloff, Jennifer A ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0343792073     PISSN: 00346446     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s12114-998-1009-5     Document Type: Review

References (140)

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9. Bluestone, Stevenson, and Tilly, An Assessment of the Impact of "Deindustrialization."
10. For an earlier discussion of the impact of deindustrialization on American wages, see B. Bluestone and B. Harrison, The Deindustrialization of America (New York: Basic Books, 1982).
11. Bluestone, Stevenson, and Tilly, An Assessment of the Impact of "Deindustrialization";
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32. Bluestone and Harrison, The Deindustrialization of America;
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42. B. Stocking, "Workplaces Welcome Hispanics," The News and Observer (1996, September 2), p. A1.
43. R. Waldinger, Who Makes the Beds? Who Washes the Dishes? Black/Immigrant Competition Reassessed. Unpublished manuscript, Department of Sociology, University of California at Los Angeles, 1992.
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49. N. Lemann, The Promised Land (New York: Alfred Knopf, 1991);
50. L. Mead, The New Politics of Poverty (New York: Basic Books, 1992);
51. C. Murray, "Reducing Poverty and Reducing the Underclass: Different Problems, Different Solutions," in Reducing Poverty in America: Views and Approaches, ed. M. Darby (Newbury, CA: Sage Publications, 1996), pp. 82-110;
52. T. Sowell, Ethnic America (New York: Basic Books, 1981);
53. T. Sowell, Race and Culture: A World View (New York: Basic Books, 1994);
54. The Editors, "Foul Shots," The New Republic (1997, December 29), p. 11.
55. Harrison, Who Prospers?, p. 194.
56. Sowell, Ethnic America, p. 200.
57. Lemann, The Promised Land.
58. Wilson, When Work Disappears;
59. Massey, "The Age of Extremes."
60. Bennett, DiIulio, and Walters, Body Count, p. 14.
61. Bennett, DiIulio, and Walters, Body Count, Ibid.;
62. Harrison, Who Prospers?;
63. Mead, The New Politics of Poverty;
64. C. Murray, Losing Ground (New York: Basic Books, 1984);
65. Murray, "Reducing Poverty and Reducing the Underclass";
66. Sowell, Race and Culture.
67. J. H. Braddock, II, and J. M. McPartland, "How Minorities Continue to be Excluded from Equal Employment Opportunities: Research on Labor Markets and Institutional Barriers," Journal of Social Issues 431 (1987), pp. 5-39;
68. J. Culp and B. H. Dunson, "Brothers of a Different Color: A Preliminary Look at Employer Treatment of White and Black Youth," in The Youth Employment Crisis, eds. R. B. Freeman and H. J. Holzer (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996), pp. 223-259;
69. H. Cross, G. Kenny, J. Mell, and W. Zimmerman, Employer Hiring Practices: Differential Treatment of Hispanic and Anglo Job Seekers (Washington, D.C.: The Urban Institute Press, Report No. 90-4, 1990);
70. J. Kirschenman and K. Neckermann, "We'd Love to Hire Them, But: The Meaning of Race for Employers," in The Urban Underclass, eds. C. Jencks and P. E. Peterson (Washington, D.C.: The Urban Institute Press, 1991), pp. 203-224;
71. K. Neckerman and J. Kirschenmann, "Hiring Strategies, Racial Bias and Inner City Workers," Social Problems 38 (1990), pp. 433-447;
72. M. A. Turner, M. Fix, and R. J. Struyk, Opportunities Denied, Opportunities Diminished: Racial Discrimination in Hiring (Washington, D.C.: The Urban Institute Press, Urban Institute Report, 1991).
73. H. J. Holzer and K. Ihlanfeld, Customer Discrimination and Employment Outcomes for Minority Workers, unpublished manuscript, Michigan State University, 1996;
74. The Editors, "Foul Shot."
75. J. L. Jackson and J. L. Jackson, Jr., Legal Lynching, Racism, Injustice, and the Death Penalty (New York: Marlowe and Company, 1996);
76. J. Miller, Search and Destroy: African American Males and the U.S. Criminal Justice System (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996).
77. Kirschenman and Neckerman, "We'd Love to Hire Them, But";
78. Neckernan and Kirschenman, "Hiring Strategies, Racial Bias and Inner City Workers."
79. Holzer and Ihlanfeld, Customer Discrimination and Employment Outcomes for Minority Workers.
80. Johnson and Oliver, "Structural Changes in the U.S. Economy and Black Male Joblessness";
81. Grant and Johnson, "Conservative Policymaking and Growing Urban Inequality."
82. M. L. Oliver and J. H. Johnson, Jr., "The Challenge of Diversity in Higher Education," The Urban Review 20 (1988), pp. 139-145.
83. G. Orfield, "Exclusion of the Majority: Shrinking College Access and Public Policy in Metropolitan Los Angeles," The Urban Review 20 (1988), pp. 147-163.
84. Oliver and Johnson, "The Challenge of Diversity in Higher Education."
85. J. Kozol, Savage Inequalities: Children in America's Schools (New York: HarperCollins, 1992).
86. Oliver and Johnson, "The Challenge of Diversity in Higher Education."
87. Johnson and Oliver, "Structural Changes in the U.S. Economy and Black Male Joblessness."
88. J. Heckman, "Is Job Training Oversold?" The Public Interest (1994, Spring), pp. 91-115.
89. J. Fitzgerald and A. McGregor, "Labor-community Initiatives in Worker Training," Economic Development Quarterly 7 (1993), p. 174.
90. J. Fitzgerald and A. McGregor, "Labor-community Initiatives in Worker Training" Economic Development Quarterly 7 ( 1993), p. 174. Ibid.
91. Miller, Search and Destroy;
92. M. Mauer, "America Behind Bars," Criminal Justice 6 (1992), pp. 12-18, 38.
93. J. Petersilia, "Crime and Punishment in California: Full Cells, Empty Pockets, and Questionable Benefits," in Urban America: Policy Choices for Los Angeles and the Nation, eds. J. B. Steinberg, D. W. Lyons, and M. E. Vaiana (Los Angeles: Rand Corporation, 1992), pp. 175-206.
94. Petersilia, "Crime and Punishment in California."
95. R. B. Freeman, "Why So Many Young American Men Commit Crimes and What We Might Do About It," Journal of Economic Perspectives 10 (1996), pp. 25-42.
96. Petersilia, "Crime and Punishment in California."
97. T. M. Arvantes and M. Asher, "The Direct and Indirect Effects of Socioeconomic Variables on State Imprisonment Rates," Criminal Justice-Report 7 (1995), pp. 27-53.
98. T. M. Arvantes and M. Asher, "The Direct and Indirect Effects of Socioeconomic Variables on State Imprisonment Rates," Criminal Justice-Report 7 ( 1995), Ibid., p. 47.
99. Miller, Search and Destroy, p. 78.
100. Miller, Search and Destroy, Ibid., p. 72.
101. Miller, Search and Destroy, Ibid., p. 82.
102. Miller, Search and Destroy, Ibid., pp. 81-82.
103. Miller, Search and Destroy, Ibid., p. 82.
104. Miller, Search and Destroy, Ibid., p. 83.
105. Freeman, "Towards an Apartheid Economy," p. 26.
106. Johnson and Oliver, "Structural Changes in the U.S. Economy and Black Male Joblessness," p. 144.
107. E. Anderson, Streetwise: Race, Class and Change in an Urban Community (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1990);
108. E. Anderson, "Code of the Streets," Atlantic Monthly (1994, May), pp. 81-94;
109. Massey, "Getting Away with Murder: Segregation and Violent Crime in Urban America," University of Pennsylvania Law Review 143 (1995), pp. 1203-1232.
110. R. Jarrett, "Growing Up Poor: The Family Experiences of Socially Mobile Youth in Low Income African American Neighborhoods," Journal of Adolescent Research 10 (1995), pp. 111-135;
111. M. Sullivan, Getting Paid: Youth Crime and Work in the Inner City (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1989).
112. Jarrett, "Growing Up Poor."
113. Wilson, The Truly Disadvantaged.
114. Braddock and McPartland, "How Minorities Continue to be Excluded from Equal Employment Opportunities."
115. W. C. Farrell, Jr., J. H. Johnson, Jr., M. Sapp, R. M. Pumphrey, and S. Freeman, "Redirecting the Lives of Urban Black Males: An Assessment of Milwaukee's Midnight Basketball League," Journal of Community Practice 2 (1996), pp. 91-107;
116. J. H. Johnson, Jr., E. J. Bienenstock, and W. C. Farrell, Jr., "Bridging Social Networks and Female Labor Force Participation in a Multi-Ethnic Metropolis," in Fault Lines in the Metropolis: Race and Economic Inequality in Metropolitan Los Angeles, eds. L. D. Bobo and J. H. Johnson, Jr. (New York: Russell Sage, in press).
117. Johnson, "The Real Issues for Reducing Poverty."
118. J. H. Johnson, Jr., M. L. Oliver, and L. D. Bobo, "Understanding the Contours of Deepening Urban Inequality," Urban Geography 15 (1994), pp. 77-89.
119. Johnson, Farrell, and Stoloff, "Bridging Social Networks."
120. M. W. Klein, The American Street Gang: Its Nature, Prevalence and Control (New York: Oxford University Press, 1994).
121. Grant and Johnson, "Conservative Policymaking and Growing Urban Inequality";
122. J. H. Johnson, Jr., and W. C. Farrell, Jr., "The Fire This Time: The Genesis of the Los Angeles Rebellion of 1992," in Race, Poverty, and American Cities, eds. J. C. Boger and J. W. Wegner (Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 1996), pp. 166-185.
123. Bennett, DiIulio, and Walters, Body Count, pp. 73-74.
124. Also see M. P. Dawkins, W. C. Farrell, Jr., and J. H. Johnson, Jr., "Spatial Patterns of Alcohol Outlets in the Washington, D.C., Black Community," Proceedings of the Pennsylvania Academy of Science 53 (1979), pp. 89-97.
125. P. NiBlack and P. Stan, "Financing Public Services in Los Angeles," in Urban America: Policy Choices for Los Angeles and the Nation, eds. J. Steinberg and M. Vaiana (Santa Monica, CA: Rand Corporation, 1992).
126. Bennett, DiIulio, and Walters, Body Count, p. 14.
127. M. L. Oliver, "The Urban Black Community as Network: Towards a Social Network Perspective," Sociological Quarterly 29 (1988), pp. 623-625.
128. W. C. Farrell, Jr., and J. H. Johnson, Jr., "Access to Local Resources Key to Problems in Inner City," Wisconsin Review (1994, October), p. 24;
129. Johnson and Farrell, "The Fire This Time."
130. J. H. Johnson, Jr., E. J. Bienenstock, and J. Stoloff, "An Empirical Test of the Cultural Capital Hypothesis," The Review of Black Political Economy, 24 (1995), pp. 7-27;
131. J. H. Johnson, Jr., and W. C. Farrell, Jr., "Race Still Matters," The Chronicle of Higher Education (1995, July 7), p. A48.
132. J. H. Johnson, Jr., W. C. Farrell, Jr., and M. Sapp, "African American Males and Capital Murder: A Death Penalty Mitigation Strategy," Urban Geography 18 (1997), pp. 403-433;
133. J. H. Johnson, Jr., W. C. Farrell, Jr., and M. Sapp, "The Daniel Green Case: A Death Penalty Mitigation Strategy," Negro Educational Review 47 (1996), pp. 94-115.
134. Johnson, Farrell, and Sapp, "African American Males and Capital Murder."
135. Johnson, Bienenstock, and Stoloff, "An Empirical Test of the Cultural Capital Hypothesis";
136. J. H. Johnson, Jr., and W. C. Farrell, Jr., "Race Still Matters."
137. J. H. Johnson, Jr., and W. C. Farrell, Jr., "Race Still Matters." Ibid.
138. J. H. Johnson, Jr., and W. C. Farrell, Jr., "Race Still Matters." Ibid.
139. Farrell, Johnson, Sapp, Pumphrey, and Freeman, "Redirecting the Lives of Urban Black Males ";
140. Johnson, Bienenstock, and Farrell, "Bridging Social Networks."