The impact of clouds on the seasonal cycle of radiative heating over the Pacific

Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences

Volumn 57, Issue 4, 2000, Pages 545-566

  Bergman, John W ^a   Hendon, Harry H ^a  

^a EARTH SYSTEM RESEARCH LABORATORY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ATMOSPHERIC TEMPERATURE; CLIMATE CHANGE; CLIMATOLOGY; OCEANOGRAPHY; SOLAR HEATING; WEATHER FORECASTING;

CLOUD RADIATIVE FORCING; RADIATIVE HEATING; SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE;

CLOUDS;

CLOUD RADIATIVE FORCING; SEASONALITY;

PACIFIC OCEAN;

EID: 0343729957     PISSN: 00224928     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1175/1520-0469(2000)057<0545:TIOCOT>2.0.CO;2     Document Type: Article

References (51)

1. Barkstrom, B. R., 1984: The Earth Radiation Budget Experiment (ERBE). Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 65, 1170-1185.
2. Bergman, J. W., and H. H. Hendon, 1998: Calculating monthly radiative fluxes and heating rates from monthly observations of cloud cover. J. Atmos. Sci., 55, 3471-3491.
3. Bess, T. D., G. L. Smith, T. P. Charlock, and F. G. Rose, 1992: Annual and interannual variations of earth-emitted radiation based on a 10-year data set. J. Geophys. Res., 97, 12 825-12 835.
4. Cess, R. D., E. F. Harrison, P. Minnis, B. R. Barkstrom, V. Ramanathan, and T. Y. Kwon, 1992: Interpretation of seasonal cloud - climate interactions using Earth Radiation Budget Experiment data. J. Geophys. Res., 97, 7613-7617.
5. _, and Coauthors, 1995: Absorption of solar radiation by clouds: Observations versus models. Science, 267, 496-499.
6. _, and Coauthors. 1997: Comparison of the seasonal change in cloud-radiative forcing from atmospheric general circulation models and satellite observations. J. Geophys. Res., 102, 16 593-16 603.
7. Chang, P., 1994: A study of the seasonal cycle of sea surface temperature in the tropical Pacific Ocean using reduced gravity models. J. Geophys. Res., 99, 7725-7741.
8. Darnell, W. L., W. F. Staylor, S. K. Gupta, N. A. Ritchey, and A. C. Wilber, 1992: Seasonal variation of surface radiation budget derived from International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project C1 data. J. Geophys. Res., 97, 15 741-15 760.
9. _,_, N. A. Ritchey, S. K. Gupta, and A. C. Wilber, 1996: Surface Radiation Budget: A long-term global dataset of shortwave and longwave fluxes. [Available online at http:// www.agu.org/eos-elec/95206e.html.]
10. ECMWF Research Department, 1992: Research manual 1: ECMWF data assimilation scientific documentation. ECMWF, Reading, United Kingdom, 88 pp.
11. Gill, A., 1980: Some simple solutions for heat induced tropical circulation. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 106, 447-462.
12. _, 1982: Atmosphere-Ocean Dynamics. Academic Press, 662 pp.
13. Gilman, D. L., F. J. Fuglister, and J. M. Mitchell, 1963: On the power spectrum of red noise. J. Atmos. Sci., 20, 182-184.
14. Gupta, S. K., 1989: A parameterization for longwave surface radiation from sun-synchronous satellite data. J. Climate, 2, 305-320.
15. _, W. F. Staylor, W. L. Darnell, A. C. Wilber, and N. A. Ritchey, 1993: Seasonal variation of surface and atmospheric cloud radiative forcing over the globe derived from satellite data. J. Geophys. Res., 98, 20 761-20 778.
16. Harrison, E. F., P. Minnis, B. R. Barkstrom, V. Ramanathan, R. D. Cess, and G. G. Gibson, 1990: Seasonal variations of cloud radiative forcing derived from the Earth Radiation Budget Experiment. J. Geophys. Res., 95, 18 687-18 703.
17. Harshvardhan, D. A. Randall, and D. A. Dazlich, 1990: Relationship between the longwave cloud radiative forcing at the surface and the top of the atmosphere. J. Climate, 3, 1435-1443.
18. Hartmann, D. L., M. E. Ockert-Bell, and M. L. Michelsen, 1992: The effect of cloud type on earth's energy balance: Global analysis. J. Climate, 5, 1281-1304.
19. Heddinghaus, T. R., and A. F. Krueger, 1981: Annual and interannual variations in outgoing longwave radiation over the tropics. Mon. Wea. Rev., 109, 1208-1218.
20. Houze, R. A., Jr., 1989: Observed structure of mesoscale convective systems and implications for large-scale heating. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 115, 425-461.
21. Jin, F.-F., J. D. Neelin, and M. Ghil, 1994: El Nino on the devil's staircase: Annual subharmonic steps to chaos. Science, 264, 70-72.
22. Kalnay, E., and Coauthors, 1996: The NCEP/NCAR 40-Year Reanalysis Project. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 77, 437-471.
23. Kassler, W. S., L. M. Rothstein, and D. Chen, 1998: The annual cycle of SST in the eastern tropical Pacific diagnosed in an ocean GCM. J. Climate, 11, 777-799.
24. Kiehl, J. T. J. J. Hack, M. H. Zhang, and R. D. Cess, 1995: Sensitivity of a GCM climate to enhanced shortwave cloud absorption. J. Climate, 8, 2200-2212.
25. _,_, G. B. Bonan, B. A. Boville, B. P. Briegleb, D. L. Williamson, and P. J. Rasch, 1996: Description of the NCAR Community Climate Model (CCM3). NCAR Tech. Note NCAR/TN-420 + STR, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO. 152 pp.
26. Klein, S. A., and D. L. Hartmann, 1993: The seasonal cycle of low stratiform clouds. J. Climate, 6, 1587-1606.
27. Li, Z., K. Masuda, and T. Takashima, 1993: Estimation of SW surface flux absorbed at the surface from TOA reflected flux. J. Climate, 6, 317-320.
28. _, C. H. Whitlock, and T. P. Charlock, 1995: Assessment of the global monthly mean surface insolation estimated from satellite measurements using global energy balance archive data. J. Climate, 8, 315-328.
29. _, L. Moreau, and A. Arking, 1997: On the solar energy disposition: A perspective from observation and modeling. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 78, 53-70.
30. Liebmann, B., G. N. Kiladis, J. A. Marengo, T. Ambrizzi, and J. D. Glick, 1999: Submonthly convective variability over South America and the South Atlantic convergence zone. J. Climate, 12, 1877-1891.
31. Ma, C.-C., C. R. Mechoso, A. W. Robertson, and A. Arakawa, 1996: Peruvian stratus clouds and the tropical Pacific circulation: A coupled ocean-atmosphere GCM study. J. Climate, 9, 1635-1645.
32. Mitchell, T. P., and J. M. Wallace, 1992: The annual cycle in equatorial convection and sea surface temperature. J. Climate, 5, 1140-1156.
33. Ohmura, A., and H. Gilgen, 1991: Global Energy Balance Archive (GEBA). World Climate Program Water Project A7 Rep. 2, 60 pp.
34. Pinker, R., and I. Laszlo, 1992: Modeling solar irradiance for satellite applications on a global scale. J. Appl. Meteor., 31, 194-211.
35. Ramanathan, V., 1987: The role of Earth radiation budget studies in climate and general circulation research. J. Geophys. Res., 92, 4075-4095.
36. _, B. Subasilar, G. J. Zhang, W. Conant, R. D. Cess, J. T. Kiehl, H. Grassl, and L. Shi, 1995: Warm pool heat budget and shortwave cloud forcing: A missing physics? Science, 267, 499-503.
37. Randall, D. A., Harshvardhan, D. A. Dazlich, and T. G. Corsetti, 1989: Interactions among radiation, convection, and large-scale dynamics in a general circulation model. J. Atmos. Sci., 46, 1943-1970.
38. Rossow, W. B., and R. A. Schiffer, 1991: ISCCP cloud data products. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 72, 2-20.
39. _, and Y.-C. Zhang, 1995: Calculation of surface and top of the atmosphere radiative fluxes from physical quantities based on ISCCP data sets, 2. Validation and first results. J. Geophys. Res., 100, 1167-1197.
40. Salby, M. L., H. H. Hendon, K. Woodberry, and K. Tanaka, 1991: Analysis of global imagery from multiple satellites. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 72, 467-480.
41. Sherwood, S. C., V. Ramanathan, T. P. Barnett, M. K. Tyree, and E. Roeckner, 1994: Response of an atmospheric general circulation model to radiative forcing of tropical clouds. J. Geophys. Res., 99, 20 829-20 845.
42. Slingo, J. M., and A. Slingo, 1991: The response of a general circulation model to cloud longwave radiative forcing: II. Further studies. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 117, 333-364.
43. Smith, G. L., D. Rutan, T. P. Charlock, and T. D. Bess, 1990: Annual and interannual variations of absorbed solar radiation based on a 10-year data set. J. Geophys. Res., 95, 16 639-16 652.
44. Stephens, G. L., 1996: How much solar radiation do clouds absorb? Science, 271, 1131-1133.
45. Stuhlmann, R., and G. L. Smith, 1988: A study of cloud-generated radiative heating and its generation of available potential energy. Part II: Results for a climatological zonal mean January. J. Atmos. Sci., 45, 3928-3943.
46. Tziperman, E., L. Stone, M. A. Cane, and H. Jarosh, 1994: El Nino chaos: Overlapping resonances between the seasonal cycle and the Pacific ocean-atmosphere oscillator. Science, 264, 72-74.
47. Wallace, J. M., 1975: Diurnal variations in precipitation and thunderstorm frequency over the conterminous United States. Mon. Wea. Rev., 103, 406-419.
48. Webster, P. J., 1994: The role of hydrological processes in ocean-atmosphere interactions. Rev. Geophys., 32, 427-476.
49. Whitlock, C. H., and Coauthors. 1995: First global WCRP shortwave surface radiation budget dataset. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 76, 905-922.
50. Wielicki, B. A., R. D. Cess, M. D. King, D. A. Randall, and E. F. Harrison, 1995: Mission to Planet Earth: Role of clouds and radiation in climate. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 76, 2125-2153.
51. Woodruff, S. D., R. J. Slutz, R. L. Jenne, and P. M. Steurer, 1987: A comprehensive ocean-atmosphere data set. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 68, 1239-1250.