Sources, behaviour and fate of organic contaminants during sewage treatment and in sewage sludges

Science of the Total Environment

Volumn 185, Issue 1-3, 1996, Pages 3-26

  Rogers, Howard R ^a  

^a WRC PLC   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AGRICULTURE; ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT; IMPURITIES; ORGANIC CHEMICALS; SEWAGE SLUDGE; SLUDGE DISPOSAL; WASTEWATER TREATMENT;

AGRICULTURAL LAND; BIOSOLIDS; ORGANIC CONTAMINANTS; TRACE RESIDUES;

SEWAGE TREATMENT;

ORGANIC COMPOUND;

AGRICULTURE; CONFERENCE PAPER; CONTROLLED STUDY; ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SEWAGE TREATMENT; SLUDGE; SLUDGE DISPOSAL; SOIL POLLUTION; WASTE WATER MANAGEMENT;

EID: 0343338129     PISSN: 00489697     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/0048-9697(96)05039-5     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (141)

1. T.H. Maugh, Chemicals - how many are there? Science, 199 (1978) 162.
2. A.C. Petrasek, I.J. Kugelman, M. Austern, T.A. Pressley, L.A. Winslow and R.H. Wise, Fate of toxic organic compounds in wastewater treatment plants. J. Water Pollut. Cont. Fed., 55(10) (1983) 1286-1296.
3. S.A. Hannah, B.M. Austern, A.E. Eralp and R.H. Wise, Comparative removal of toxic pollutants by six wastewater treatment processes. J. Water Pollut. Cont. Fed., 58 (1986) 27-34.
4. S.A. Hannah, B.M. Austern, A.E. Eralp and R.A. Dobbs, Removal of organic toxic pollutants by trickling filter and activated sludge. J. Water Pollut. Cont. Fed., 60 (1988) 1281-1283.
5. R.D. Davis, Sludge disposal - keeping it safe. Water Waste Treat., 27(9) (1984) 38, 40, 42.
6. G.W. Strachan, D.W. Nelson and L. E. Sommers, Sewage sludge components extractable with non-aqueous solvents. J. Environ. Qual., 12(1) (1983) 69-74.
7. H.A. Painter, Chemical, physical and biological characteristics of wastes and waste effluents, in L.L. Ciaccio (Ed.), Water and Water Pollution Handbook, Vol. 1, Marcel Dekker, New York, 1971, pp. 329-364.
8. L. Wang, R. Govind and R.A. Dobbs, Sorption of toxic organic compounds on wastewater solids: mechanism and modeling. Environ. Sci. Technol., 27 (1993) 1.
9. L.M. Naylor and R.C. Loehr, Priority pollutants in municipal sewage sludge. Part I. Biocycle, 23(4) (1982) 18-22.
10. L.M. Naylor and R.C. Loehr, Priority pollutants in municipal sewage sludge. Part II. Biocycle, 23(6) (1982) 37-42.
11. J.N. Lester, Presence of organic micropollutants in sewage sludges, in Processing and Use of Sewage Sludge, Third International Symposium, Brighton, 27-30 September 1983.
12. D. Taylor, Managing organics in sludge reuse programs. Biocycle, 25(6) (1984) 20-22.
13. R.D. Davis, K. Howell, R.J. Oake and P. Wilcox, Significance of organic contaminants in sewage sludges used on agricultural land, in International Conference on Environmental Contamination, London, July 1984, CEP, Edinburgh.
14. W. Giger, P.H. Brunner and C. Schaffner, 4-Nonylphenol in sewage sludge: accumulation of toxic metabolites from nonionic surfactants. Science, 225(4662) (1984) 623-625.
15. P.K. Hopke, M.J. Plewa, P.L. Stapleton and D.L. Weaver, Comparison of the mutagenicity of sewage sludges. Environ. Sci. Technol., 18 (1984) 909-916.
16. J.G. Babish, B. Johnson, B.O. Brooks and D.J. Lisk, Acute toxicity of organic extracts of municipal sewage sludge in mice. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 29 (1982) 379-384.
17. T.E. Clevenger, D.D. Hemphill, K. Roberts and W.A. Mullins, Chemical composition and possible mutagenicity of municipal sludges. J. Water Pollut. Cont. Fed., 55(12) 1470-1475.
18. C.F. Mason, Biology of Freshwater Pollution, Longman, Harlow, 1981.
19. K.M. Scow, Rate of biodegradation, in W.J. Lyman, W.F. Reehl and D.H. Rosenblatt (Eds), Handbook of Chemical Property Estimation Methods. Environmental Behaviour of Organic Compounds. McGraw Hill, New York, 1982.
20. A.C. Petrasek, I.J. Kugelman, B.M. Austern, T.A. Pressley, L.A. Winslow and R.H. Wise, Fate of toxic organic compounds in wastewater treatment plants. J. Water Pollut. Cont. Fed., 55(10) (1983) 1286-1296.
21. B. Hultmann, Elimination of organic micropollutants. Water Sci. Technol., 14 (1982) 73.
22. J.F.T. Van Rensberg, A. Hassett, S. Theron and S.G. Wiechers, The fate of organic micropollutants through an integrated wastewater treatment/water reclamation system. Water Technol., 12 (1980) 537-552.
23. H.H. Tabak, S.A. Quave, C.I. Mashi and E.F. Barth, Biodegradability studies with organic priority pollutant compounds. J. Water Pollut. Cont. Fed., 53 (1981) 1503.
24. W.B. Horning, E.L. Robinson and A.C. Petrasek, Reduction in toxicity of organic priority pollutants by pilot-scale conventional wastewater treatment process. Arch. Environ. Contain. Toxicol., 13(2) (1984) 191-196.
25. T.W. Constable, L.J. Taylor and R.J. Rush, The effect of three sludge processing operations on the fate and teachability of trace organics in municipal sludges. Environ. Technol. Lett., 7 (1986) 129-140.
26. D.H. Zitomer and R.E. Speece, Sequential environments for enhanced biotransformation of aqueous contaminants. Environ. Sci. Technol., 27(2) (1993) 227-244.
27. R.P. Schwartzenbach, Groundwater contamination by volatile halogenated alkanes: abiotic formation of volatile sulphur compounds under anaerobic conditions. Environ. Sci. Technol., 19 (1985) 322-327.
28. R.M. Riggin, T.F. Cole and S. Billets, Determination of aniline and substituted derivatives in wastewater by gas and liquid chromatography. Anal. Chem., 55 (1983) 1862-1869.
29. R.S.K. Buisson, P.W.W. Kirk and J.N. Lester, Removal of Chlorinated Organics During Anaerobic Digestion of Sewage Sludge, Final report to WRc EI4167RX, Public Health Engineering Laboratory of Imperial College, 1985.
30. D.W. Hill and P.L. McCarty, Anaerobic degradation of selected chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides. J. Water Pollut. Cont. Fed., 39(8) (1967) 1259-1277.
31. T. Stephenson, J.N. Lester and R. Perry, The influence of transient temperature changes on the biodegradation of nitriloacetic acid in the activated sludge process: a pilot plant study. Environ. Pollut. (Ser. A), 32 (1983) 1-10.
32. H. Phillips, J. Coraor and S.R. Prescott, Determination of nitroaromatics in biosludges with a gas chromatograph/thermal analyser. Anal. Chem., 55(6), 889-892.
33. N.C.A. Weerasinghe, M.L. Gross and D.J. Lisk, Polychlorinated dibenzodioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans in sewage sludges. Chemosphere, 14(5) (1985) 557-564.
34. M.W. Tabor, J.C. Loper, B.L. Myers, L. Rosenblum and F.B. Daniel, Isolation of mutagenic compounds from sludges and wastewaters, in M. D. Waters (Ed.), Short Term Bioassays in the Analysis of Complete Environmental Mixtures. Plenum, New York, 1984.
35. W.V. Gerasimowicz, D.M. Byler and E.G. Piotrowski, Infra-red spectroscopic characterisation of sludges and sludge extracts: comparison of several mild extraction procedures. Soil Sci., 136(4) (1983) 237-249.
36. H. Britcher and A. Waggott, Determination of Pollutants in Effluents. A Survey of Concentrations of Mineral Oils in UK Sewages, Effluents and Sludges (MPC 4332C/PES 1332C) WRc report, 1983, pp. 233-235.
37. A.E. McIntyre, R. Perry and J.N. Lester, Development of a method for the analysis of polychlorinated biphenyls and organochlorine insecticides in sewage sludges. Environ. Technol. Lett., 1 (1980) 157-168.
38. J.S. Warner, G.A. Junclaus, T.M. Engel, R.M. Riggin and C.C. Chuang, Analytical Procedures for Determining Organic Priority Pollutants in Municipal Sludges, EPA-600/2-80-303, Battelle Columbus Labs., OH, 1980, 58 pp.
39. M. Godefroot, M. Stechele, P. Sandra and M. Verzele, A new method for the quantitative analysis of organochlorine pesticides and PCBs, in Analysis of Organic Micropollutants in Water, European Symposium on Analysis of Organic Micropollutants, Oslo 19-21 September, 1984, Reidel, Dordrecht.
40. G.R. Southworth and J.L. Keller, Mobilisation of azarenes from wastewater treatment plant biosludge. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 32(4) (1984) 445-452.
41. V. Lopez-Avila, CL. Haile, P.R. Goddard, L.S. Malone, R.V. Northcutt, D.R. Rose and R.L. Robson, Development of methods for the analysis of extractable organic priority pollutants in municipal and industrial wastewater treatment sludges, in L.H. Keith (Ed.), Advances in the Identification and Analysis of Organic Pollutants in Water, Vol. 2, Ann Arbor Science Publishers, Ann Arbor, MI, 1981.
42. P. Ahel and W. Giger, Determination of alkylphenols and alkylphenol mono- and diethoxylates in environmental samples by HPLC. Anal. Chem., 57 (1985) 1577-1583.
43. 12 fatty acids in water and sludge. J. High Resol. Chromatogr. Chromatogr. Commun., 7(9) (1984) 540-541.
44. K. Dix and J. Fritz, Simple steam distillation for sample preparation prior to GC determination of organic compounds. J. Chromatogr., 408 (1987) 201-210.
45. S. Jensen, L. Renberg and L. Reutergradh, Residue analysis of sediments and sewage sludge for organochlorines in the presence of elemental sulphur. Anal. Chem., 49(2) (1977) 316-318.
46. D.E. Stott and M.A. Tabatabai, Identification of phospholipids in soils and sewage sludges by high-performance liquid chromatography. J. Environ. Qual., 14(1) (1985) 107-110.
47. T. R. Crompton, Determination of Organic Substances in Water, Vol. 1, Wiley, New York, 1985.
48. C.L. Haile, Y.A. Shan, L.S. Malone and R.V. Northcutt, Development of methods for the analysis of purgeable organic priority pollutants in municipal and industrial wastewater treatment sludges, in L.H. Keith (Ed.), Advances in the Identification and Analysis of Organic Pollutants in Water, Vol. 2, Ann Arbor Science Publishers, Ann Arbor, MI, 1981.
49. D.F. Bishop, GC-MS Methodology for Measuring Priority Organics in Municipal Wastewater Treatment, EPA project summary, EPA-600.S2-80-196, USEPA, 1980.
50. P.E. Mattson, A. Norstrom and C. Rappe, Identification of the flame retardant pentabromotol in sewage sludge. J. Chromatogr., 111 (1975) 209-213.
51. P.E. Mattson and S. Nygren, Gas-chromatographic determination of polychlorinated biphenyls and some chlorinated pesticides in sewage sludge using a glass capillary column. J. Chromatogr., 124 (1976) 265-275.
52. D.F. Goerlitz and L.M. Law, Note on removal of sulphur interferences from sediment extracts for pesticide analysis. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 6(1) (1971) 9-10.
53. J. K. Bartlett and D.A. Skoog, Colourimetric determination of elemental sulphur in hydrocarbons. Anal. Chem., 26(6) (1954) 1008-1011.
54. D.J.C. Constable, S. Ruven-Smith and J. Tanaka, Comparison of solvent reduction methods for the concentration of PAH solutions. Environ. Sci. Technol., 18 (1984) 975-978.
55. C.G. Gustafson, PCBs - prevalent and persistent. Environ. Sci. Technol., 4 (1970) 814.
56. European Community, European Communities List of 129 Priority Substances, Directive 76/464/EEC, Commission of the European Community.
57. A.E. McIntyre, J.N. Lester and R. Perry, The influence of chemical conditioning and dewatering on the distribution of polychlorinated biphenyls and organochlorine insecticides in sewage sludges. Environ. Technol. Lett., 1 (1981) 157-168.
58. A.E. McIntyre, R. Perry and J.N. Lester, The behaviour of polychlorinated biphenyls and organochlorine insecticides in primary mechanical wastewater treatment. Environ. Pollut. (Ser. B), 2 (1981) 223-233.
59. A. Garcia-Gutierrez, A.E. McIntyre and J.N. Lester, Analysis of aldrin and endrin in sewage sludges. Environ. Technol. Lett., 3(12) (1982) 541-544.
60. A.E. McIntyre and J.N. Lester, Occurrence and distribution of persistent organochlorine compounds in UK sewage sludges. Water Air Soil Pollut., 23(4) (1984) 397-415.
61. H. Witte, T. Langenohl, G. Augustin and G. Offenbacher, Investigation of the entry of organic pollutants into the soil and plants through the use of sewage sludge in agriculture. Part A: Organic pollutant load in sewage sludge. Korrespondenz Abwasser, 13 (1988) 118-125.
62. M. Kedding, T. Langenohl and H. Witte, PCB, dioxine und furane im Klarschlamm und deren Auswirkungen bei der landwirtschaftlichen Klarschlammvertwertung. Korrespondenz Abwasser, 35 (1989) 19-26.
63. R. Alcock and K.C. Jones, Polychlorinated biphenyls in digested UK sewage sludges. Chemosphere, 26 (1993) 2199-2207.
64. D.W. Hill and P.L. McCarty, Anaerobic degradation of selected chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides. J. Water Pollut. Cont. Fed., 39(8) (1967) 1259-1277.
65. D.H. Zitomer and R.E. Speece, Sequential environments for enhanced biotransformation of aqueous contaminants. Environ. Sci. Technol., 27(2) (1993) 227-244.
66. N.F. Mogilevich, Microbial destruction of organohalogen compounds. Sov. J. Water Chem. Technol., 4(3) (1982) 98-109.
67. H.R. Rogers, J.A. Campbell, B. Crathorne and A.J. Dobbs, The occurrence of chlorobenzenes and permethrins in twelve UK sewage sludges. Water Res., 23(7) (1989) 913-921.
68. N.P. Hill, A.E. McIntyre, R. Perry and J.N. Lester, Development of a method for the analysis of chlorophenoxy herbicides in waste waters amd waste water sludges. Int. J. Environ. Anal. Chem., 15(2) (1983) 107-130.
69. J. Folke, Organic micropollutants in the sewage from a phenoxy-alkanoic acid production plant after biological treatment in a municipal trickling filter plant. J. High Resol. Chromatogr. Chromatogr. Commun., 7(1) (1984) 25-32.
70. M.B. Green, Polychloroaromatics and heteroaromatics of industrial importance, in H. Suschitzky (Ed.), Polychloroaromatic Compounds, Ch. 4, Plenum, New York.
71. R.S.K. Buisson, P.W.W. Kirk and J.N. Lester, Removal of Chlorinated Organics During Anaerobic Digestion of Sewage Sludge, Report to WRc no. EI4167RX from Imperial College Public Health Engineering Laboratory, 1985.
72. L.P. Moos, E.J. Kirsch, R.F. Wukasch and C.P.L. Grady, Pentachlorophenol biodegradation - I Aerobic. Water Res., 17(11) (1983) 1575-1584.
73. M.A. Guthrie, E.J. Kirsch, R.F. Wukasch and C.P.L. Grady, Pentachlorophenol biodegradation - II Anaerobic. Water Res., 18(4) (1984) 451-461.
74. G.M. Klecka and J. Maier, Kinetics of microbial growth on PCP. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 49(1) (1985) 46-53.
75. M.S. Salkinoja-Salonen, R. Hakulinen, R. Valo and J. Apajalahti, Biodegradation of recalcitrant organochlorine compounds in fixed film reactors. Water Sci. Technol., 15 (1983) 309-319.
76. S.A. Boyd and D.R. Shelton, Anaerobic biodegradation of chlorophenols in fresh and acclimated sludge. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. (1984) 272-277.
77. J.M. Suflita, A. Horowitz, D.R. Sheldon and J.M. Tiedje, Dehalogenation: a novel pathway for the anaerobic biodegradation of haloaromatic compounds. Science, 218 (1982) 1115-1117.
78. A.E. McIntyre, J.N. Lester and R. Perry, Persistence of organophosphorus insecticides in sewage sludges. Environ. Technol. Lett., 2 (1981) 111-118.
79. A.E. McIntyre, R. Perry and J.N. Lester, Analysis and incidence of organophosphorus compounds in sewage sludges. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 26 (1981) 116-123.
80. R.O. Mumma, D.C. Raupach, J.P. Waldman, S.S.C. Tong, M.L. Jacobs, J.G. Babish, J.H. Hotchkiss, P.C. Wszolek, W.H. Gutenman, C.A. Bache and D.J. Lisk, National survey of elements and other constituents in municipal sewage sludges. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 13(1) (1984) 75-83.
81. W.S. Brewer, A.C. Draper and S.S. Wey, The detection of dimethylnitrosamine and diethylnitrosamine in municipal sewage sludge applied to agricultural soils. Environ. Pollut. (Ser. B), 1 (1980) 37-43.
82. L. Fishbein, Chromatography of Environmental Hazards, Vol. 1. Carcinogens, Mutagens and Teratogens, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1972.
83. J.H. Phillips, J. Coraor and S.R. Prescott, Determination of nitroaromatics in biosludges with a gas chromatography/thermal analyser. Anal. Chem., 55(6) (1983) 889-892.
84. H. Britcher and A. Waggott, Determination of pollutants in Effluents. A Survey of Concentrations of Mineral Oils in UK Sewages, Effluents and Sludges, Water Research Centre report, DoE 233-S, MPC 4332C/PES 1332C.
85. D.L. Liu, Measuring petroleum hydrocarbons in digested sewage sludges. Water Sewage Works, 125(3) (1978) 40-44.
86. E. Stephanou and W. Giger, Persistent organic chemicals in sewage effluents. Quantitative determinations of nonylphenols and nonylphenol ethoxylates by glass capillary gas chromatography. Environ. Sci. Technol., 16 (1982) 800-805.
87. W. Giger, P. H. Brunner and C. Schaffner, 4-Nonylphenol in sewage sludge: accumulation of toxic metabolites from non-ionic surfactants. Science, 225 (4662) (1984) 623-625.
88. M. Tschui, P.H. Brunner and W. Giger, Accumulation of Refractory 4-nonylphenol During Mesophilic Anaerobic Sludge Stabilisation. COST 68 Working Party No. 1 Workshop, Utrecht, 22 April 1985.
89. D.E. Stott and M.A. Tabatabai, Identification of phospholipids in soils and sewage sludges by high performance liquid chromatography. J. Environ. Qual., 14(1) (1985) 107-110.
90. L. Brown, K.C.C. Bancroft and M.M. Rhead, Laboratory studies on the adsorption of acrylamide monomer by sludge, sediments, clays, peat and synthetic resins. Water Res., 14 (1980) 779.
91. D.R. Shelton, S.A. Boyd and J.M. Tiedje, Anaerobic biodegradation of phthalic acid esters in sludge. Environ. Sci. Technol., 18 (1984) 93-97.
92. D.P. O'Grady, P.H. Howard and A.F. Werner, Activated sludge biodegradation of 12 commercial phthalate esters Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 49(2) (1985) 443-445.
93. J.A.J. Thompson, M.G. Sheffer, R.C. Pierce, Y.K. Chau, J.J. Cooney, W.R. Cullen and R.J. Maguire, Organotin Compounds in the Aquatic Environment: Scientific Criteria for Assessing their Effects on Environmental Quality, National Research Council Canada 22494, 1985.
94. R.B. Laughlin and O. Linden, Fate and effects of organotin compounds. Ambio, 14(2) (1985) 88-94.
95. H. Vrijhof, Organotin compounds and international treaties on the pollution of water by dangerous substances: black or grey list substances. Sci. Total Environ., 43(3) (1985) 221-233.
96. Y. Argaman, C.E. Hucks and S.E. Shelby, The effects of organotin on the activated sludge process. Water Res., 18(5) (1984) 535-542.
97. B. Crathorne, K. Donaldson, H.A. James and H.R. Rogers, The determination of organic contaminants in UK sewage sludges, in D. Quaghebeur, I. Temmerman and G. Angeletti (Eds), Organic Contaminants in Wastewater, Sludge and Sediment: Occurrence, Fate and Disposal, Elsevier Applied Science, Barking, UK, 1989.
98. P.J. Craig, P.A. Moreton and S. Rapsonanikis, Methylation of mercury, tin and lead in aqueous and sediment environments, in Heavy Metals in the Environment. International Conference Proceedings, Heidelberg, 1983.
99. J.S. Thayer, Iodomethane as a potential metal mobilising agent in nature. Environ. Sci. Technol., 18(9) (1984) 726-729.
100. O.F.X. Donard, P.H. Quevauviller and A. Bruchet, Tin and organotin speciation during wastewater and sludge treatment processes. Water Res., 27(6) (1993) 1085-1089.
101. J. McEvoy and W. Giger, Accumulation of linear alkylbenzene sulphonate surfactants in sewage sludges. Naturwissenschaften, 72 (1985) S429.
102. H. Motschi and J. McEvoy, Influence of metal/adsorbate interactions on the adsorption of linear alkylbenzene sulphonates to hydrous surfaces. Naturwissenschaften, 72 (1985) S.654.
103. A.J. Sweetman, H.R. Rogers and B. Crathorne, Monitoring of organic contaminants in sewage sludge with differing catchments and assessment of their potential for phytotoxic effects using a barley seedling bioassay, in J.E. Hall, D.R. Sauerbeck and P. L'Hermite (Eds), Effects of Organic Contaminants in Sewage Sludge on Soil Fertility, Plants and Animals, Proceedings of a meeting held at Braunschweig, 6-8 June 1990, Commission of the European Communities.
104. H. Takada and R. Ishiwatari, Quantitation of long-chain alkylbenzenes in environmental samples by silica gel column chromatography and high resolution gas chromatography. J. Chromatogr., 346 (1985) 281-290.
105. H. Takada and R. Ishiwatari, Linear alkylbenzenes in urban riverine environments in Tokyo: distribution, source and behaviour. Environ. Sci. Technol., 21(9) (1987) 875-883.
106. H. Takada and R. Ishiwatari, Biodegradation experiments of linear alkylbenzenes (LABs): isomeric composition of C12 LABs as an indicator of the degree of LAB degradation in the aquatic environment. Environ. Sci. Technol., 24 (1990) 86-91.
107. R.P. Eganhouse, D.P. Olaguer, B.R. Gould and C.S. Phinney, Use of molecular markers for the detection of municipal sewage sludge at sea. Mar. Environ. Res., 25 (1988) 1-22.
108. A.J. Sweetman, H.R. Rogers, H. Harms and H. Mosbaek, Organic Contaminants in Sewage Sludge and Their Effects on Soil and Crops, WRc final report to the Department of the Environment, No. DoE 2745 (P), June 1992.
109. P. Gerike, H. Klotz, J.G.A. Kooijman, E. Matthijs and J. Waters, The determination of dihardenedtallowdimethyl ammonium compounds (DHTDMAC) in environmental matrices using trace enrichment techniques and high performance liquid chromatography with conductimetric detection. Water Res. 28 (1994) 147-154.
110. K. Verschueren, Handbook of Environmental Data on Organic Chemicals, 2nd edn., Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1983.
111. M.D. Muller, Hexachlorobenzol in der SchweizAussmass und Hintergrunde der Umweltkontamination. Chimia, 11 (1982) 437-435.
112. P.E. Gaffney, Carpets and rugs industry 1: water and wastewater treatment plant operation. J. Water Pollut. Cont. Fed., 48 (1976) 2590.
113. L.W. Jacobs, and M.J. Zabik, Importance of sludgeborne organic chemicals for land application programs, 6th Annual Madison Conf. on Applic. Res. Pract. Munic. and Indust. Waste, Univ. Wisconsin, 1983, pp. 418-426.
114. B. Topping, The biodegradability of paradichlorobenzene and its behaviour in model activated sludge plants. Water Res., 21 (1987) 295-300.
115. J.C. Spain, and S.F. Nishino, Degradation of 1,4-dichlorobenzene by a Pseudomonas sp. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 53 (1987) 1010-1019.
116. G. Schraa, Anaerobic degradation, processes and test methods, in G. Angeletti and A. Bjorseth (Eds), Organic Micropollutants in the Aquatic Environment, Kluwer, Dordrecht.
117. P.W.W. Kirk, H.R. Rogers, and J.N. Lester, The fate of chlorobenzenes and permethrins during anaerobic sewage sludge digestion. Chemosphere, 18(9/10) (1989) 1771-1784.
118. National Swedish Environmental Protection Board, 'Dioxins' - A Program for Research and Action, National Swedish Environmental Protection Board, 1988.
119. C. Rappe, Sources of exposure, environmental concentrations and exposure assessment of PCDDs and PCDFs. Chemosphere 27 (1993) 211-225.
120. N.C.A. Weerasinghe, M.L. Gross, and D.J. Lisk, Polychlorinated dibenzodioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans in sewage sludges. Chemosphere, 14(5) (1985) 557-564.
121. H. Hagenmaier, H. Brunner, R. Haig, and A. Berchtold, PCDDs and PCDFs in sewage sludge, river and lake sediments from South West Germany. Chemosphere, 15 (1986) 1421-1428.
122. H. Hagenmaier and B. Brunner, Isomer specific analysis of pentachlorophenol and sodium pentachlorophenate for 2,3,7,8-substituted PCDD and PCDF at sub ppb levels. Chemosphere, 16 (1987) 1759-1764.
123. L.G. Oberg, R. Andersson and C. Rappe, De-novo formation of hepta- and octachlorodibenzo-p-dioxins from pentachlorophenol in municipal sewage sludge, in Proceedings of 'DIOXIN '92', Tampere, Finland, 1992.
124. C. Rappe and R. Andersson, Analyses of PCDDs and PCDFs in wastewater from dishwashers and washing machines. 'DIOXIN '92', Tampere, Finland, Extended Abstracts. Organohalogen Compounds, 9 (1992) 191-194.
125. C. Rappe and R. Andersson, Levels of PCDDs and PCDFs in human faeces. 'DIOXIN '92' Tampere, Finland, Extended Abstracts. Organohalogen Compounds, 9 (1992) 195-198,
126. D. Broman, C. Naf, C. Rolff and Y. Zebuhr, Analysis of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDD) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDF) in soil and digested sewage sludge from Stockholm, Sweden. Chemosphere, 21 (1990) 1213-1220.
127. H.R. Rogers, P. Ambridge and I. Stenhouse, The Occurrence of PCDDs and PCDFs in Some UK Sewage Sludges -A Preliminary Investigation, WRc report for the Department of the Environment, DoE 2093-M, 1989.
128. Department of the Environment, The Non-agricultural Uses of Pesticides in Great Britain, Pollution Paper No. 3, HMSO, London, 1974.
129. J.M. Neff, Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Aquatic Environment - Sources, Fates and Biological Effects, Applied Science Publishers, London, 1979.
130. A.E. McIntyre, R. Perry and J.N. Lester, Analysis of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons in sewage sludges. Anal. Lett., 14 (1981) 291-309.
131. P.C. Wszolek and T. Wachs, Occurrence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in municipal sewage sludge ashes. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 11 (1982) 69-72.
132. K. Aichberger and D. Reifenauer, Determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sewage sludge, in P. L'Hermite and H. Ott (Eds), Proceedings of 3rd International Symposium on Processing and Use of Sewage Sludge, Brighton 1983, Reidel, Dordrecht.
133. P. Nicholls, R. Perry and J.N. Lester, The influence of heat treatment on the metallic and PAH content of sewage sludge. Sci. Total Environ., 12 (1979) 137-150.
134. H. Hagenmaier, H. Kaut and P. Krauss, Analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sediments, sewage sludges and composts from municipal refuse by HPLC, in J. Albaiges and R.W. Frei (Eds), Fate of Hydrocarbons in the Environment, An Analytical Approach. Current Topics in Environmental and Toxicological Chemistry, 10, Gordon and Breach, New York.
135. S.R. Wild, S.P. McGrath and K.C. Jones, The polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) content of archived sewage sludges. Chemosphere, 20(6) (1990) 703-716.
136. T.R. Bridle and M.D. Webber, A Canadian perspective on toxic organics in sewage sludge. Proc. Conf. Work Party 5, CEC, Concerted Action on the Characterisation, Treatment and Use of Sewage Sludge, WRc report 2-S, 1982.
137. M.L. Richardson and J.M. Bowron, The fate of pharmaceutical chemicals in the aquatic environment. J. Pharm. Pharmacol., 37 (1985) 1-12.
138. C.D. Watts, B. Crathorne, M. Fielding and C.P. Steel, Identification of non-volatile organics in water using field desorption mass spectrometry and high performance liquid chromatography, in G. Angeletti and A. Bjorseth (Eds), Analysis of Organic Micropollutants in Water. Report of the 3rd European Symposium on Organic Micropollutants, Oslo, Norway, September 19-21, 1983, Reidel, Dordrecht.
139. M. Rathner and M. Sonneborn, Biologically active oestrogens in potable water and effluents. Forum Stadte-Hygiene, 30 (1979) 45-49.
140. A.J. Sweetman, H.R. Rogers, H. Harms and H. Mosbaek, Organic Contaminants in Sewage Sludge and Their Effects on Soil and Crops. Final report to the Department of the Environment and DG XI of the CEC (ACE) Programme, DoE 2745 (P), June 1992.
141. R. Butzkamm-Erker and R.E. Mach, Recent data on dioxin levels in sewage sludge. Korrespondenz Abwasser, 37(2) (1990) 161-163.