The European union and mercosur: A case of inter-regionalism

Third World Quarterly

Volumn 20, Issue 5, 1999, Pages 927-941

  Bajo, Claudia Sanchez ^a  

^a INSTITUTE OF SOCIAL STUDIES   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ECONOMIC INTEGRATION; EUROPEAN UNION; MERCOSUR; REGIONALISM;

EUROPE; SOUTH AMERICA;

EID: 0343066710     PISSN: 01436597     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/01436599913415     Document Type: Article

References (67)

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2. B F Nelsen & A C-G Stubb (eds). The European Union: Readings on the Theory and Practice of European Integration, Boulder, Co: Lynne Rienner, 1998.
3. R Higgott, "The international political economy of regionalism. The Asia-Pacific and Europe compared', in W D Coleman & G R D Underbill (eds), Regionalism and Global Economic Integration: Europe, Asia and the Americas, London: Routledge, 1998, pp. 42-67;
4. M Beeson, 'The clash of institutions: APEC and institutional theory,' paper presented to the International Studies Association Conference, Toronto, 18-22 March 1997.
5. A Hurrell, 'Explaining the resurgence of regionalism in world polities', Review of International Studies, 21 (4), 1995, pp 331-358;
6. C Oman, The Policy Challenges of Globalisation and Regionalisation, OECD Development Centre, Policy Brief 11 1996;
7. A Gamble & A Payne, Regionalism and World Order, Macmillan, 1996.
8. Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay have been creating a common market of the South known as 'Mercosur' or 'Mercosul'. Negotiations started with the Buenos Aires Act of July 1990. The Asuncion Treaty of 26 March 1991 founded Mercosur, and the Ouro Preto Protocol of 17 December 1994 turned it into a customs union as from 1995.
9. The Instituto de Relaciones Europeo-Latinoamericanas (IRELA) has probably provided the most comprehensive follow-up. Based in Madrid, it is a forum of dialogue and a network of more than 200 organisations from the two continents. Its general assembly includes diplomats, politicians and academics. Other follow-ups include the IADB-LNTAL'S monthly newsletter and the European Union's Eurosur.
10. A Customs Union is an RIA that allows for the free movement of goods, services and production factors, and has common external tariffs and a common trade policy towards third parties.
11. This complies with the Brasilia Protocol. From July 1998 Mercosur has been considering the establishment of a private system of arbitrage for trade disputes.
12. IRELA, Mercosur: Prospects for an Emerging Bloc, Dossier No 67, Madrid: IRELA, 1997, p 35.
13. 'The traditional perfect competition approach has been supplemented by models that allow for imperfect competition, economies of scale and product differentiation. This development has considerably modified the views ... on the rationale for regional integration and its gains. Scale economies both internal to the firm and external are also central to newer models of the spatial aspects of integration'. P Robson, The Economics of International Integration, London: Routledge 1998, p xiv.
14. W Sandholtz & J Zysman, M992: recasting the European bargain'. World Politics, 42(1), 1989, pp 95-128.
15. Economic Commission For Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC), Balance Preliminar de la Economia de America Lalina y el Caribe 1995, Santiago de Chile: ECLAC 1995, p 10.
16. From 1990 to 1994 the UK was the largest European investor in Mercosur, making up a third of the total. Germany and The Netherlands followed, with about a fifth each, and France and Spain came next, with another fifth between them. See Inter-American Development Bank (IADB) and IRELA, Foreign Direct Investment in Latin America in the 1990s, Madrid: IRELA, 1996, p 29.
17. Speech by W Fritsch, former Secretary of Economic Policy of the Brazilian Finance Ministry in 1994, at the conference on 'The European Union and Mercosur: towards a new economic relationship? A potential market of 570 million consumers', organised by the Europa-Argentina Club, the Getulio Vargas Foundation and IRELA, and sponsored by the European Commission, Brussels, 10-11 June 1996.
18. IADB, Integration and Trade in the Americas; A preliminary estimate of 1998 trade, Inter-American Development Bank, Periodic Note, December 1998.
19. Internet source: www.asean.or.id/stat/extra6.htm.
20. IRELA, The European Union and Mercosur: Towards a New Economic Relationship, Madrid, IRELA 1996, p 2.
21. IRELA, Mercosur, pp 50-51, see endnote 8.
22. D Tussie, 'Emerging regionalism in Latin America', in Coleman & Underbill, Regionalism and Global Economic Integration, p 95, endnote 2.
23. Argentine Mission to the EU, Economic Department. Support documents to discuss the approval of the mandate to negotiate the Framework Agreement of Trade and Economic Co-operation, Relaciones Mercosur-Union Europea, 20 April 1995.
24. A Guadagni, 'El Mercosur absorberia 36% del comercio europeo del año 2000', El Cronista Comercial (Buenos Aires), 9 December 1994, p 8.
25. G Garcia Jimenez, "The new commercial strategy of the European Union towards Latin America: in search of market access through a regional and specific approach', in P Demaret, J-F Bellis & G Garcia Jimenez, Regionalism and Multilateralism after the Uruguay Round, Convergence, Divergence and Interaction, Series European Policy 12, Brussels: European Interuniversity Press (EIP), 1997, pp 265-294;
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27. European Commission, Directorate-General for Economic and Financial Affairs, Economic Outlook of the EU: 1997-1999, Supplement A, No 10, October 1997.
28. Eurosur, 16, June 1997.
29. Eurostat, SupIemento2/96, in Relaciones Mercosur-Union Europea, 20 April 1995, endnote 19.
30. Relaciones Mercosur-Union Europea, 20 April 1995, endnote 19.
31. Y Stein, 'La fuerza de negociar como bloque', Gaieta Mercantil Latinoamericana, (Buenos Aires), 1-7 December 1996, p 8.
32. O Vilas, 'Acuerdo con la UE va a discusión', Gaieta Mercantil Latinoamericana, 27 October-2 November 1996, p 3.
33. Data from the Internet; and US Department of Commerce, National Trade Data Bank, Brazil: Economic Trends and Outlook, 19 February 1999.
34. Under Provisional Measure No 1569, on 25 March 1997 Brazil suddenly imposed barriers to different products, including textiles, with the aim of protecting its monetary stability and reducing its trade deficit. The barriers were also implemented for its Mercosur partners. This measure was criticised by the EU and the WTO.
35. Temor en Francia por el acuerdo con Europa', El Cronista Comercial, 24 July 98.
36. Proposed by Spain and France, the summit's proposal was approved by the General Affairs Council on 2
37. June 1997. The European Council confirmed the interest of the Fifteen in such a meeting in Amsterdam on 16 and 17 June 1997 (http://www.eurosur.org/eurosur/16/eurosl6.htm). Against the menacing financial crisis in Brazil, the EU still expected to meet in June 1999. To discuss the crisis and its consequences for Mercosur as well as for inter-regional relations, the EU has had a meeting with Mercosur businesses in February 1999 in Brazil. Presidents Cardoso and Menem decided to participate in the latter as well.
38. Relaciones Mercosur-Union Europea, 20 April 1995, endnote 19.
39. 'La guerra por el liderazgo?', Sucesos, Mercosur, Sumario, (Montevideo) 11 July 1997. Internet source: http://www.mercosur.com/htdocs/main.html.
40. J J Medina, 'La unión aduanera no le sirve a la Argentina', Amblto Financiero (Buenos Aires), 3 January 1994, fourth section, p 20;
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43. European Commission, European Report No 1673.
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45. European Commission, DGI, Latin America Bureau, Presentation du Programme Al-lnvest: phase Je consolidation, VIII/833/95-fr, July 1995. See also European Community Investment Partners Brochure, Brussels: European Commission.
46. A Gallo, 'Acuerdo final para sellar el Mercosur', El Cronista Comercial 5 August 1994, p 2.
47. E Venturini, Director of International Relations of the CGT Argentina, 'Propuestas de desarrollo sustentable bajo el lema del Mercosur social', Sucesos, Sumario 230, 8 August 1997.
48. 'La UE como fuente de inspiración', Gazeta Mercantil Lalinoamericana, 1-7 December 1996, p 6.
49. Interview with Argentina's coordinator of Mercosur wo3, Buenos Aires, May 1995.
50. IRELA, Mercosur, tables 14 and 15, endnote 8. See also 'Un informe del IRELA: los condicionantes para la asociaciOn Unión Europea-Mercosur' (Parte II), (Sucesos), 21 August 1998 (taken from the Internet) and D Chudnovsky & F Porta, 'Antes y despues de la union aduanera del Mercosur: prioridades de politica', in Alas Alla de la Estabilidad, Argentina en la epoca de la Globalizacion y la Kegionalizalion, Buenos Aires: Friedrich Ebert Foundation, 1995, pp 301-302.
51. J Grandi,. 'La formacion de cuadros para la integracion: el surgimiento del Centro de Formacion para la Integracion Regional (CEFIR)', Integracion Latinoamericana, 197, 1994, pp 43-48.
52. Industria & Comercio (Parana) March 1995, pp 6-7.
53. 'Serán integradas las aduanas del Mercosur', La Nation, 30 May 1995, section 6, p 1.
54. Interview with Argentina's coordinator of Mercosur wc7 on industry, Buenos Aires, May 1995. The other model was the Brazilian Service for the Promotion of Micro and Small Enterprises, (SEBRAE)
55. P Bornhausen (National Deputy and President of Joint Parliamentary Commission of Mercosur), 'Planes del Parlamento', Gazeta Mercantil Lalinoamericana, 5-11 January 1997, p 18.
56. Currently, Felix Peña is Argentina's Under-Seeretary for Industry at the Ministry of Economy. He has been one of the long-standing negotiators on Mercosur and is a member of the Argentinean Council for International Relations (CARI).
57. F Peña, 'Las condiciones de la integración', Gazeta Mercantil Latinoame ricana, 5-11 January 1997, p 8.
58. E Casullo, Executive Director of Argentina's Industrial Union (UIA), Los industriales argentinos quieren una mayor instilulionalizadon del Mercosur, 1997.
59. Venturini, 'Propuestas de desarllo sustentable', endnote 37.
60. IRELA, mercosur, p 38, endnote 8.
61. C E Caputo Bastos (member of the International Relations Commission of the Federal Council of Brazilian Lawyers), 'El Mercosur y la integración europea', Gazeta Mercantil Latinomearicana, 5-11 January 1997, p22.
62. S Haggard, 'Regionalism in Asia and the Americas", in E D Mansfield & H Milner (eds) The Political Economy of Regionalism, New York: Columbia University Press 1997 pp 20-49, endnote 1.
63. Commission of the European Communities, European Economy: the economics of 1992. An Assessment of the potential economic effects of completing the internal market of the European Community, DirectorateGeneral for Economic and Financial Affairs and Steering Committee of the project 'Costs of non-Europe", Brussels, 1988, p 44.
64. R Z Lawrence, Regionalism Multilateralism, and Deeper Integration, Washington DC: Brookings Institution 1996, p 60.
65. The European Union: A World Trade Partner, Reports and Studies No 3, European Commission, Directorate-General for Economic and Financial Affairs, Brussels, 1997.
66. L Fontagrie, M Freudenberg & D Unal-Kesenci, Analyse statisligue des échanges de produits intermédiaires, Document Statistique 6D, Luxembourg: Eurostat, 1996.
67. J B Machado & R Markwald, 'Dinâmica recente do processo de integraçāo do Mercosul', in J P dos Reis Velloso (ed), Brazil: desafios de um pafs em transfonnação, Rio de Janeiro: Jose Olympio Editera 1997, pp 177-214.