Acclimatization of micropropagated plants to ex vitro conditions

Biologia Plantarum

Volumn 42, Issue 4, 1999, Pages 481-497

  Pospisilova J ^a   Ticha I ^b   Kadlecek P ^b   Haisel, D ^a   Plzakova S ^b  

^a INSTITUTE OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY   (Czech Republic)

^b CHARLES UNIVERSITY   (Czech Republic)

Author keywords

Antitranspirants; Chlorophyll content; Chlorophyll fluorescence; Cuticle; Epidermis; Hardening; In vitro and ex vitro growth; Leaf mesophyll; Net photosynthetic rate; Photoautotrophy; Photoinhibition; Photomixotrophy; Stomatal conductance; Stomatal density; Transpiration rate; Water potential

Indexed keywords

EID: 0342980885     PISSN: 00063134     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1023/A:1002688208758     Document Type: Review

References (107)

1. 2 exchange of in vitro and acclimatizated potato plantlets. - In: Carre, F., Chagvardieff, P. (ed.): Ecophysiology and Photosynthetic in Vitro Cultures. Pp. 187-188. CEA, Centre d'Études de Cadarache, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance 1995.
2. Baroja Fernandez, M.E.: Relaciones Hidricas y Actividad Fotosintetica de Plantas de Patata Cultivadas in Vitro. [Water Relations and Photosynthetic Activity of Potato Plantlets Cultivated m Vitro.] - Thesis, University of Navarra, Pamplona 1993. [In Span.]
3. Bolar, J.P., Norelli, J.L., Aldwinckle, H.S., Hanke, V.: An efficient method for rooting and acclimation of micropropagated apple cultivars. - HortScience 37: 1251-1252, 1998.
4. Brainerd, K.E., Fuchigami, L.H., Kwiatkowski, S., Clark, C.S.: Leaf anatomy and water stress of aseptically cultured "pixy" plum grown under different environments. - HortScience 16: 173-175, 1981.
5. Buddendorf-Joosten, J.M.C., Woltering, E.J.: Components of the gaseous environment and their effects on plant growth and development in vitro. - Plant Growth Regul. 15: 1-16, 1994.
6. Capellades, M., Fontarnau, R., Carulla, C., Debergh P.: Environment influences anatomy of stomata and epidermal cells in tissue-cultured Rosa multiflora. - J. amer. Soc. hort. Sci. 115: 141-145. 1990.
7. Cassells, A.C., Walsh, C.: The influence of gas permeability of the culture lid on calcium uptake and stomatal function in Dianthus microplants. - Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult. 37: 171-178, 1994.
8. Colón-Guasp, W., Nell, T.A., Kane, M.E., Barrett, J.E.: Effects of abscisic acid on ex vitro acclimatization of Aronia arbutifolia (L.) Pers. - J. amer. Soc. hort. Sci. 121: 101-104, 1996.
9. Conner, L.N., Conner, A.J.: Comparative water loss from leaves of Solanum laciniatum plants cultured in vitro and in vivo. - Plant Sci. Lett. 36: 241-246, 1984.
10. Dami, I., Hughes, H.: Leaf anatomy and water loss of in vitro PEG-treated "Valiant" grape. - Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult. 42: 179-184, 1995.
11. Dami, I., Hughes, H.G.: Effect of PEG-induced water stress on in vitro hardening of "Valiant" grape. - Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult. 47: 97-101, 1997.
12. 2 enrichment and relative humidity reduction on sugar-free medium. - Can. J. Plant Sci. 73: 1105-1113, 1993.
13. 2 assimilation in micropropagation systems. - Acta Hort. 393: 45-61, 1995.
14. 2-enriched environments and supplementary lighting. - J. amer. Soc. hort. Sci. 112: 846-851, 1987.
15. Dhawan, V., Bhojwani, S.S.: Hardening in vitro and morpho-physiological changes in the leaves during acclimatization of micropropagated plants of Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) De Wit. -Plant Sci. 53: 65-72, 1987.
16. Díaz-Pérez, J.C., Shackel, K.A., Sutter, E.G.: Effect of in vitro-formed roots and acclimatization of water status and gas exchange of tissue-cultured apple shoots. - J. amer. Soc. hort. Sci. 120: 435-440, 1995a.
17. Díaz-Pérez, J.C., Sutter, E.G., Shackel, K.A.: Acclimatization and subsequent gas exchange, water relations, survival and growth of microcultured apple plantlets after transplanting them in soil. -Physiol. Plant. 95: 225-232, 1995b.
18. Diettrich, B., Mertinat, H., Luckner, M.: Reduction of water loss during ex vitro acclimatization of micropropagated Digitalis lanata clone plants. - Biochem. Physiol. Pflanz. 188: 23-31, 1992.
19. Donnelly, D.J., Vidaver, W.E.: Leaf anatomy of red raspberry transferred from culture to soil. - J. amer. Soc. hort. Sci. 109: 172-176, 1984.
20. Drew, A.P., Kavanagh, K.L., Maynard, C.A.: Acclimatizing micropropagated black cherry by comparison with half-sib seedlings. - Physiol. Plant. 86: 459-464, 1992.
21. 2. - Vitis 35: 163-167, 1996.
22. Eliasson, M.K., Beyl, C.A., Barker, P.A.: In vitro responses and acclimatization of Prunus serotina with paclobutrazol. - J. Plant Growth Regul. 13: 137-142, 1994.
23. Fabbri, A., Sutter, E., Dunston, S.K.: Anatomical changes in persistent leaves of tissue-cultured strawberry plants after removal from culture. - Sci. Hort. 28: 331-337, 1986.
24. 2 and light promote in vitro shoot growth and development of Theobroma cacao. - J. amer. Soc. hort. Sci. 116: 585-589, 1991.
25. Fila, G., Ghashghaie, J., Hoarau, J., Cornic, G.: Photosynthesis, leaf conductance and water relations of in vitro cultured grapevine rootstock in relation to acclimatisation. - Physiol. Plant. 102: 411-418, 1998.
26. Fournioux, J.C., Bessis, R.: Use of carbon dioxide enrichment to obtain adult morphology of grapevine in vitro. - Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult. 33: 51-57, 1993.
27. 2 concentration during rooting phase on the acclimation of Rosa hybrida plantlets to ex vitro conditions. - Photosynthetica 32: 263-270, 1996.
28. Ghashghaie, J., Brenckmann, F., Saugier, B.: Effects of agar concentration on water status and growth of rose plants cultured in vitro. - Physiol. Plant. 82: 73-78, 1991.
29. Ghashghaie, J., Brenckmann, F., Saugier, B.: Water relations and growth of rose plants cultured in vitro under various relative humidities. - Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult. 30: 51-57, 1992.
30. Gilly, C., Rohr, R., Chamel, A.: Ultrastructure and radiolabelling of leaf cuticles from ivy (Hedera helix L.) plants in vitro and during ex vitro acclimatization. - Ann. Bot. 80: 139-145, 1997.
31. Grout, B.W.W., Aston, M.J.: Transplanting of cauliflower plants regenerated from meristem culture. I. Water loss and water transfer related to changes in leaf wax and to xylem regeneration. - Hort. Res. 17: 1-7, 1977.
32. Grout, B.W.W., Aston, M.J.: Modified leaf anatomy of cauliflower plantlets regenerated from meristem culture. - Ann. Bot. 42: 993-995, 1978.
33. Hayashi, M., Nakayama, M., Kozai, T.: An application of the acclimatization unit for growth of carnation explants, and for rooting and acclimatization of the plantlets. - Acta Hort. 230: 189-194, 1988.
34. Jeong, B.R., Fujiwara, K., Kozai, T.: Environmental control and photoautotrophic micropropagation. - Hort. Rev. 17: 123-170, 1995.
35. Johansson, M., Kronestedt-Robards, E.C., Robards, A.W.: Rose leaf structure in relation to different stages of micropropagation. - Protoplasma 166:165-176, 1992.
36. Kadleček, P.: [Effect of pretreatment by irradiance and exogenous saccharose under in vitro conditions on photosynthesis and growth of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) plants during acclimatization after transfer to soil.] - Diploma Thesis, Charles University, Department of Plant Physiology, Praha 1997. [In Czech.]
37. Kadleček, P., Tichá, I., Čapková, V., Schäfer, C.: Acclimatization of micropropagated tobacco plantlets. - In: Garab, G. (ed.): Photosynthesis: Mechanisms and Effects. Vol. V. Pp. 3853-3856. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht - Boston - London 1998.
38. Kanechi, M., Ochi, M., Abe, M., Inagaki, N., Maekawa, S.: The effects of carbon dioxide enrichment, natural ventilation, and light intensity on growth, photosynthesis, and transpiration of cauliflower plantlets cultured in vitro photoautotrophically and photomixotrophically. - J. amer. Soc. hort. Sci. 123: 176-181, 1998.
39. 2 enrichment and supporting material in vitro on photoautotrophic growth of Eucalyptus plantlets in vitro and ex vitro. - In Vitro cell. dev. Biol. 31: 144-149, 1995.
40. Kozai, T.: Micropropagation under photoautotrophic conditions. - In: Debergh, P.C., Zimmerman, R.H. (ed.): Micropropagation. Technology and Application. Pp. 447-469. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht - Boston - London 1991.
41. 2 enrichment and sucrose concentration under high photon fluxes on plantlet growth of carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L.) in tissue culture during preparation stage. - J. jap. Soc. hort. Sci. 57: 279-288, 1988.
42. Kozai, T., Koyama, Y., Watanabe, I.: Multiplication of potato plantlets in vitro with sugar free medium under high photosynthetic photon flux. - Acta Hort. 230: 121-127, 1988a.
43. Kozai, T., Kubota, C., Watanabe, I.: Effect of basal medium composition on the growth of carnation plantlets in auto- and mixo-trophic tissue culture. - Acta Hort. 230: 159-166, 1988b.
44. Kozai, T., Smith. M.A.L.: Environmental control in plant tissue culture - general introduction and overview. - In: Aitken-Christie, J., Kozai, T., Smith, M.L. (ed.): Automation and Environmental Control in Plant Tissue Culture. Pp. 301-318. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht - Boston -London 1995.
45. Kubota, C., Fujiwara, K., Kitaya, Y., Kozai, T.: Recent advances in environmental control in micropropagation. - In: Goto, E., Kurata, K., Hayashi, M., Sasa, S. (ed.): Plant Production in Closed Ecosystems. Pp. 153-169. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht - Boston - London 1497.
46. 2 enrichment during in vitro rooting on subsequent growth of plantlets of strawberry, raspberry and asparagus in acclimatization. - Scientia Hort. 47: 259-269, 1991.
47. Lee, N., Wetzstein, H.Y., Sommer, H.E.: Effects of quantum flux density on photosynthesis and chloroplast ultrastruclure in tissue-cultured plantlets and seedlings of Liquidambar styraciflua L. towards improved acclimatization and field survival. - Plant Physiol. 78: 637-641, 1985.
48. Lee, N., Wetzstein, H.Y., Sommer, H.H., Quantum flux density effects on the anatomy and surface morphology of vitro- and in vivo-developed sweetgum leaves. - J. amer. Soc. hort. Sci. 113: 167-171, 1988.
49. Murin, J.A., Gella, R., Herrero, M.: Stomatal structure and functioning as a response to environmental changes in acclimatized micropropagated Prunus cerasus L. - Ann. Bot. 62: 663-670, 1988.
50. Matysiak, B., Nowak, J.: Acclimatization and the growth of Ficus benjamina microcuttings as affected by carbon dioxide concentration. - J. hort. Sci. Biotechnol. 73: 185-188, 1998.
51. 2 concentration on growth of banana plants (Musa AAA, cultivar 'Petit Naine') in vitro and subsequent growth following acclimatization. - Scientia Hort. 60: 41-54, 1994.
52. Noé, N., Bonini, L.: Leaf anatomy of highbush blueberry grown in vitro and during acclimatization to ex vitro conditions. - Biol. Plant. 38: 19-25, 1996.
53. Pospíšilová, J.: Hardening by abscisic acid of tobacco plantlets grown in ivtro. - Biol. Plant. 38: 605-609, 1996.
54. Pospíšilová, J., Čatský, J., Šesták, Z.: Photosynthesis in plants cultivated in vitro. - In: Pessarakli, M. (ed.): Handbook of Photosynthesis. Pp. 525-540. Marcel Dekker, New York - Basel - Hong Kong 1997.
55. Pospíšilová, J., Čatský, J., Solárová, J., Tichá, I.: Photosynthesis of plant regenerants. Specificity of in vitro conditions and plantlet response. - Biol. Plant. 29: 415-421, 1987.
56. Pospíšilová, J., Čatský, J., Synková, H., Macháčková, I., Solárová, J.: Gas exchange and in vivo chlorophyll fluorescence in potato and tobacco plantlets in vitro as affected by various concentrations of 6-benzylaminopurine. - Photosynthetica 29: 1-12, 1993.
57. Pospíšilová, J., Solárová, J., Čatský, J., Ondřej, M., Opatrný, Z.: The photosynthetic characteristics during the micropropagation of tobacco and potato plants. - Photosynthetica 22: 205-213, 1988.
58. Pospíšlová, J., Solárová, J., Čatský, L. Photosynthetic responses to stresses during in vitro cultivation. - Photosynthetica 26: 3-18, 1992.
59. 2 concentration on acclimation of tobacco plantlets to ex vitro conditions. - J. exp. Bot. 50. 119-126, 1999.
60. Pospíšilová, J., Tichá, I., Čatský, J., Solárová, J., Ondřej, M.: Photosynthesis in regenerants of tobacco transformed by plasmids of Agrobacterium. 3. Transplanted plants. - Photosynthetica 23: 130-135, 1989.
61. Pospíšilová, J., Wilhelmová, N., Synková, H., Čatský, J., Krebs, D., Tichá, I., Hanáčková, B., Snopek, J.: Acclimation of tobacco plantlets to ex vitro conditions as affected by application of abscisic acid. - J. exp. Bot. 49: 863-869, 1998.
62. Preece, J.E., Sutter, E.G.: Acclimatization of micropropagated plants to the greenhouse and field. -In: Debergh, P.C., Zimmerman, R.H. (ed.): Micropropagation. Technology and Application. Pp. 71-93. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht - Boston - London 1991.
63. Rival, A., Beulé, T., Lavergne, D., Nato, A., Havaux, M., Puard, M.: Development of photosynthetic characteristics in oil palm during in vitro micropropagation. - J. Plant Physiol. 150: 520-527, 1997.
64. Roberts, A.V., Smith, E.F., Mottley, J.: The preparation of micropropagated plantlets for transfer to soil without acclimatization. - In: Pollard, J.W., Walker, J.M. (ed.): Methods in Molecular Biology. Vol. 6. Plant Cell and Tissue Culture. Pp. 227-236. Humana Press, Clifton 1990.
65. Sallanon, H., Berger, M., Genoud, C., Coudret, A.: Water stress and photoinhibition in acclimatization of Rosa hybrida plantlets. - In Vitro cell. dev. Biol. 34: 169-172, 1998.
66. 2 concentration and irradiance on growth and photosynthesis of Juglans regia plantlets grown in vitro. - Photosynthetica 31: 241-249, 1995.
67. Sallanon, H., Laffray, D., Coudret, A.: Ultrastructure and functioning of guard cells of in vitro cultured rose plants. - Plant Physiol. Biochem. 29: 333-339, 1991.
68. Sallanon, H., Maziere, Y.: Influence of growth room and vessel humidity on the in vitro development of rose plants. - Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult. 30: 121-125, 1992.
69. 2, light and water potential, but fail to close fully. - J. exp. Bot. 44: 99-107, 1993.
70. Santamaria, J.M., Herrera, J.L., Robert, M.E.: Stomatal physiology of a micropropagated CAM plant: Agave teqiulana (Weber). - Plant Growth Regul. 16: 211-214, 1995.
71. Santamaria, J.M., Kerstiens, G.: The lack of control of water loss in micropropagated plants is not related to poor cuticle development. - Physiol. Plant. 91: 191-195, 1994.
72. 2 enrichment and sugar-free medium on survival and growth of turfgrass regenerants grown in vitro. - In: Goto, E., Kurata, K., Hayashi, M., Sasa, S. (ed.): Plant Production in Closed Ecosystems. Pp. 600-605. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht -Boston - London 1997.
73. 2 and light on survival and growth of rice regenerants grown in vitro on sugar-free medium. - Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult. 46: 257-264, 1996.
74. Serret, M.D., Trillas, M.I., Matas, J., Araus, J.L.: Development of photoautotrophy and photoinhibition of Gardenia jasminoides plantlets during micropropagation. - Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult. 45: 1-16, 1996.
75. Shackel, K.A., Novello, V., Sutter, E.G.: Stomatal function and cuticular conductance in whole tissue-cultured apple shoots. - J. amer. Soc. hort. Sci. 115: 468-472, 1990.
76. Short, K.C., Warburton, J., Roberts, A.V.: In vitro hardening of cultured cauliflower and Chrysanthemum plantlets to humidity. - Acta Hort. 212: 329-334, 1987.
77. Short, K.C., Wardle, K., Grout, B.W., Simpkins, I.: In vitro physiology and acclimatization of asseptically cultured plantlets. - In: Novák, F.J., Havel, L., Doležel, J. (ed.): Plant Tissue and Cell Culture Application to Crop Improvement. Pp. 475-486. Inst. Exp. Bot. Czechoslov. Acad. Sci., Prague 1984.
78. Singsit, C., Veilleux, R.E.: Chloroplast density in guard cells of leaves of anther-derived potato plants grown in vitro and in vivo. - HortScience 26: 592-594, 1991.
79. Smith, E.F., Gribaudo, I., Roberts A.V., Mottley J.: Paclobutrazol and reduced humidity improve resistance to wilting of micropropagated grapevine. - HortScience 27: 111-113, 1992.
80. Smith, E.F., Roberts, A.V., Mottley, J.: The preparation in vitro chrysanthemum for transplantation to soil. 3. Improved resistance to desiccation conferred by reduced humidity. - Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult. 21: 141-145, 1990.
81. Solárová, J., Pospíšilová, J.: Effect of carbon dioxide enrichment during in vitro cultivation and acclimation to ex vitro conditions. - Biol. Plant. 39: 23-30, 1997.
82. Solárová, J., Součková, D., Ullmann, J., Pospíšilová, J.: In vitro culture: environmental conditions and plantlet growth as affected by vessel type and stopper material. - Zahradnictví (Prague) 23: 51-58, 1996.
83. Sutter, E.: Stomatal and cuticular water loss from apple, cherry, and sweetgum plants after removal from in vitro culture. - J. amer. Soc. hort. Sci. 113: 234-238, 1988.
84. Sutter, E.G., Hutzel, M.: Use of humidity tents and antitranspirants in the acclimation of tissue cultured plants to the greenhouse. - Scientia Hort. 23: 303-312, 1984.
85. Synková, H.: Sucrose affects the photosynthetic apparatus and the acclimation of transgenic tobacco to ex vitro culture. - Photosynthetica 33: 403-412, 1997.
86. Tichá, I.: Optimization of photoautotrophic tobacco in vitro culture: effect of suncaps closures on plantlet growth. - Photosynthetica 32: 475-479, 1996.
87. Tichá, I., Čáp, F., Pacovská, D., Hofman, P., Haisel, D., Čapková, V., Schäfer, C.: Culture on sugar medium enhances photosynthetic capacity and high light resistance of plantlets grown in vitro. -Physiol. Plant. 102: 155-162, 1998.
88. Tichá, I., Kutík, J.: Leaf morphology, anatomy and ultrastructure in transgenic tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L. cv. Samsun) plantlets. - Biol. Plant. 34: 567-568, 1992.
89. Tichá, I., Radochová, B., Kadleček, P.: Stomatal morphology during acclimatization of tobacco plantlets to ex vitro conditions. - Biol. Plant. 42: 469-474, 1999.
90. Tichá, I., Schäfer, C., Čapková, V.: Photoinhibition in photoautotrophic tobacco plantlets in vitro. -In: Mathis, P. (ed.): Photosynthesis: from Light to Biosphere. Vol. IV. Pp. 445-448. Kluwer Academic Publishers. Dordrecht - Boston - London 1995.
91. Trillas, M.L. Serret, M.D., Jorba, J., Araus, J.L.: Leaf chlorophyll fluorescence changes during acclimatization of the rootstock GF677 (peach × almond) and propagation of Gardenia jasminoides E. - In: Carre, F., Chagvardieff, P. (ed.): Ecophysiology and Photosynthetic in Vitro Cultures. Pp. 161-168. CEA. Centre d'Études de Cadarache, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance 1995.
92. Van Huylenbroeck, J.M.: Influence of light stress during the acclimation of in vitro plantlets. - In: Struik, P.C., Vredenberg, W.J., Renkema, J.A., Parlevliet, J.E. (ed.): Plant Production on the Threshold of a New Century. Pp. 451-453. Kluwer Academic Publishers. Dordrecht - Boston -London 1994.
93. Van Huylenbroeck, J.M., Debergh, P.C.: Impact of sugar concentration in vitro on photosynthesis and carbon metabolism during ex vitro acclimatization of Spathiphyllum plantlets. - Physiol. Plant. 96: 298-304, 1996.
94. Van Huylenbroeck, J.M., De Riek, J.: Sugar and starch metabolism during ex vitro rooting and acclimatization of micropropagated Spathiphyllum "Petite" plantlets. - Plant Sci. 111: 19-25, 1995.
95. Van Huylenbroeck, J.M., Huygens, H., Debergh, P.C.: Photoinhibition during acclimatization of micropropagated Spathiphyllum "Petite" plantlets. - In Vitro cell. dev. Biol. 31: 160-164, 1995.
96. Van Huylenbroeck, J.M., Piqueras, A., Debergh, P.C.: Photosynthesis and carbon metabolism in leaves formed prior and during ex vitro acclimatization of micropropagated plants. - Plant. Sci. 134: 21-30, 1998.
97. Van Telgen, H.-J., Van Mil, A., Kunneman, B.: Effect of propagation and rooting conditions on acclimatization of micropropagated plants. - Acta. bot. neerl. 41: 453-459, 1992.
98. Voráčková, Z., Lipavská, H., Konečný, P.: The efficiency of transfer of plants cultivated in vitro to ex vitro conditions as affected by sugar supply. - Biol. Plant. 41: 507-513, 1998.
99. Waldenmaier, S., Schmidt, G.: Histologische Unterschiede zwischen in-vitro- und ex-vitro-Blättern bei der Abhärtung von Rhododendron. - Gartenbauwissenschaft 55: 49-54, 1990.
100. Wardle, K., Dobbs, E.B., Short, K.C.: In vitro acclimatization of aseptically cultured plantlets to humidity. - J. amer. Soc. hort. Sci. 108: 386-389, 1983.
101. Wardle, K., Quinlan, A., Simpkins, I.: Abscisic acid and the regulation of water loss in plantlets of Brassica oleracea L. var. botrytis regenerated through apical meristem culture. - Ann. Bot. 43: 745-752, 1979.
102. Wetzstein, H.Y., Sommer, H.E.: Leaf anatomy of tissue-cultured Liquidambar styraciflua (Hamamelidaceae) during acclimatization. - Amer. J. Bot. 69: 1579-1586, 1982.
103. Wetzstein, H.Y., Sommer, H.E.: Scanning electron microscopy of in vitro-cultured Liquidambar styraciflua plantlets during acclimatization. - J. amer. Soc. hort. Sci. 108: 475-480, 1983.
104. Yue, D., Gosselin, A., Desjardins, Y.: Effect of forced ventilation at different relative humidities on growth, photosynthesis and transpiration of geranium plantlets in vitro. - Can. J. Plant Sci. 73: 249-256, 1993.
105. Zacchini, M., Morini, S.: Stomatal functioning in relation to leaf age in in-vitro-grown plum shoots. - Plant Cell Rep. 18: 292-296, 1998.
106. Zaid, A., Hughes, H.: Water loss and polyethylene glycol-mediated acclimatization of in vitro-grown seedlings of 5 cultivars of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) plantlets. - Plant Cell Rep. 14: 385-388, 1995.
107. Ziv, M.: In vitro hardening and acclimatization of tissue culture plants. - In: Withers, L.A., Alderson, P.G. (ed.): Plant Tissue Culture and its Agricultural Applications. Pp. 187-196. Butterworths. London - Boston - Durban - Singapore - Sydney - Toronto - Wellington 1986.