Possible mechanisms of clear-air turbulence in strongly anticyclonic flows

Monthly Weather Review

Volumn 125, Issue 6, 1997, Pages 1251-1259

  Knox, John A ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN MADISON   (United States)

^b Armstrong Hall ^*  (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0342873439     PISSN: 00270644     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1175/1520-0493(1997)125<1251:PMOCAT>2.0.CO;2     Document Type: Article

References (62)

1. Alaka, M. A., 1961: The occurrence of anomalous winds and their significance. Mon. Wea. Rev., 89, 482-494.
2. Angell, J. K., 1961: Use of constant level balloons in meteorology. Adv. Geophys., 8, 137-219.
3. _, 1962: The influence of inertial instability upon transosonde trajectories and some forecast implications. Mon. Wea. Rev., 90, 245-251.
4. Arakawa, H., 1952: Severe turbulence resulting from excessive windshear in tropical cyclones. J. Meteor., 9, 221-223.
5. Bacmeister, J. T., P. A. Newman, B. L. Gary, and K. R. Chan, 1994: An algorithm for forecasting mountain wave-related turbulence in the stratosphere. Wea. Forecasting, 9, 241-253.
6. Baughman, E. E., Jr., 1946: Turbulence with a stable lapse rate. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 27, 459-462.
7. Bell, G. D., and D. Keyser, 1993: Shear and curvature vorticity and potential-vorticity interchanges: Interpretation and application to a cutoff cyclone event. Mon. Wea. Rev., 121, 76-102.
8. Biggerstaff, M. I., and R. A. Houze Jr., 1991: Midlevel vorticity structure of the 10-11 June 1985 squall line. Mon. Wea. Rev., 119, 3034-3065.
9. Bluestein, H. B., 1993: Synoptic-Dynamic Meteorology in Midlatitudes. Vol. II. Oxford University Press, 594 pp.
10. Blumen, W., and W. M. Washington, 1969: The effect of horizontal shear flow on geostrophic adjustment in a barotropic fluid. Tellus, 21, 167-176.
11. Brown, R., 1973: New indices to locate clear-air turbulence. Meteor. Mag., 102, 347-361.
12. Chambers, E., 1955: Clear air turbulence and civil jet operation. J. Roy. Aeronaut. Soc., 59, 613-628.
13. Ciesielski, P. E., D. E. Stevens, R. H. Johnson, and K. R. Dean, 1989: Observational evidence for asymmetric inertial instability. J. Atmos. Sci., 46, 817-831.
14. Clark, P. D., and P. H. Haynes, 1994: Equatorial inertial instability: Effects of vertical finite differencing and radiative transfer. J. Atmos. Sci., 51, 2101-2109.
15. Colson, D., 1969: Clear air turbulence and upper level meteorological patterns. Clear Air Turbulence and its Detection, Y.-H. Pao and A. Goldburg, Eds., Plenum Press, 337-360.
16. Daley, R., 1991: Atmospheric Data Analysis. Cambridge University Press, 457 pp.
17. Dutton, J. A., and H. A. Panofsky, 1970: Clear air turbulence: A mystery may be unfolding. Science, 167, 937-944.
18. Dutton, M. J. O., 1980: Probability forecasts of clear-air turbulence based on numerical model output. Meteor. Mag., 109, 293-310.
19. Ellrod, G. P., and D. I. Knapp, 1992: An objective clear-air turbulence forecasting technique: Verification and operational use. Wea. Forecasting, 7, 150-165.
20. Ford, R., 1994: Gravity wave radiation from vortex trains in rotating shallow water. J. Fluid Mech., 281, 81-118.
21. Fritts, D. C., and Z. Luo, 1992: Gravity wave excitation by geostrophic adjustment of the jet stream. Part I: Two-dimensional forcing. J. Atmos. Sci., 49, 681-697.
22. Haltiner, G. J., and F. L. Martin, 1957: Dynamical and Physical Meteorology. McGraw-Hill, 470 pp.
23. Hitchman, M. H., C. B. Leovy, J. C. Gille, and P. L. Bailey, 1987: Quasi-stationary zonally asymmetric circulations in the equatorial lower mesosphere. J. Atmos. Sci., 44, 2219-2236.
24. Holton, J. R., 1992: An Introduction to Dynamic Meteorology. Academic Press, 511 pp.
25. Hoskins, B. J., 1974: The role of potential vorticity in symmetric stability and instability. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 100, 480-482.
26. _, and F. P. Bretherton, 1972: Atmospheric frontogenesis models: Mathematical formulation and solution. J. Atmos. Sci., 29, 11-37.
27. Jones, S. C., and A. J. Thorpe, 1992: The three dimensional nature of "symmetric" instability. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 118, 227-258.
28. Keller, J. L., 1990: Clear air turbulence as a response to meso- and synoptic-scale dynamic processes. Mon. Wea. Rev., 118, 2228-2242.
29. Knox, J. A., 1996: A theoretical and observational study of inertial instability and nonlinear balance. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 351 pp. [Available from University of Wisconsin-Madison, Dept. of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, Madison, WI 53706.]
30. Leary, C., 1974: Comment on "Anomalous gradient winds: Existence and implications." Mon. Wea. Rev., 102, 257-258.
31. Mancuso, R. L., and R. M. Endlich, 1966: Clear air turbulence frequency as a function of wind shear and deformation. Mon. Wea. Rev., 94, 581-585.
32. McCann, D. W., 1993: An evaluation of clear-air turbulence indices. Preprints, Fifth Int. Conf. on Aviation Weather Systems, Boston, MA, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 449-453.
33. McIntyre, M. E., 1987: Dynamics and tracer transport in the middle atmosphere: An overview of some recent developments. Transport Processes in the Middle Atmosphere, G. Visconti and R. Garcia, Eds., D. Reidel, 267-296.
34. Miyakoda, K., 1956: On a method of solving the balance equation. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 34, 364-367.
35. Mogil, H. M., and R. L. Holle, 1972: Anomalous gradient winds: Existence and implications. Mon. Wea. Rev., 100, 709-715.
36. Moore, J. T., and W. A. Abeling, 1988: A diagnosis of unbalanced flow in upper levels during the AVE-SESAME I period. Mon. Wea. Rev., 116, 2425-2436.
37. National Transportation Safety Board, 1993: Annual Review of Aircraft Accident Data, U.S. General Aviation Calendar Year 1993. NTSB/ARG-95/01, 83 pp. [Available from Office of Research and Engineering, National Transportation Safety Board, Washington, DC 20594.]
38. Newton, C. W., and E. Palmén, 1963: Kinematic and thermal properties of a large-amplitude wave in the westerlies. Tellus, 15, 99-119.
39. O'Sullivan, D. J., 1993: Inertial instability and inertia-gravity wave generation in the midlatitude winter stratosphere. Preprints, Ninth Conf. on Atmospheric and Oceanic Waves and Stability, San Antonio, TX, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 96-97.
40. _, and M. H. Hitchman, 1992: Inertial instabilily and Rossby wave breaking in a numerical model. J. Atmos. Sci., 49, 991-1002.
41. Petterssen, S., 1953: On the relation between vorticity, deformation and divergence and the configuration of the pressure field. Tellus, 5, 231-237.
42. _, 1956: Weather Analysis and Forecasting. Vol. 1. McGraw-Hill, 428 pp.
43. Phillips, D., 1995: Buckling up for safety. Washington Post National Weekly Edition, 3-9 July, 34.
44. Reed, R. J., and K. R. Hardy, 1972: A case study of persistent, intense clear air turbulence in an upper-level frontal zone. J. Appl. Meteor., 11, 541-549.
45. Roach, W. T., 1970: On the influence of synoptic development on the production of high level turbulence. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 96, 413-429.
46. Sanders, F., 1986: Frontogenesis and symmetric stability in a major New England snowstorm. Mon. Wea. Rev., 114, 1847-1862.
47. Sassi, F., R. R. Garcia, and B. A. Boville, 1993: The stratopause semiannual oscillation in the NCAR community climate model. J. Atmos. Sci., 50, 3608-3624.
48. Saucier, W. J., 1953: Horizontal deformation in atmospheric motion. Trans, Amer. Geophys. Union, 34(5), 709-719.
49. _, 1955: Principles of Meteorological Analysis. University of Chicago Press, 438 pp.
50. Sawyer, J. S., 1956: The vertical circulation at meteorological fronts and its relation to frontogenesis. Proc. Roy. Soc. London, A234, 346-362.
51. Schaefer, V. J., and W. E. Hubert, 1955: A case study of jet stream clouds. Tellus, 7, 301-307.
52. Scorer, R. S., 1969: Mechanisms of clear air turbulence. Clear Air Turbulence and Its Detection, Y-H. Pao and A. Goldburg, Eds., Plenum Press, 34-50.
53. Sorenson, J. E., 1964: Synoptic patterns for clear air turbulence. UAL Meteorology Circular 56, 64 pp. [Available from Dept. of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523.]
54. Sparks, W. R., S. G. Cornford, and J. K. Gibson, 1977: Bumpiness in clear air and its relation to some synoptic-scale indices. Geophysical Memoirs 121, 53 pp. [Available from U.K. Meteorological Office, London Road, Bracknell, Berkshire RG12 2SZ, United Kingdom.]
55. Stone, P. H., 1966: On non-geostrophic baroclinic stability. J. Atmos. Sci., 23, 390-400.
56. Syōno, S., 1948: On the mechanism of generation of cold wave (in Japanese). J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 26, 1-14.
57. Tribbia, J., 1981: Nonlinear normal-mode balancing and the ellipticity condition. Mon. Wea. Rev., 109, 1751-1761.
58. Uccellini, L. W., P. J. Kocin, R. A. Petersen, C. H. Wash, and K. F. Brill, 1984: The Presidents Day cyclone of 18-19 February 1979: Synoptic overview and analysis of the subtropical jet streak influencing the pre-cyclogenetic period. Mon. Wea. Rev., 112, 31-54.
59. van Tuyl, A. H., and J. A. Young, 1982: Numerical simulation of nonlinear jet streak adjustment. Mon. Wea. Rev., 110, 2038-2054.
60. Wolfsberg, D. G., K. A. Emanuel, and R. E. Passarelli, 1986: Band formation in a New England winter storm. Mon. Wea. Rev., 114, 1552-1569.
61. Zhang, D.-L., and H.-R. Cho, 1992: The development of negative moist potential vorticity in the stratiform region of a simulated squall line. Mon. Wea. Rev., 120, 1322-1341.
62. _, and _, 1995: Three-dimensional simulation of frontal rainbands and conditional symmetric instability in the Eady-wave model. Tellus, 47A, 45-61.