An annotated checklist of the fishes of Clipperton Atoll, tropical eastern Pacific

Revista de Biologia Tropical

Volumn 45, Issue 2, 1997, Pages 813-843

  Allen, Gerald R ^a   Robertson, D Ross ^b  

^a WESTERN AUSTRALIAN MUSEUM   (Australia)

^b SMITHSONIAN TROPICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (Panama)

Author keywords

Clipperton island; Eastern pacific; Fish fauna

Indexed keywords

EID: 0342432897     PISSN: 00347744     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (124)

1. Ahl, J.N. 1789. Specimen icthyologicum de Muraena et Ophichtho. Dissertationes Academicae Upsaliae (1801). C.P. Thunberg. Upsaliae habitae sub praesidio. 3: 1-12, 2 pl.
2. Allen, G.R. 1995a. Thalassoma robertsoni, A new species of wrasse (Labridae) from Clipperton Island in the tropical eastern Pacific. Rev. fr. Aquariol. 22: 75-79.
3. Allen, G.R. 1995b. Clipperton: the forgotten island. Trop. Fish Hobb. 44: 46-71.
4. Allen, G.R. & D.R. Robertson. 1992a. Serranus socorroensis, a new species of serranid fish from the tropical eastern Pacific. Rev. fr. Aquariol. 19: 37-40.
5. Allen, G.R. & D.R. Robertson. 1992b. Two new species of wrasse (Labridae: Halichoeres) from the tropical eastern Pacific. Rev. fr. Aquariol. 19: 47-52.
6. Allen, G.R. & D.R. Robertson. 1994. Fishes of the tropical eastern Pacific. University of Hawaii Press. Honolulu. 332p.
7. Allen, G.R. & D.R. Robertson. 1995a. Pseudogramma axelrodi, a new species of serranid fish from the tropical eastern Pacific Ocean. Trop. Fish Hob. 44: 72-75.
8. Allen, G.R. & D.R. Robertson. 1995b. Xyrichtys Wellingtoni, A new species of wrasse (Labridae) from Clipperton Island, tropical eastern Pacific Ocean. Rev. fr. Aquariol. 22: 80-82.
9. Allen, G.R. & L.P. Woods. 1980. A review of the damselfish genus Stegastes from the eastern Pacific with description of a new species. Rec. West. Aust. Mus. 8: 171-198.
10. Baldwin, W.J. 1963. A new chaetodontid fish, Holocanthus limbaughi, from the eastern Pacific. Contrib. Sci. LA County Mus. 74: 1-8.
11. Barnhart, P.S. & C.L. Hubbs. 1946. Pontinus vaughni, a new scorpaenid fish from Baja California. Bull. Scripps Inst. Oceanogr. U. Calif. 5: 371-389.
12. Berry, F.H. & W.J. Baldwin. 1966. Triggerfishes (Balistidae) of the eastern Pacific. Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. 34: 429-474.
13. Bleeker, P. 1849. Overzicht der te Batavia Voorkomende Gladschubbige Labroiden, met Beschrijving van 11 Nieuwe Soorten. Verh. Gen. 22: 1-64.
14. Bleeker, P. 1851a. Over eenige nieuwe soorten van Belone en Hemiramphus van Java. Nat. Tijschr. Ned.-Indie. 1: 93-95.
15. Bleeker, P. 1851b. Bijrage tot de Kennis der Ichthyologische fauna van de Banda-eilanden. Nat. Tijdchr. Ned.-Indie. 2: 225-261.
16. Bleeker, P. 1853. Bijrage tot de Kennis der Ichthyologische fauna van Solor. Nat. Tijschr. Ned.-Indie. 5: 67-96.
17. Bleeker, P. 1855. Zesde Bijdrage tot de Kennis der Icthyologische fauna van Amboina. Natuurk. Tijdschr. Ned.-Indie 8: 391-434.
18. Bleeker, P. 1857. Tweede bijrage tot de Kennis der Ichthyologische fauna van Boeroe. Nat.Tidjschr. Ned.-Indie. 13: 55-82.
19. Bleeker, P. 1865. Poissons Inédits Indo-archipélagiques de l'ordre des Murènes. Ned. Tijdschr. Dierk. 2: 38-54.
20. Bleeker, P. 1866. Sur les especes d'Exocet de l'Inde archipelagique. Ned. Tijdschr. Dierk. 3: 105-129.
21. Bloch, M.E. 1786. Naturgeschichte der Auslandischen Fische. Vol. 2. Auf Kosten des Verfassers und in Commission in der Buchhandlung der Realschule. Berlin, xii + 260 p.
22. Bloch, M.E. 1793. Naturgeschichte der Auslandischen Fische. Vol. 7. Auf Kosten des Verfassers und in Commission in der Buchhandlung der Realschule. Berlin, xii + 144 p.
23. Bloch, M.E. & J.G. Schneider. 1801. In. M.E. Bloch. Systema Ichthyologiae. Berolini: Sumtibus Auctoris Impressum et Bibliopolio Sanderiano Commissum, 1x + 584 p.
24. Bonnaterre, J.P. 1788. Ichthyologie. Tableau Encyclopédique et Méthodique des Trois Régnes de la Nature. Paris. 215 p.
25. Boulenger, G.A. 1895. Catalogue of the perciform fishes in the British Museum, second edition, Vol. 1. By order of the Trustees. London, i-xix + 391 p.
26. Briggs, J.C. 1961. The Eastern Pacific Barrier and the distribution of marine shore fishes. Evolution 15: 545-554.
27. Brothers, E.B. & R. E. Thresher. 1985. Pelagic duration, dispersal, and the distribution of Indo-Pacific coral-reef fishes. NOAA Symp. Ser. Undersea Res. 3: 53-68.
28. Broussonet, P.M.A. 1782. Icthyologia, Sistens Piscium Descriptiones et Icones. London. 41 p. (unnumbered).
29. Bussing, W.A. 1991. A new species of eastern Pacific moray eel (Pisces: Muraenidae). Rev. Biol. Trop. 39: 97-102.
30. Clark, T.A. 1995. Larvae of nearshore fishes in oceanic waters of the central equatorial Pacific. Pacif. Sci. 49: 134-142.
31. Cope, E.D. 1872. Report on the recent reptiles and fishes of the Survey, collected by Campbell Carrington and C.M. Dawes. p. 467-476. In F.V. Hayden. Preliminary report of the US Geological Survey of Montana and portions of adjacent territories; being a fifth annual report of progress, pt.4.
32. Cuvier, G. 1816. Le Regne Animal Distribué d'apres son Organisation pour Servir de Base a l'histoire Naturelle des Animaux.... Vol.11, Deterville. Paris. xx + xviii + 532 p.
33. Cuvier, G. 1833. In: Cuvier G. and Valenciennes 1833. Histoire Naturelle des Poissons. Vol. 9. F.G. Leault. Paris. xxix + 512 p.
34. Cuvier, G. & A. Valenciennes. 1831. Histoire Naturelle des Poissons. Vol. 7. F.G. Levrault. Paris. xxix + 531 p.
35. Cuvier, G. & A. Valenciennes. 1833. Histoire Naturelle des Poissons. Vol. 9. F.G. Levrault. Paris. xxix + 512 p.
36. Cuvier, G. & A. Valenciennes. 1835. Histoire Naturelle des Poissons. Vol. 10. F.G. Levrault. Paris. xxiv + 482 p.
37. Cuvier, G. & A. Valenciennes. 1847. Histoire Naturelle des Poissons. Vol. 19. Paris: F.G. Levrault. xxiv + 544 p.
38. Dawson, C.E. 1985. Indo-Pacific pipefishes (Red Sea to the Americas). Ocean Springs Mississippi. Gulf Coast Research Laboratory. 230 p.
39. Ekman, S. 1953. Zoogeography of the Sea. Sidgwick and Jackson. London. 474p.
40. Eschmeyer, W.N. 1990. Catalog of the Genera of Recent Fishes. California Academy of Sciences. San Francisco. 697p.
41. Eschmmeyer, W.N. E.S. Herald & H. Hamman. 1983. A field guide to Pacific coast fishes of North America. Houghton Mifflin. Boston. 336 p.
42. Fischer, W. F. Krupp, W, Schneider, C. Sommer, K.E. Carpenter & V.H. Niem. 1995. Guia FAO para la identificacion de especias para los fines de la pesca; Pacifico Centro-Oriental. Vols I-III. FAO. Rome.
43. Forsskål, P. 1775. Descriptiones Animalium Avium, Amphibiourm, Piscium, Insectorum, Vermium; quae in Itinere Orientali Observavit. Post mortem auctoris edidit Carsten Niebuhr. Hauniae. 20 + xxxiv + 164 p. 43pl.
44. Fritzsche, R.A. 1980. Revision of the eastern Pacific Syngnathidae (Pisces: Syngnathiformes), including both recent and fossil forms. Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. 42: 181-227.
45. Garman, S. 1899. A species of goby from the shores of Clipperton Island. New Engl. Zool. Club 1: 63-64.
46. Gilbert, C.H. 1890. XII - A Preliminary report on the fishes collected by the Steamer "Albatross" on the Pacific Coast of North America during the year 1889, with descriptions of twelve new genera and ninety-two new species. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 13: 49-126.
47. Gilbert, C.H. 1897. Descriptions of twenty-two new species of fishes collected by the Steamer "Albatross," of the United States Fish Commission. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 19: 437-457.
48. Gilbert, C.H. & E.C. Starks. 1904. The fishes of Panama Bay. Mem. Cal. Acad. Sci. 4: 1-304.
49. Gill, T.N. 1862a. Catalogue of the fishes of lower California in the Smithsonian Institution, collected by Mr. J. Xantus. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 14: 140-151.
50. Gill, T.N. 1862b. Catalogue of the fishes of lower California in the Smithsonian Institution, collected by Mr. J. Xantus. Pt. II. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 14: 242-246.
51. Gill, T.N. 1862c. Catalogue of the fishes of lower California in the Smithsonian Institution, collected by Mr. J. Xantus. Pt. III. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 14: 249-262.
52. Gill, T.N. 1863a. Catalogue of the fishes of lower California in the Smithsonian Institution, collected by Mr. J. Xantus. Pt. IV. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 15: 80-88.
53. Gill, T.N. 1863b Descriptions of some new species of Pediculati, and on the classification of the group. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 15: 88-92.
54. Glynn, P.W.G. J.E.N. Veron & G.M. Wellington. 1996. Clipperton Atoll (Eastern Pacific): oceanographic setting, geomorphology, reef-building coral communities and zoogeographic Relationships. Coral Reefs 15: 71-99.
55. Greenfield, D.W. 1965. Systematics and zoogeography of Myripristis in the eastern tropical Pacific. Cal. Fish Game 51: 229-247.
56. Greenfield, D.W. & L.P. Woods. 1980. Review of the deep-bodied species of Chromis (Pisces: Pomacentridae) from the eastern Pacific, with descriptions of three new species. Copeia 1980: 626-641.
57. Griffith, E. 1834. The Class Pisces, arranged by the Baron Cuvier, with supplementary additions by Edward Griffith, F.R.S. etc, and Lieut. Col. Charles Hamilton Smith, F.R.L.S.S. etc. etc.. London. 680 p. 62 + 3 p1.
58. Günther, A. 1869. An account of the fishes of the states of Central America, based on collections made by Capt. J.M. Dow, F. Godman, Esq. and O. Salvin, Esq. Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond. 6: 377-494.
59. Gunther, A. 1861. Catalogue of the acanthopterygian fishes in the collection of the British Museum. Vol. 3. British Museum (Nat. Hist.). London. 586p.
60. Gunther, A. 1866. Catalogue of the acanthopterygian fishes in the collection of the British Museum. Vol. 6. British Museum (Nat. Hist.). London. 367p.
61. Günther, A. 1870. Catalogue of the Fishes in the British Museum. Vol. 8. By order of the Trustees. London. xxv + 549 p.
62. Guzman H. M. & D.R. Robertson. 1989. Population and feeding responses of the corallivorous pufferfish Arothron meleagris to coral mortalities in the eastern Pacific. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 55: 121-131.
63. Heemstra, P.C. & J.E. Randall. 1993. An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the grouper, rockcod, hind, coral grouper and lyretail species known to date. FAO Fish. Synop. 125, vol 16. 382p.
64. Hollard, H.L.G.M. 1854. Monographie de la Famille des Balistides. Ann. Sci. Nat. (Zool.) 4 : 39-72.
65. Jenyns, L. 1842. In: C. Darwin. The Zoology of the Voyage of H.M.S. "Beagle" under the Command of Captain Fitzroy, R.N. during the Years 1832 to 1836. Part 4. Smith, Elder and Co. London. 172 p.
66. Jordan, D.S. & B.W. Evermann. 1898a. The fishes of north and middle America: a descriptive catalogue of the species of fish-like Vertebrates found in the waters of north America, north of the Isthmus of Panama. Part II. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. 47: 1241-2183.
67. Jordan, D.S. & B.W. Evermann. 1898b The fishes of north and middle America: a descriptive catalogue of the species of fish-like Vertebrates found in the waters of north America, north of the Isthmus of Panama. Part III. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. 47: 2183-3136.
68. Jordan, D.S. & B.W. Evermann. 1903. Descriptions of new genera and species of fishes from the Hawaiian Islands. Bull. U.S. Fish. Comm. 22: 161-208.
69. Jordan, D.S. & C.H. Gilbert. 1881a. Notes on a collection of fishes made by Lieut. Henry E. Nichols, U.S.N. on the west coast of Mexico, with descriptions of new species. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 4: 225-233.
70. Jordan, D.S. & C.H. Gilbert. 1881b. Descriptions of nineteen new species of fishes from the Bay of Panama. Bull. U.S. Fish Comm. 1: 306-335.
71. Jordan, D.S. & C.H. Gilbert. 1882a. Catalogue of the fishes collected by Mr. John Xantus at Cape San Lucas, which are now in the United States National Museum, with descriptions of eight new Species. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 5: 353-371.
72. Jordan, D.S. & C.H. Gilbert. 1882b. List of fishes collected at Mazatlan, Mexico by Charles Henry Gilbert. Bull. U.S. Fish Comm. 2: 105-108.
73. Jordan, D.S. & C.H. Gilbert. 1882c. Descriptions of thirty-three new species of Fishes from Mazatlan, Mexico. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 4(1881): 338-365.
74. Jordan, D.S. & R.C. McGregor. 1898. List of fishes collected at the Revillagigedo Archipelago and neighboring Islands. Rept. U.S. Fish Comm. 24: 271-284.
75. Kaup, J.J. 1856. Catalogue of Lophobranchiate Fish in the Collection of the British Museum. Taylor and Francis. London. iv + 76 p.
76. Kishinouye, K. 1920. Mexican little Tunny. Suisan Gakkai Ho 3: 113.
77. Lacepède, B. 1801. Histoire Naturelle des Poissons. Vol.3. Chez Plassan. Paris. lxvi + 558 p.
78. Leis, J.M. 1984. Larval fish dispersal and the East Pacific Barrier. Oceanogr. Trop. 19: 181-192.
79. Lesson, R.P. 1829. Description du nouveau genre Ichthyopus et de plusiers especes inedites ou peu connues de poissons recueillis dans le voyage autour du monde de "La Coquille". Mem. Soc. Hist. Nat. Paris 4: 397-412.
80. Lesson, R.P. 1831. Poissons, p. 66-238. In L.I. Duperrey. Voyage autour du Monde Sur la "Coquille" pendant les Années 1822, 1823, 1824, and 1825...Zoologie. Vol.2. Arthus Bertrand. Paris.
81. Lesueur, C.A. 1821. Observations on several genera and species of fish belonging to the natural family of the Esoces. J. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 2: 124-138.
82. Limbaugh, C. 1963. Field notes on sharks. p. 63-94. In: P.W. Gilbert, Sharks and survival. D.C. Heath and Co.. Boston.
83. Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema Naturae. Ed.X. Vol. 1. reformata. Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum, classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Holmiae. ii + 824 p.
84. Linnaeus, C. 1766. Systema Naturae, Ed. XII. Vol. 1. Systema naturae sive regna tria naturae, secundum, classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Holmiae. pt.1: 1-532.
85. McCosker, J.E. & R.H. Rosenblatt. 1993. A revision of the snake eel genus Myrichthys (Anguilliformes: Ophichthiidae) with the description of a new eastern Pacific species. Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. 48: 153-169.
86. Müller, J. & F.G.J. Henle. 1838-1841. 1838, p. 27-102; 1839, p. 27-28 (reset), p. 103-200. Systematische Beschreibung der Plagiostomen. Viete & Co. Berlin.
87. Myers, G.S. & C.B. Wade. 1941. Four new genera and ten new species of eels from the Pacific coast of tropical America. A. Hancock Pacif. Exped. 9: 65-111.
88. Osbeck, P. 1762. Reise nach Ostindien und China. (Translated from Swedish by J.G. Georgius). Rostock. 552 p.
89. Parin, N.V. 1961. Contributions to the knowledge of the flyingfish fauna (Exocoetidae) of the Pacific and Indian Oceans. Trudy Inst. Okeanologii 42: 40-91 (Translated from Russian by U.S. Bur. Comm. Fish.)
90. Peters, W.C.H. 1869. Ueber neue Oder weniger bekannte Fische des Berliner Zoologischen Museums. Monatsber. Akad. Wiss. Berlin. 1869: 703-711.
91. Pietsch, T.W. & D.B. Grobecker. 1987. Frogfishes of the world: Systematics, zoogeography, and behavioral ecology. Stanford U. Press. Stanford. 420 p.
92. Poey, F. 1860. XLIX. Poissons de Cuba, espèces nouvelles: p. 115-356. In: Memorias sobre la historia natural de la isla de Cuba, Habana.
93. Quoy, J.R.C. & J.P. Gaimard. 1824. Chapt. 8, Poissons, p. 183-328, pl. 43-65. In: Freycinet, L.C.D. (ed) Voyage autour du Monde, entrepris par ordre du Roi, execute sur les corvettes de S.M.L. Uranie et la Physicienne, pendant les anees 1817, 1818. 1819, et 1820. Pillet Anne. Paris. Vol I and Atlas IV, 772 p. 96 pl.
94. Quoy, J.R.C. & P. Gaimard. 1825. Zoologie. In: Voyage autour du monde...Exécuté sur les Corvettes de S.M. l'Uranies et la Physicienne, pendant les Années 1817-1820...Par M. L. de Freycinet. Imprimerie Royal. Paris. Vol. 3. iv + 712 p. atlas: 96 pl.
95. Randall, J.E. 1956. A revision of the surgeonfish Genus Acanthurus. Pacif. Sci. 10: 159-235.
96. Randall, J.E. 1961. A Record of the Kyphosid Fish Sectator ocyurus (=azureus) from the Society Islands. Copeia, 1961: 357-358.
97. Randall, J.E. 1985. Guide to Hawaiian Reef Fishes.Treasures of Nature. Kaneohe. 79 p.
98. Randall, J.E. 1995. On the validity of the eastern Pacific labrid fishes Thalassoma grammaticum Gilbert and T. virens Gilbert. Bull. mar. Sci. 56: 670-675.
99. Randall, J.E. K Matsuura, & A. Zama. 1978. A revision of the triggerfish genus Xanthichthys, with a description of a new species. Bull. mar. Sci. 28: 688-706.
100. Randall, J.E. & J.E. McCosker. 1975. The eels of Easter Island with a description of a new Moray. Contrib. Sci. LA County Mus. 264: 1-32.
101. Robertson, D.R. & G.R Allen. 1996. Zoogeography of the shorefish fauna of Clipperton Atoll. Coral Reefs 15: 121-130.
102. Rosenblatt, R.H. J.E. McCosker & I. Rubinoff. 1972. Indo-West Pacific fishes from the Gulf of Chiriqui, Panama. Contrib. Sci. Nat. Hist. Mus. LA County 234: 1-18.
103. Rüppell, E. 1830. Atlas zu der Reise im Nördlichen Afrika, Zoologie. Fische des Rothen Meers.Gedruckt und in Commission bei H.L. Brommer. Frankfurt am Main. 3: 95-141.
104. Rüppell, E. 1837. Neue Wirbelthiere zu der Fauna von Abyssinien gehörig. In commission bei S. Schnerber. Frankfurt am Main: 3: 53-80.
105. Rüppell, E. 1838. Neue Wirbelthiere zu der Fauna von Abyssinien gehörig. In commission bei S. Schnerber. Frankfurt am Main. 4: 81-148.
106. Sachet, M.H. 1962. Geography and land ecology of Clipperton Island. Atoll Res. Bull. 86: 1-115.
107. Schmidt, W.L. & L.P. Schultz. 1940. List of the fishes taken on the presidential cruise of 1938. Smith. Misc. Coll. 98: 1-10.
108. Seale, A. 1940. Report on fishes from Allan Hancock Expeditions in the California Academy of Sciences. Allan Hancock Pacif. Exped. 9: 1-46.
109. Shaw, G. 1803. General zoology or systematic natural history. Vol. 4. G. Kearsley. London, xiii + 187-632p.
110. Shaw, G. & F.P. Nodder. 1790-1813. The Naturalists Miscellany...24 Vols. London.
111. Skaggs, J.M. 1989. Clipperton, a History of the Island the World forgot. Walker and Company. New York. 318 p.
112. Smith, J.L.B. 1971. A revision of the american groupers: Epinephelus and allied genera. Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 146: 1-241.
113. Snodgrass, R.E. & E. Heller. 1905. Papers from the Hopkins-Stanford Galapagos Expedition, 1898-1899. XVII. Shore fishes of the Revillagigedo, Clipperton, Cocos and Galapagos Island. Proc. Wash. Acad Sci. 6: 333-427.
114. Springer, V.G. 1962. A review of the blenniid fishes of the genus Ophioblennius Gill. Copeia 1962: 426-433.
115. Springer, V.G. 1967. Revision of the circumtropical shorefish genus Entomacrodus (Blenniidae: Salariinae). Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 122: 1-150.
116. Steindachner, F. 1876. Ichthyologische Beitrage (V). I. Zur Fischfauna von Panama, Acapulco und Mazatlan. Sitzber. Akad. Wiss. Wien 74: 49-240.
117. Valenciennes, A. 1833. In: Cuvier, G. and A. Valenciennes 1833. Histoire Naturelle des Poissons. Vol. 9. F.G. Levrault. Paris. xxix + 512 p.
118. Valenciennes, A. 1847. In: Cuvier, G. and A. Valenciennes 1847. Histoire Naturelle des Poissons. Vol. 19. F.G. Levrault. Paris. xxiv + 544 p.
119. Valenciennes, A. 1845. Voyage autour du monde sur la Fregate Venus. Zoologie. 351p.
120. Valenciennes, A. 1846. Table and Ichthyology pl. I-IX. In: A. du Petit-Thouars. Atlas de Zoologie. Voyage autour du Monde Sur la Frégate la "Vénus," pendant les Anées 1836-39. Paris.
121. Valenciennes, A. 1855. Ichthyologie, p. ii-111 + 297-323. In: A. du Petit-Thouars. Voyage autour du Monde Sur la Frégate la "Vénus," pendant les Anées 1836-39. Zoology. Paris.
122. Van Haselt, J.C. 1823. Uittreksel uit een brief de Heer J.C. Van Hasselt, aan den Heer C.J. Temmick, geschreven uit Tjecande, Residence Bantam, den 29sten December, 1822. Algemeene Konsten Letter-Bode. 2: 130-133.
123. Wellington, G.M. 1992. Xyrichtys victori, a new species of razorfish from the Galapagos Islands (Teleostei, Labridae). Copeia 1992: 1053-1059.
124. Wellington, G.M. G.R. Allen & D.R Robertson. 1994. Xyrichtys perlas (Labridae), a new species of razorfish from the tropical eastern Pacific. Rev. fr. Aquariol. 21: 49-52