The relationship between prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia and prostate cancer: Critical issues

Journal of Urology

Volumn 158, Issue 1, 1997, Pages 12-22

  Häggman, Michael J ^a   Macoska, Jill A ^a   Wojno, Kirk J ^a   Oesterling, Joseph E ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

Biological; Carcinoma; Chromosomes; Prostatic neoplasms; Tumor markers

Indexed keywords

PROSTATE SPECIFIC ANTIGEN; TUMOR MARKER;

CANCER GRADING; CANCER INVASION; CANCER LOCALIZATION; CANCER SIZE; CARCINOMA IN SITU; HUMAN; HUMAN TISSUE; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PRECANCER; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROSTATE CARCINOMA; PROSTATE HYPERTROPHY; PROSTATECTOMY; REVIEW;

EID: 0342276104     PISSN: 00225347     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/00005392-199707000-00004     Document Type: Review

References (159)

1. Bostwick, D. G. and Brawer, M. K: Prostatic intra-epithelial neoplasia and early invasion in prostate cancer. Cancer, 59: 788, 1987.
2. Helpap B.: The biological significance of atypical hyperplasia of the prostate. Virchows Arch, 387: 307, 1980.
3. Kastendieck, H.: Correlations between atypical primary hyperplasia and carcinoma of the prostate. A histological study of 180 total prostatectomies. Path. Res. Pract., 169: 366, 1980.
4. Kastendieck, H. and Helpap, B.: Prostatic "dysplasia/atypical hyperplasia". Terminology, histopathology, pathobiology and significance. Urology, suppl., 34: 28, 1989.
5. McNeal, J. E. and Bostwick, D. G.: Intraductal dysplasia: a premalignant lesion of the prostate. Human Pathol 17: 64, 1986.
6. Kovi, J., Mostofi, F. K., Heshmat, M. Y. and Enterline, J. P.: Large acinar atypical hyperplasia and carcinoma of the prostate. Cancer, 61: 555, 1988.
7. Boring, C. C., Squires, T. S., Tong, T. and Montgomery, S.: Cancer Statistics, 1994. CA, 44: 7, 1994.
8. Cancer Incidence in Sweden 1992. Stockholm: National Board of Health and Welfare, p. 15, 1995.
9. Causes of death 1993. Official Statistics of Sweden National Central Bureau of Statistics 1995. Stockholm: Statistics Sweden, p. 24, 1994.
10. Silverberg, E. and Lubera, J. A.: Cancer statistics 1989. CA, 39: 3, 1989.
11. Mettlin, C. J. and Murphy, G.: The National Cancer Data Base report on prostate cancer. Cancer, 74: 1640, 1994.
12. Breslow, N., Chan, C. W., Dhom, G., Drury, R. A., Franks, L. M., Gellei, B., Lee, Y. S., Lundberg, S., Sparke, B., Sternby, N. H. and Tulinius, H.: Latent carcinoma of prostate of autopsy in seven areas. Int. J. Cancer, 20: 680, 1977.
13. Sakr, W. A., Haas, G. P., Cassin, B. F., Pontes, J. E. and Crissman, J. D.: The frequency of carcinoma and intraepithelial neoplasia of the prostate in young male patients. J. Urol., 150: 379, 1993.
14. Woolf, C. M.: An investigation of the familial aspects of carcinoma of the prostate. Cancer, 13: 739, 1960.
15. Carter, B. S., Bova, G. S., Beaty, T. H., Steinberg, G. D., Childs, B., Isaacs, W. B. and Walsh, P. C.: Hereditary prostate cancer: epidemiologic and clinical features. J. Urol., 150: 797, 1993.
16. Grönberg, H., Damber, L. and Damber, J.-E.: Studies of genetic factors in prostate cancer in a twin population. J. Urol., 152: 1484, 1994.
17. Bastacky, S. I., Wojno, K. J., Walsh, P. C., Carmichael, M. J. and Epstein, J. I.: Pathological features of hereditary prostate cancer. J. Urol., 153: 987, 1995.
18. Guileyardo, J. M., Johnson, W. D., Welsh, R. A., Akazaki, K. and Correa, P.: Prevalence of latent prostate carcinoma in two U.S. populations. J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 65: 311, 1980.
19. Carter, H. B., Piantadosi, S. and Isaacs, J. T.: Clinical evidence for and implications of the multistep development of prostate cancer. J. Urol., 143: 742, 1990.
20. Oesterling, J. E.: Prostate specific antigen: a critical assessment of the most useful tumor marker for adenocarcinoma of the prostate. J. Urol., 145: 907, 1991.
21. Walsh, P. C., Partin, A. W. and Epstein, J. I.: Cancer control and 'quality of life following anatomical radical retropubic prostatectomy: results at 10 years. J. Urol., 152: 1831, 1994.
22. Catalona, W. J. and Smith, D. S.: 5-year tumor recurrence rates after anatomical radical retropubic prostatectomy for prostate cancer. J. Urol., 152: 1837, 1994.
23. Ohori, M., Goad, J. R., Wheeler, T. M., Eastham, J. A., Thompson, T. C. and Scardino, P. T.: Can radical prostatectomy alter the progression of poorly differentiated prostate cancer? J. Urol., 152: 1843, 1994.
24. Zincke, H., Bergstralh, E. J., Blute, M. L., Myers, R. P., Barrett, D. M., Lieber, M. M., Martin, S. K. and Oesterling, J. E.: Radical prostatectomy for clinically localized prostate cancer: long-term results of 1143 patients from a single institution. J. Clin. Oncol., 12: 2254, 1994.
25. Sakr, W. A., Grignon, D. J., Crissman, J. D., Heilbrun, L. K., Cassin, B. J., Pontes, J. J. and Haas, G. P.: High grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (HGPIN) and prostatic adenocarcinoma between the ages of 20-69: an autopsy study of 249 cases. In Vivo, 8: 439, 1994.
26. Aus, G., Hugosson, J. and Norlén, L.: Long-term survival and mortality in prostate cancer treated with noncurative intent. J. Urol., 154: 460, 1995.
27. Dugan, J. A., Bostwick, D. G., Myers, R. P., Qian, J., Bergstralh, E. J. and Oesterling, J. E.: The definition and preoperative prediction of clinically insignificant prostate cancer. J.A.M.A., 275: 288, 1996.
28. Johansson, J. E., Adami, H. O., Andersson, S. O., Bergstrom, R., Holmberg, L. and Krusemo, U. B.: High 10-year survival rate in patients with early, untreated prostatic cancer. J.A.M.A., 267: 2191, 1992.
29. Adolfsson, J., Steineck, G. and Whitmore, W. F., Jr.: Recent results of management of palpable clinically localized prostate cancer. Cancer, 72: 310, 1993.
30. Chodak G. W., Thisted, R. A., Gerber, G. S., Johansson, J. E., Adolfsson, J., Jones, G. W., Chisholm, G. D., Moskovitz, B., Livne, P. M. and Warner, J.: Results of conservative management ' of clinically localized prostate cancer. New Engl. J. Med., 330: 242, 1994.
31. Oertel, H.: Involutionary changes in prostate and female breast cancer in relation to cancer development. Canad. Med. Ass. J., 16: 237, 1926.
32. Andrews, G. S.: Latent carcinoma of the prostate. J. Clin. Path., 2: 197, 1949.
33. McNeal, J. E.: Morphogenesis of prostatic carcinoma. Cancer, 18: 1659, 1965.
34. Bostwick, D. G.: Premalignant lesions of the prostate. Sem. Diag. Path., 5: 240, 1988.
35. Bostwick, D. G. and Srigley, J. R.: Premalignant lesions of the prostate. In: Pathology of the Prostate. New York: Churchill Livingstone, pp. 37-59, 1990.
36. Brawn, P. N.: Adenosis of the prostate: a dysplastic lesion that can be confused with prostate adenocarcinoma. Cancer, 49: 826, 1982.
37. Epstein, J. I., Cho, K. R. and Quinn, B. D.: Relationship of severe dysplasia to stage A (incidental) adenocarcinoma of the prostate. Cancer, 65: 2321, 1990.
38. Quinn, B. D., Cho, K. R. and Epstein, J. I.: Relationship of severe dysplasia to stage B adenocarcinoma of the prostate. Cancer, 65: 2328, 1990.
39. McNeal, J. E., Villers, A., Redwine, E. A., Freiha, F. A. and Stamey, T. A.: Microcarcinoma of the prostate. Its association with duct-acinar dysplasia. Hum. Path., 22: 644, 1991.
40. Greene, D. R., Wheeler, T. M., Egawa, S., Dunn, J. K. and Scardino, P. T.: A comparison of the morphological features of cancer arising in the transition zone and in the peripheral zone of the prostate. J. Urol., 146: 1069, 1991.
41. Anonymous: Prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia: significance and correlation with prostate-specific antigen and transrectal ultrasound. Proceedings of a workshop of the National Prostate Cancer Detection Project. March 13, 1989, Bethesda, Maryland. Urology, suppl., 34: 2, 1989.
42. Epstein, J. I., Grignon, D. J., Humphrey, P. A., McNeal, J. E., Sesterhenn, I. A., Troncoso, P. and Wheeler, T. M.: Interobserver reproducibility in the diagnosis of prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia. Amer. J. Surg. Path., 19: 873, 1995.
43. Allam, C. K., Bostwick, D. G., Hayes, J. A., Upton, M. P., Wade, G. G., Domanowski, G. F., Klein, M. A., Boling, E. A. and Stilmant, M. M.: Interobserver variability in the diagnosis of high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia and adenocarcinoma. Mod. Path., 9: 742, 1996.
44. Brawer, M. K.: Prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia and prostate-specific antigen. Urology, suppl. 6, 34: 62, 1989.
45. Lee, F., Torp-Pedersen, S. T., Carroll, J. T., Siders, D. B., Christensen-Day, C. and Mitchell, A. E.: Use of transrectal ultrasound and prostate-specific antigen in diagnosis of prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia. Urology, suppl., 34: 4, 1989.
46. Keetch, D. W., Humphrey, P., Stahl, D., Smith, D. S. and Catalona, W. J.: Morphometric analysis and clinical followup of isolated prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia in needle biopsy of the prostate. J. Urol., 154: 347, 1995.
47. Brawer, M. K., Rennels, M. A., Nagle, R. B., Schifman, R. and Gaines, J. A.: Serum prostate-specific antigen and prostate pathology in men having simple prostatectomy. Amer. J. Clin. Path., 92: 760, 1989.
48. Bostwick, D. G., Qian, J. and Frankel, K.: The incidence of high grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia in needle biopsies. J. Urol., 154: 1791, 1995.
49. de la Torre, M., Häggman, M., Brändstedt, S. and Busch, C.: Prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) and invasive carcinoma in total prostatectomy specimens: distribution, volumes, and DNA ploidy. Brit. J. Urol., 72: 207, 1993.
50. Troncoso, P., Babaian, R. J., Ro, J. Y., Grignon, D. J., Eschenbach, A. C. and Ayala, A. G.: Prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia and invasive prostatic adenocarcinoma in cystoprostatectomy specimens. Urology, suppl., 34: 52, 1989.
51. Oyasu, R., Bahnson, R. R., Nowels, K. and Garnett, J. E.: Cytological atypia in the prostate gland: Frequency, distribution and possible relevance to carcinoma. Urology, 136: 959, 1986.
52. Qian, J. and Bostwick, D. G.: The extent and zonal location of prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia and atypical adenomatous hyperplasia: relationship with carcinoma in radical prostatectomy specimens. Path. Res. Pract., 191: 860, 1995.
53. Porter, J. R. and Brawer, M. K.: Prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia and prostate-specific antigen. World J. Urol., 11: 196, 1993.
54. Sternberg, S. S.: Diagnostic Surgical Pathology. New York: Raven Press, vol. 2, pp. 1824-1828, 1994.
55. Epstein, J. I.: Prostate Biopsy Interpretation, 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven Publishers, pp. 37-38 and 59-61, 1995.
56. Bostwick, D. G., Amin, M. B., Dundore, P., Marsh, W. and Shultz, D. S.: Architectural patterns of high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia. Hum. Path., 24: 298, 1993.
57. Byar, D. P. and Mostofi, F. K.: Carcinoma of the prostate: prognostic evaluation of certain pathologic features in 208 radical prostatectomies. Examined by the step-section technique. Cancer, 30: 5, 1972.
58. Stamey, T. A., McNeal, J. E., Freiha, F. S. and Redwine, E.: Morphometric and clinical studies on 68 consecutive radical prostatectomies. J. Urol., 139: 1235, 1988.
59. Partin, A. W., Epstein, J. I., Cho, K. R., Gittelsohn, A. M. and Walsh, P. C.: Morphometric measurement of tumor volume and percent of gland involvement as predictors of pathological stage in clinical stage B prostate cancer. J. Urol., 141: 341, 1989.
60. Häggman, M., Norberg, M., de la Torre, M., Fritjofsson, A. and Busch, C.: Characterization of localized prostatic cancer: distribution, grading and pT-staging in radical prostatectomy specimens. Scand. J. Urol. Nephrol., 27: 7, 1993.
61. Silvestri, F., Bussani, R., Pavletic, N. and Bassan, F.: Neoplastic and borderline lesions of the prostate: autopsy study and epidemiological data. Path. Res. Pract., 191: 908, 1995.
62. Srigley, J. R.: Small-acinar patterns in the prostate gland with emphasis on atypical adenomatous hyperplasia and small-acinar carcinoma. Sem. Diag. Path., 5: 254, 1988.
63. Abrahamsson, P. A., Wadstrom, L. B., Alumets, J., Falkmer, S. and Grimelius, L.: Peptide-hormone and serotonin-immunoreactive cells in normal and hyperplastic prostate glands. Path. Res. Pract., 181: 675, 1986.
64. Abrahamsson, P.-A., Wadstrom, L. B., Alumets, J., Falkmer, S. and Grimelius, L.: Peptide-hormone and Serotonin-immunoreactive tumour cells in carcinoma of the prostate. Path. Res. Pract., 182: 298, 1987.
65. di Sant'Agnese, P. A.: Neuroendocrine differentiation in carcinoma of the prostate: Diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic implications. Cancer, 70: 254, 1992.
66. Cohen, R., Glezerson, G., Haffejee, Z. and Afrika, D.: Prostatic carcinoma: histological and immunohistological factors affecting prognosis. Brit. J. Urol., 66: 405, 1990.
67. Bostwick, D. G., Dousa, M. K., Crawford, B. G. and Wollan, P. C.: Neuroendocrine differentiation in prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia and adenocarcinoma. Amer. J. Surg. Path., 18: 1240, 1994.
68. Montironi, R., Galluzzi, C. M., Diamanti, L., Giannulis, I., Pisani, E. and Scarpelli, M.: Prostatic intra-epithelial neoplasia: expression and location of proliferating cell nuclear antigen in epithelial, endothelial and stromal nuclei. Virchows Arch. Path. Anat. Histopath., 422: 185, 1993.
69. Nagle, R. B., Brawer, M. K., Kittelson, J. and Clark, V.: Phenotypic relationships of prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia to invasive prostatic carcinoma. Amer. J. Path., 138: 119, 1991.
70. Perlman, E. J. and Epstein, J. I.: Blood group antigen expression in dysplasia and adenocarcinoma of the prostate. Amer. J. Surg. Path., 14: 810, 1990.
71. Martensson, S., Bigler, S. A., Brown, M., Lange, P. H., Brawer, M. K. and Hakomori, S.: Sialyl-Lewis (x) and related carbohydrate antigens in the prostate. Hum. Path., 26: 735, 1995.
72. Shah, I. A., Schlageter, M. O., Stinnett, P. and Lechago, J.: Cytokeratin immunohistochemistry as a diagnostic tool for distinguishing malignant from benign epithelial lesions of the prostate. Mod. Path., 4: 220, 1991.
73. McNeal, J. E., Leav, I., Alroy, J. and Skutelsky, E.: Differential lectin staining of the central and peripheral zones of the prostate and alterations in dysplasia. Amer. J. Clin. Path., 89: 41, 1988.
74. Drachenberg, C. B. and Papadimitriou, J. C.: Aberrant pattern of lectin binding in low and high grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia. Cancer, 75: 2539, 1995.
75. McNeal, J. E., Alroy, J., Leav, I., Redwine, E. A., Freiha, F. S. and Stamey, T. A.: Immunohistochemical evidence for impaired cell differentiation in the premalignant phase of prostate carcinogenesis. Amer. J. Clin. Path., 90: 23, 1988.
76. Maygarden, S. J.: Applications of immunohistochemistry to the diagnosis and prognostication of prostate carcinoma and prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia. Path. Ann., 29: 303, 1994.
77. Hughes, J. H., Cohen, M. B. and Robinson, R. A.: p53 immunoreactivity in primary and metastatic prostatic adenocarcinoma. Mod. Path., 8: 462, 1995.
78. Myers, R. B., Oelschlager, D., Srivastava, S. and Grizzle, W. E.: Accumulation of the p53 protein occurs more frequently in metastatic than in localized prostatic adenocarcinomas. Prostate, 25: 243, 1994.
79. Humphrey, P. A. and Swanson, P. E.: Immunoreactive p53 protein in high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia. Path. Res. Pract, 191: 881, 1995.
80. Cooney, K. A., Wetzel, J. C., Merajver, S. D., Singleton, T. P., Macoska, J. A. and Wojno, K. J.: Distinct regions of allelic loss on 13q in prostate cancer. Cancer Res., 56: 1142, 1996.
81. McDonnell, T. J., Troncoso, P., Brisbay, S. M., Logothetis, C., Chung, L. W., Hsieh, J. T., Tu, S. M. and Campbell, M. L.: Expression of the protooncogene bcl-2 in the prostate and its association with emergence of androgen-independent prostate cancer. Cancer Res., 52: 6940, 1992.
82. Stattin, P., Damber, J. E., Karlberg, L., Nordgren, H. and Bergh, A.: Bcl-2 immunoreactivity in prostate tumorigenesis in relation to prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia, grade, hormonal status, metastatic growth and survival. Urol. Res., 24: 257, 1996.
83. Myers, R. B., Srivastava, S., Oelschlager, D. K. and Grizzle, W. E.: Expression of p160erbB-3 and p185erbB-2 in prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia and prostatic adenocarcinoma. J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 86: 1140, 1994.
84. Bostwick, D. G.: c-erbB-2 oncogene expression in prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia: Mounting evidence for a precursor role. J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 86: 1108, 1994.
85. Ware, J. L., Maygarden, S. J., Koontz, W. W., Jr. and Strom, S. C.: Immunohistochemical detection of c-erbB-2 protein in human benign and neoplastic prostate. Hum. Path., 22: 254, 1991.
86. Ross, J. S., Nazeer, T. and Church, K.: Contribution of HEr-2/ neu oncogene expression to DNA content analysis in prediction of prognosis of prostate carcinoma. Mod. Path., 6: 68A, 1993.
87. Effert, P. J. and Strohmeyer, T. G.: Basic research in prostate cancer: molecular biology. Acta Urol. Belg., 62: 15, 1994.
88. Carter, B. S., Epstein, J. I. and Isaacs, W. B.: ras gene mutations in human prostate cancer. Cancer Res., 50: 6830, 1990.
89. Fox, S. B., Persad, R. A., Royds, J., Kore, R. N., Silcocks, P. B. and Collins, C. C.: p53 and c-myc expression in stage A1 prostatic adenocarcinoma: useful prognostic determinants? J. Urol., 150: 490, 1993.
90. Giroldi, L. A., Bringuier, P. P. and Schalken, J. A.: Defective E-cadherin function in urological cancers: clinical implications and molecular mechanisms. Invasion Metastasis, 14: 71, 1994-1995.
91. Maygarden, S. J., Novotny, D. B., Moul, J. W., Bae, V. L. and Ware, J. L.: Evaluation of cathepsin D and epidermal growth factor receptor in prostate carcinoma. Mod. Path., 7: 930, 1994.
92. Ibrahim, G. K., Kerns, B.-J. M., MacDonald, J. A., Ibrahim, S. N., Kinney, R. B., Humphrey, P. A. and Robertson, C. N.: Differential immunoreactivity of epidermal growth factor receptor in benign, dysplastic and malignant prostatic tissues. J Urol., 149: 170, 1993.
93. Kuczyk, M. A., Serth, J., Denil, J., Hofner, K., Allhoff, E. P. and Jonas, U.: Cathepsin D expression and the possible role of lysosomal proteases as a prognostic factor in prostate cancer. J. Urol., part 2, 151: 286A, abstract 234, 1994.
94. Partin A W., Getzenberg, R. H., Carmichael, M. J., Vindivich, D., Yoo, J., Epstein, J. I. and Coffey, D. S.: Nuclear matrix protein patterns in human benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostate cancer. Cancer Res., 53: 744, 1993.
95. Iwamura, M., di Sant'Agnese, P. A., Wu, G., Benning, C. M., Cockett, A. T. K., Deftos, L. J. and Abrahamsson, P. A.: Immunohistochemical localization of parathyroid hormone related protein in human prostate cancer. Cancer Res., 53: 1724, 1993.
96. Iwamura, M., Gershagen, S., Lapets, O., Moynes, K., Abrahamsson, P. A., Cockett, A., Deftos, L. J. and di Sant'Agnese, P. A.: Immunohistochemical localization of parathyroid hormone related protein in prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia. Hum. Path., 26: 797, 1995.
97. Bostwick, D. G., Leske, D. A., Qian, J. and Sinha, A. A.: Prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia and well differentiated adenocarcinoma maintain an intact basement membrane. Path. Res. Pract., 191: 850, 1995.
98. Bonkhoff, H. and Remberger, K.: Widespread distribution of nuclear androgen receptors in the basal cell layer of the normal and hyperplastic human prostate. Virchows Arch., 422: 35, 1993.
99. Bonkhoff, H. and Remberger, K.: Differentiation pathways and histogenetic aspects of normal and abnormal prostatic growth: a stem cell model. Prostate, 28: 98, 1996.
100. Bonkhoff, H.: Role of the basal cells in premalignant changes of the human prostate: a stem cell concept for the development of prostate cancer. Eur. Urol., 30: 201, 1996.
101. Wojno K. J. and Epstein, J. I.: The utility of basal cell specific anti-cytokeratin antibody (34BE12) in the diagnosis of prostate cancer. A review of 228 cases. Amer. J. Surg. Path., 19: 251, 1995.
102. Ibrahim, S. N., Lightner, V. A., Ventimiglia, J. B., Ibrahim, G. K., Walther, P. J., Bigner, D. D. and Humphrey, P. A.: Tenascin expression in prostatic hyperplasia, intraepithelial neoplasia and carcinoma. Hum. Path., 24: 982, 1993.
103. Sakr, W. A., Sarkar, F. H., Sreepathi, P., Drozdowicz, S. and Crissman J. D.: Measurement of cellular proliferation in human prostate by AgNOR, PCNA and SPF. Prostate, 22: 147, 1993.
104. Kleinerman, D. I., Troncoso, P., Lin, S. H., Pisters, L. L., Sherwood, E. R., Brooks, T., von Eschenbach, A. C. and Sieh, J. T.: Consistent expression of an epithelial cell adhesion molecule (C-CAM) during human prostate development and loss of expression in prostate cancer: Implication as a tumor suppressor. Cancer Res., 55: 1215, 1995.
105. Falkmer, U. G.: Methodologic sources of errors in image and flow cytometric DNA assessments of the malignant potential of prostatic carcinoma. Hum. Path., 23: 360, 1992.
106. Amin, M. B., Schultz, D. S., Zarbo, R. J., Kubus, J. and Shaheen, C.: Computerized static DNA ploidy analysis of prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia. Arch. Path. Lab. Med., 117: 794, 1993.
107. Baretton, G. B., Vogt, T., Blasenbreu, S. and Lohrs, U.: Comparison of DNA ploidy in prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia and invasive carcinoma of the prostate: an image cytometric study. Hum. Path., 25: 506, 1994.
108. O'Malley, F., Grignon, D., Keeney, M., Kerkvliet, N. and McLean, C.: DNA flow-cytometric studies of prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia. Mod. Path., 4: 50A, 1991.
109. Montironi, R., Scarpelli, M., Galluzzi, C. M. and Diamanti, L.: Aneuploidy and nuclear features of prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN). J. Cell Biochem., suppl., 16H: 47, 1992.
110. Petein, M., Michel, P., Van Velthoven, R., Pasteels, J. L., Brawer, M. K., Davis, J. R., Nagle, R. B. and Kiss, R.: Morphonuclear relationship between prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia and cancers as assessed by digital cell image analysis. Amer. J. Clin. Path., 96: 628, 1991.
111. Lundberg, S., Carstensen, J. and Rundquist, I.: DNA flow cytometry and histopathological grading of paraffin-embedded prostate biopsy specimens in a survival study. Cancer Res., 47: 1973, 1987.
112. Greene, D. R., Taylor, S. R., Wheeler, T. M. and Scardino, P. T.: DNA ploidy by image analysis of individual foci of prostate cancer: a preliminary report. Cancer Res., 51: 4084, 1991.
113. Häggman M., de la Torre, M., Brändstedt, S., Busch, C., Norlen, B. J., Norberg, M. and Busch, C.: Pre- and postoperative DNA ploidy patterns correlated to pT-stage, histological grade, and tumor volume in total prostatectomy specimens. Scand. J. Urol. Nephrol., 28: 59, 1994.
114. Giannulis, I., Montironi, R., Magi-Galluzzi, C., deNictolis, M. and Diamanti, L.: Frequency and location of mitoses in prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN). Anticancer Res., 13: 2447, 1993.
115. Thompson, T. C., Southgate, J., Kitchener, G. and Land, H.: Multistage carcinogenesis induced by ras and myc oncogenes in a reconstituted organ. Cell, 56: 917, 1989.
116. Gumerlock, P., Poonamallee, U. R., Meyers, F. J. and deVere White, R. W.: Activated ras alleles in human carcinoma of the prostate are rare. Cancer Res., 51: 1632, 1991.
117. Bookstein, R., MacGrogan, D., Hilsenbeck, S. G., Sharkey, F. and Allred, D. C.: p53 is mutated in a subset of advanced-stage prostate cancers. Cancer Res., 53: 3369, 1993.
118. Pylkkänen, L., Mäkelä, S., Valve, E., Harkonen, P., Toikkanen, S. and Santti, R.: Prostatic dysplasia associated with increased expression of c-myc in neonatally estrogenized mice. J. Urol., 149: 1593, 1993.
119. Brothman, A. R., Peehl, D. M., Patel, A. M. and McNeal, J. E.: Frequency and pattern of karyotypic abnormalities in human prostate cancer. Cancer Res., 50: 3795, 1990.
120. Lundgren, R., Mandahl, N., Heim, S., Limon, J., Henrikson, H. and Mitelman, F.: Cytogenetic analysis of 57 primary prostatic adenocarcinomas. Genes, Chromosom. Cancer, 4: 16, 1992.
121. Sandberg, A. A.: Chromosomal abnormalities and related events in prostate cancer. Hum. Path., 23: 368, 1992.
122. Alers, J. C., Krijtenburg, P. J., Vissers, K. J., Bosman, F. T., van der Kwast, T. H. and van Dekken, H.: Interphase cytogenetics of prostatic adenocarcinoma and precursor lesions: analysis of 25 radical prostatectomies and 17 adjacent prostatic intraepithelial neoplasias. Genes Chromosom. Cancer, 12: 241, 1995.
123. Qian, J., Bostwick, D. G., Takahashi, S., Borell, T. J., Herath, J. F., Lieber, M. M. and Jenkins, R. B.: Chromosomal anomalies in prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia and carcinoma detected by fluorescence in situ hybridization. Cancer Res., 55: 5408, 1995.
124. Carter, B. S., Ewing, C. M., Ward, W. S., Treiger, B. F., Aalders, T. W., Schalken, J. A., Epstein, J. I. and Isaacs, W. B.: Allelic loss of chromosomes 16q and 10q in human prostate cancer. Proc Natl. Acad. Sci., 87: 8751, 1990.
125. Bergerheim, U. S., Kunimi, K., Collins, V. P. and Ekman, P.: Deletion mapping of chromosomes 8, 10, and 16 in human prostatic carcinoma. Genes Chromosom. Cancer, 3: 215, 1991.
126. Bova, G. S., Carter, B. S., Bussemakers, M. J., Emi, M., Fujiwara Y., Kyprianou, N., Jacobs, S. C., Robinson, J. C., Epstein, J. I., Walsh, P. C. and Isaacs, W. B.: Homozygous deletion and frequent allelic loss of chromosome 8p22 loci in human prostate cancer. Cancer Res., 53: 3869, 1993.
127. Trybus, T. M., Burgess, A. C., Wojno, K. J., Glover, T. W. and Macoska, J. A.: Distinct areas of allelic loss on chromosomal regions 10p and 10q in human prostate cancer. Cancer Res., 56: 2263, 1996.
128. Emi M., Fujiwara, Y., Nakajima, T., Tshuchiya, E., Tsuda, H., Hirohashi, S., Maeda, Y., Tsuruta, K., Miyaki, M. and Nakamura, Y.: Frequent loss of heterozygosity for loci on chromosome 8p in hepatocellular carcinoma, colorectal cancer, and lung cancer. Cancer Res., 52: 5368, 1992.
129. Sakr, W. A., Macoska, J. A., Benson, P., Grignon, D. J., Wolman, S. R., Pontes, J. E. and Crissman, J. D.: Allelic loss in locally metastatic, multisampled prostate cancer. Cancer Res , 54: 3273, 1994.
130. Macoska, J. A., Trybus, T. M., Sakr, W. A., Wolf, M. C., Benson, P. D., Powell, I. J. and Pontes, J. E.: Fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis of 8p allelic loss and chromosome 8 instability in human prostate cancer. Cancer Res., 54: 3824, 1994.
131. Macoska, J. A., Trybus, T. M., Benson, P. D., Sakr, W. A., Grignon, D. J., Wojno, K. D., Pietruk, T. and Powell, I. J.: Evidence for three tumor suppressor gene loci on chromosome 8p in human prostate cancer. Cancer Res., 55: 5390, 1995.
132. Emmert-Buck, M. R., Vocke, C. D., Pozzatti, R. O., Duray, P. H., Jennings, S. B., Florence, C. D., Zhuang, Z., Bostwick, D. G., Liotta, L. A. and Linehan, W. M.: Allelic loss on chromosome 8p12-21 in microdissected prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia. Cancer Res., 55: 2959, 1995.
133. Häggman, M., Wojno, K. and Macoska, J. A.: Allelic loss of chromosome 8p-sequences in prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) and invasive prostate cancer. J. Urol., part 2, 155: 324A, 1996.
134. Meyers, F. J., Chi, S. G., Fishman, J. R., deVere White, R. W. and Gumerlock, P. H.: p53 mutations in benign prostatic hyperplasia. J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 85: 1856, 1993.
135. Brawer, M. K., Bigler, S. A., Sohlberg, O. E., Nagle, M. D. and Lange, P. H.: Significance of prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia on prostate needle biopsy. Urology, 38: 103, 1991.
136. Brawer, M. K., Rennels, M. A., Nagle, R. B., Soiderer, M. H. and Lee, F.: Prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia: a lesion that may be confused with cancer on prostatic ultrasound. J. Urol., 142: 1510, 1989.
137. Hamper, U. M., Sheth, S., Walsh, P. C., Holtz, P. M. and Epstein, J. I.: Stage B adenocarcinoma of the prostate: transrectal US and pathologic correlation of nonmalignant hypoechoic peripheral zone lesions. Radiology, 180: 101, 1991.
138. Wang, M. C., Valenzuela, L. A., Murphy, G. P. and Chu, T. M.: Purification of a human prostate specific antigen. Invest. Urol., 17: 159, 1979.
139. Benson, M. C., Whang, I. S., Olsson, C. A., McMahon, D. J. and Cooner, W. H.: The use of prostate specific antigen density to enhance the predictive value of intermediate levels of serum prostate specific antigen. J. Urol., 147: 817, 1992.
140. Partin, A. W., Carter, H. B., Chan, D. W., Epstein, J. I., Oesterling, J. E., Rock, R. C., Weber, J. P. and Walsh, P. C.: Prostate specific antigen in the staging of localized prostate cancer: influence of tumor differentiation, tumor volume and benign hyperplasia. J. Urol., 143: 747, 1990.
141. Ronnett, B. M., Carmichael, M. J., Carter, H. B. and Epstein, J. I.: Does high grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia result in elevated serum prostate specific antigen levels? J. Urol., 150: 386, 1993.
142. Alexander, E. E., Qian, J., Wollan, P. C., Myers, R. P. and Bostwick, D. G.: Prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia does not appear to raise serum prostate-specific antigen concentration. Urology, 47: 693, 1996.
143. Davidson, D., Bostwick, D. G., Qian, J., Wollan, P., Oesterling, J. E., Rudders, R. A., Siroky, M. and Stilmant, M.: Prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia is a risk factor for adenocarcinoma: Predictive accuracy in needle biopsies. J. Urol., 154: 1295, 1995.
144. Weinstein, M. H. and Epstein, J. I.: Significance of high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia on needle biopsy. Hum. Path., 24: 624, 1993.
145. Häggman, M., de la Torre, M., Norberg, M. and Busch, C.: Preoperative histological and cytological diagnosis and DNA ploidy assessment of localized prostatic cancer. A comparison between findings in biopsies and total prostatectomy specimens. APMIS, 102: 841, 1994.
146. Hodge, K. K., McNeal, J. E., Terris, M. K. and Stamey, T. A.: Random systematic versus directed ultrasound guided transrectal core biopsies of the prostate. J. Urol., 142: 71, 1989.
147. Hammerer, P., Huland, H. and Sparenberg, A.: Digital rectal examination imaging and systematic-sextant biopsy in identifying operable lymph node-negative prostatic carcinoma. Eur. Urol., 22: 281, 1992.
148. Häggman, M., Nybacka, O., Nordin, B. and Busch, C.: Standardized in vitro mapping with multiple core biopsies of total prostatectomy specimens: localization and prediction of tumour volume and grade. Brit. J. Urol., 74: 617, 1994.
149. Norberg, M., Holmberg, L., Busch, C., Häggman, M., Egevad, L. and Magnusson, A.: Multiple transrectal ultrasound-guided core biopsies for the detection of prostate cancer and determination of tumor volume, grade, and seminal vesicle invasion. Eur. Rad., 6: 56, 1996.
150. Hellström, M., Häggman, M., Brändstedt, S., de la Torre, M., Pedersen, K., Jarlsfeldt, I., Wijkström, H. and Busch, C.: Histopathological changes in androgen-deprived localized prostatic cancer. A study in total prostatectomy specimens. Eur. Urol., 24: 461, 1993.
151. Ferguson, J., Zincke, H., Ellison, E., Bergstralh, E. and Bostwick, D. G.: Decrease of prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia following androgen deprivation therapy in patients with stage T3 carcinoma treated by radical prostatectomy. Urology, 44: 91, 1994.
152. Montironi, R., Magi-Galluzzi, C., Muzzonigro, G., Prete, E., Polito, M. and Fabris, G.: Effects of combination endocrine treatment on normal prostate, prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia, and prostatic adenocarcinoma. J. Clin. Path., 47: 906, 1994.
153. Arakawa, A., Song, S., Scardino, P. T. and Wheeler, T. M.: High grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia in prostates removed following irradiation failure in the treatment of prostatic adenocarcinoma. Path. Res. Pract, 191: 868, 1995.
154. Murphy, G. P., von Eschenbach, A. C. and Bostwick, D. G.: International consultation on prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia and pathologic staging of prostatic carcinoma; conference summary. Cancer, 78: 324, 1996.
155. Pretlow, T. G.: Summary of working group on future research directions. Path. Res. Pract., 191: 958, 1995.
156. Pedersen, K., Hostetter, A., Boeryd, B., Engberg, A. and Spångberg, A.: Radical retropubic prostatectomy - the Walsh modification. Scand. J. Urol. Nephrol., suppl., 110: 169, 1988.
157. Bostwick, D. G., Burke, H. B., Wheeler, T. M., Chung, L. W., Bookstein, R., Pretlow, T. G., Nagle, R. B., Montironi, R., Lieber, M. M., Veltri, R. W., Grizzle, W. E. and Grignon, D. J.: The most promising surrogate endpoint biomarkers for screening candidate chemopreventive compounds for prostatic adenocarcinoma in short-term phase II clinical trials. J. Cell. Biochem., suppl., 19: 283, 1994.
158. Pretlow, T. G., Nagabhushan, M. and Pretlow, T. P.: Prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia and other changes during promotion and progression. Path. Res. Pract., 191: 842, 1995.
159. Stone, E.: Prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia: will it help doctors pinpoint early prostate cancer? J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 88: 1023, 1996.