Placental angiogenesis: The role of the VEGF family of proteins

Angiogenesis

Volumn 2, Issue 4, 1998, Pages 309-318

  Clark, Dawn E ^a   Charnock Jones, D Stephen ^b  

^a INVERMAY AGRICULTURAL CENTRE   (New Zealand)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Antagonist pre eclampsia; Pregnancy; Soluble Flt 1

Indexed keywords

EID: 0342263694     PISSN: 09696970     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1023/A:1009200824934     Document Type: Review

References (74)

1. Benirschke K, Kaufmann P. Pathology of the Human Placenta. (2nd ed.) New York: Springer-Verlag, 1990.
2. Demir R, Kaufmann P, Castellucci M, Erbengi T, Kotowshi A. Fetal vasculogenesis and angiogenesis in human placental villi. Acta Anat 1989; 136, 190-203.
3. Risau W. Mechanisms of angiogenesis . Nature 1997; 386, 671-674.
4. Pijinenborg R. Trophoblast invasion. Reproductive Med Rev 1994; 3, 53-73.
5. Loke YW, King A. Human Implantation. Cell biology and immunology. Cambridge University Press: 1995.
6. Brosens IA, Robertson WB, Dixon HG. The role of the spiral arteries in the pathogenesis of pre-eclampsia. In: Obstetrics and Gynecology Annual, 1972.
7. Roberts JM, Taylor RN, Musci TJ, et al. Pre-eclampsia: an endothelial cell disorder. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1989; 161, 1200-1204.
8. Olofsson B, Pajusola K, Kaipainen A, et al. Vascular endothelial growth factor B, a novel growth factor for endothelial cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1996; 93, 2576-2581.
9. Joukov V, Pajusola K, Kaipainen A, et al. A novel vascular endothelial growth factor, VEGF-C, is a ligand for the Flt4 (VEGFR-3) and KDR (VEGFR-2) receptor tyrosine kinases. EMBO J 1996; 15, 290-298.
10. Yamada Y, Nezu J, Shimane M, Hirata Y. Molecular cloning of a novel vascular endothelial growth factor, VEGF-D. Genomics 1997; 42, 483-488.
11. Maglione D, Guerriero G, Viglietto G, et al. Isolation of a human placenta cDNA coding for a protein related to the vascular permeability factor. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1991; 88, 9267-9271.
12. Tischer E, Gospodarowicz D, Mitchell R, et al. Vascular endothelial growth factor: A new member of the platelet-derived growth factor family. Biochem Biophys Res Comm 1989; 165, 1198-1206.
13. Houck KA, Ferrara N, Winer J, et al. The vascular endothelial growth factor family: Identification of a fourth molecular species and characterisation of alternative splicing of RNA. Mol Endocinol 1991; 5, 1806-1814.
14. Charnock-Jones DS, Sharkey AM, Rajput-Williams J, et al. Identification and localization of alternately spliced mRNAs for vascular endothelial growth factor in human uterus and estrogen regulation in endometrial carcinoma cell lines. Biol Reprod 1993; 48, 1120-1128.
15. Carmeliet P, Ferreira V, Breier G, et al. Abnormal blood vessel development and lethality in embryos lacking a single VEGF allele. Nature 1996; 380, 435-439.
16. Ferrara N, Carver-Moore K, Chen H, et al. Heterozygous embryonic lethality induced by targeted inactivation of the VEGF gene. Nature 1996; 380, 439-442.
17. Ferrara N, Davis-Smyth T. The biology of vascular endothelial growth factor. Endocr Rev 1997; 18, 4-25.
18. Shibuya M, Yamaguchi S, Yamane A, et al. Nucleotide sequence and expression of a novel human receptor-type tyrosine kinase gene (flt) closely related to the fms family. Oncogene 1990; 5, 519-524.
19. Terman BI, Dougher-Vermazen M, Carrion ME. Identification of the KDR tyrosine kinase as a receptor for vascular endothelial cell growth factor. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1992; 187, 1579-1586.
20. Vuorela P, Hatva E, Lymboussaki A, et al. Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor and placenta growth factor in human placenta. Biol Reprod 1997; 56, 489-494.
21. Aase K, Olofsson B, Korpeleinen E, et al. Characterization of vascular endothelial growth factor B. Eur J Clin Invest 1998; 28, A38.
22. Hu J-S, Hastings GA, Cherry S, et al. A novel regulatory function of proteolytically cleaved VEGF-2 for vascular endothelial and smooth muscle cells. FASEB J 1997; 11, 498-504.
23. Achen MG, Jeltsch M, Kukk E, et al. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF-D) is a ligand for the tyrosine kinase VEGF receptor 2 (Flk1) and VEGF receptor 3 (Flt4). Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1998; 95, 548-553.
24. Ziche M, Maglione D, Ribatti D, et al. Placenta growth factor-1 is chemotactic, mitogenic, and angiogenic. Lab Invest 1997; 76, 517-531.
25. Maglione D, Guerriero G, Viglietto G, et al. Two alternative mRNAs coding for the angiogenic factor, placenta growth factor (PlGF), are transcribed from a single gene of chromosome 14. Oncogene 1993; 8, 925-931.
26. Cao Y, Ji WR, Qi P, Rosin A, Cao Y. Placenta growth factor: identification and characterization of a novel isoform generated by RNA alternative splicing. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1997; 235, 493-498.
27. DiSalvo J, Bayne ML, Conn G, et al. Purification and characterization of a naturally occurring vascular endothelial growth factor-placenta growth factor heterodimer. J Biol Chem 1995; 270, 7717-7723.
28. Birkenhger R, Schneppe B, Rckl W, et al. Synthesis and physiological activity of heterodimers comprising dierent splice forms of vascular endothelial growth factor and placenta growth factor. Biochem J 1996; 316, 703-707.
29. Park JE, Chen HH, Winer J, et al. Placenta growth factor. Potentiation of vascular endothelial growth factor bioactivity, in vivo and in vitro, and high anity binding to Flt-1 but not to Flk-1/KDR. J Biol Chem 1994; 269, 25646-25654.
30. Cao Y, Chen H, Zhou L, et al. Heterodimers of placenta growth factor/vascular endothelial growth factor. J Biol Chem 1996; 271, 3154-3162.
31. De Vries C, Escobedo JA, Ueno H, et al. Williams LT. The fms-like tyrosine kinase, a receptor for vascular endothelial growth factor. Science 1992; 255, 989-991.
32. Shalaby F, Rossant J, Yamaguchi TP, et al. Failure of blood-island formation and vasculogenesis in Flk-1-deficient mice. Nature 1995; 376, 62-66.
33. Fong G-H, Rossant J, Gertsenstein M, Breitman ML. Role of the Flt-1 receptor tyrosine kinase in regulating the assembly of vascular endothelium. Nature 1995; 376, 66-70.
34. Waltenberger J, Claesson-Welsh L, et al. Dierent signal transduction properties of KDR and Flt-1, two receptors for vascular endothelial growth factor. J Biol Chem 1994; 43, 26988-26995.
35. Seetharam L, Gotoh N, Maru Y, et al. A unique signal transduction from FLT tyrosine kinase, a receptor for vascular endothelial growth factor VEGF. Oncogene 1995; 10, 135-147.
36. Clauss M, Weich H, Breier G, et al. The vascular endothelial growth factor receptor Flt-1 mediates biological activity. J Biol Chem 1996; 271, 17629-17634.
37. Kendall RL, Thomas KA. Inhibition of vascular endothelial cell growth factor activity by an endogenously encoded soluble receptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1993; 90, 10705-10709.
38. Kendall RL, Wang G, Thomas KA. Identification of a natural soluble form of the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor, FLT-1, and its heterodimerization with KDR. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1996; 226, 324-328.
39. Boocock CA, Charnock-Jones S, Sharkey AM, et al. Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor and its receptors flt and KDR in ovarian carcinoma. J Natl Cancer Inst 1995; 87, 506-516.
40. Clark DE, Smith SK, He Y, et al. A vascular endothelial growth factor antagonist is produced by the human placenta and released into the maternal circulation. Biol Reprod 1998; 59, 1540-1548.
41. Sharkey AM, Charnock-Jones DS, Boocock CA et al. Expression of mRNA for vascular endothelial growth factor in human placenta. J Reprod Fertil 1993; 99, 609-615.
42. Clark DE, Smith SK, Sharkey AM, Charnock-Jones DS. Localization of VEGF and expression of its receptors flt and KDR in human placenta throughout pregnancy. Hum Reprod 1996; 11, 1090-1098.
43. Clark DE, Smith SK, Licence D, et al. Comparison of expression patterns for placenta growth factor, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), VEGF-B and VEGF-C in the human placenta throughout gestation. J Endocrinol 1998; 159, 459-467.
44. Zhang L, Scott PAE, Turley H, et al. Validation of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) antibodies for immunohistochemical localization of VEGF in tissue sections: expression of VEGF in the human endometrium. J Pathol 1998; 185,402-408.
45. Ahmed A, Li XF, Dunk C, et al. Colocalisation of vascular endothelial growth factor and its flt-1 receptor in human reproduction. Growth Factors 1995; 12, 235-243.
46. Cooper JC, Sharkey AM, McLaren J, et al. Localization of vascular endothelial growth factor and its receptor, flt, in human placenta and decidua by immunohistochemistry. J Reprod Fertil 1995; 105, 205-213.
47. Jackson MR, Carney EW, Lye SJ, Knox Ritchie JW. Localization of two angiogenic growth factors (PDECGF and VEGF) in human placenta throughout pregnancy. Placenta 1994; 15, 341-353.
48. Shiraishi S, Nakagawa K, Kinukawa N, et al. Immunohistochemical localisation of vascular endothelial growth factor in the human placenta. Placenta 1996; 17, 111-121.
49. Anthony FW, Evans PW, Wheeler T, Wood PJ. Variation in detection of VEGF in maternal serum by immunoassay and the possible influence of binding proteins. Ann Clin Biochem 1997; 34, 276-280.
50. Kamat BR, Brown LF, Manseau EJ, et al. Expression of vascular permeability factor/vascular endothelial growth factor by human granulosa and theca lutein cells. Role in corpus luteum development. Am J Pathol 1995; 146, 157-165.
51. Brown LF, Berse B, Jackman RW, et al. Expression of vascular permeability factor (vascular endothelial growth factor) and its receptors in breast cancer. Hum Pathol 1995; 26, 86-91.
52. Viglietto G, Maglione D, Rambaldi M, et al. Upregulation of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and downregulation of placenta growth factor associated with malignancy in human thryoid tumors and cell lines. Oncogene 1995; 11, 1569-1579.
53. Khaliq A, Li XF, Shams M, et al. Localisation of placenta growth factor (PlGF) in human term placenta. Growth Factors 1996; 13, 243-250.
54. Vuckovic M, Ponting J, Terman BI, et al. Expression of the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor, KDR, in human placenta. J Anat 1996; 188, 361-366.
55. Charnock-Jones DS, Sharkey AM, Boocock CA, et al. Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor localization and activation in human trophoblast and choriocarcinoma cells. Biol Reprod 1994; 51, 524-530.
56. Barleon B, Hauser S, Schumann C, et al. Dierential expression of the two VEGF receptors flt and KDR in placenta and vascular endotheial cells. J Cell Biochem 1994; 54, 56-66.
57. McLaren J, Prentice A, Charnock-Jones DS, et al. Vascular endothelial growth factor is produced by peritoneal fluid macrophages in endometriosis and is regulated by ovarian steriods. J Clin Invest 1996; 98, 1-8.
58. Baker PN, Krasnow J, Roberts JM, Yeo K-T. Elevated serum levels of vascular endothelial growth factor in patients with preeclampsia. Obstet Gynecol 1995; 86, 815-821.
59. Sharkey AM, Cooper JC, Balmforth JR, et al. Maternal plasma levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in normotensive pregnancies and in pregnancies complicated by pre-eclampsia. Eur J Clin Invest 1996; 26, 1182-1185.
60. Lyall F, Greer IA, Boswell F, Fleming R. Suppression of serum vascular endothelial growth factor immunoreactivity in normal pregnancy and in pre-eclampsia. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1997; 104, 223-228.
61. Department of Health. Report on confidential enquiries into maternal deaths in the United Kingdom, 1988-1990. London; HM Stationery Office, 1994; 16-21.
62. Redman, CWG. Current topic: pre-eclampsia and the placenta. Placenta 1991; 12, 301-308.
63. Cullinan-Bove K, Koos RD. Vascular endothelial growth factor/vascular permeability factor expression in the rat uterus: rapid stimulation by estrogen correlates with estrogen-induced increases in uterine capillary permeability and growth. Endocrinology 1993; 133, 829-837.
64. Shifren JL, Tseng JF, Zaloudek CJ, et al. Ovarian steriod regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor in the human endometrium: implications for angiogenesis during the menstrual cycle and in the pathogenesis of endometriosis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1996; 81, 3112-3118.
65. Rodesch F, Simon P, Donner C, Jauniaux E. Oxygen measurements in endometrial and trophoblastic tissues during early pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 1992; 80, 283-285.
66. Shweiki D, Itin A, Soffer D, Keshet E. Vascular endothelial growth factor induced by hypoxia may mediate hypoxia-induced angiogenesis. Nature 1992; 359, 843-845.
67. Gerber H-P, Condorelli F, Park J, Ferrara N. Differential transcriptional regulation of the two vascular endothelial growth factor receptor genes. J Biol Chem 1997; 272, 23659-23667.
68. Enholm B, Paavonen K, Ristimaki A, et al. Comparison of VEGF, VEGF-B, VEGF-C and Ang-1 mRNA regulation by serum, growth factors, oncoproteins and hypoxia. Oncogene 1997; 14, 2475-2483.
69. Waltenberger J, Mayr U, Pentz S, Hombach V. Functional upregulation of the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor KDR by hypoxia. Circulation 1996; 94, 1647-1654.
70. Gleadle JM, Ebert BL, Firth JD, Ratcliffe PJ. Regulation of angiogenic growth factor expression by hypoxia, transition metals, and chelating agents. Am J Physiol 1995; 268, C1362-C1368.
71. Reshetnikova OS, Burton GJ, Milovanov AP. Effects of hypobaric hypoxia on the fetoplacental unit: the morphometric diffusing capacity of the villous membrane at high altitude. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1994; 171, 1560-1565.
72. Piotrowicz B, Niebroj TK, Sieron G. The morphology and histochemistry of the full term placenta in anaemic patients. Folia Histochem Cytochem 1969; 7, 436-444.
73. Jackson MR, Walsh AJ, Morrow RJ, et al. Reduced placental villous tree elaboration in small-for-gestational-age pregnancies: Relationship with umbilical artery doppler waveforms. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1995; 172, 518-525.
74. Krebs C, Macara KM, Leiser R, et al. Intrauterine growth restriction with absent end-diastolic flow velocity in the umbilical artery is associated with maldevelopment of the placental terminal villous tree. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1996; 175, 1534-1542.