"Idiographic" vis-à-vis "idiodynamic" in the historical perspective of personality theory: Remembering Gordon Allport, 1897-1997

Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences

Volumn 33, Issue 4, 1997, Pages 405-419

  Rosenzweig, Saul ^a   Fisher, Sherri L ^b  

^a WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 0242724478     PISSN: 00225061     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1520-6696(199723)33:4<405::aid-jhbs4>3.3.co;2-n     Document Type: Article

References (95)

1. See, for example, Fifty Years of Personality Psychology Kenneth H. Craik, Robert Hogan, and Raymond N. Wolfe, eds. (New York: Plenum Press, 1993).
2. For this historical background, see Kurt Danziger, Constructing the Subject: Historical Origins of Psychological Research (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990) and Saul Rosenzweig, "Norms and the Individual in the Psychologist's Perspective," in Feelings and Emotions: The Mooseheart Symposium, M. L. Reymert, ed. (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1950): 327-335.
3. For this historical background, see Kurt Danziger, Constructing the Subject: Historical Origins of Psychological Research (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990) and Saul Rosenzweig, "Norms and the Individual in the Psychologist's Perspective," in Feelings and Emotions: The Mooseheart Symposium, M. L. Reymert, ed. (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1950): 327-335.
4. Wilhelm Wundt, Outlines of Psychology (Leipzig: Englemann, 1907).
5. This statement regarding Wundt's orientation refers primarily to his earlier contributions and to the influence he exerted in America through the rather selective emphasis of Edward B. Titchener who received his Ph.D. under Wundt at Leipzig in 1892. It was through Titchener that most American psychologists of that generation knew about Wundt and believed him to be a "structuralist" like Titchener who limited scientific psychology to facts acquired by observers trained in introspection. In fact, Wundt in the totality of his career had a broad purview which included what is today called social psychology. To that scientific area he contributed his Völkerpsychologie: Eine Untersuchung der Entwicklungsgesetze von Sprache, Mythus, und Sitte (Leipzig: Engelmann) which appeared in ten volumes over a period of twenty years (1900-1920). The year 1920 was the year of his death. An abridged English translation of the first five volumes was published under the title Elements of Folk Psychology: Outlines of a Psychological History of the Development of Mankind (New York: Macmillan, 1916). The biased and partial nature of Wundt's reputation has recently been strenuously corrected by psychologists like Arthur L. Blumenthal. For example, see Arthur Blumenthal, "A Reappraisal of Wilhelm Wundt," American Psychologist 30 (1975): 1081-1088. See also the collective volume Wilhelm Wundt and the Making of a Scientific Psychology R. W. Rieber, Ed. (New York: Plenum Press, 1980); and Wundt Studies: A Centennial Collection Wolfgang G. Bringmann and Ryan D. Tweney, Eds. (Toronto: C. J. Hogrefe, 1980). In this context it has not been sufficiently stressed that the extra-physiological (experimental) work of Wundt was done in the last fourth of his life, long after his more influential American students, like G. S. Hall and Titchener had known him in Leipzig. Oddly enough, and unlike Wundt's American students, his contributions to folk psychology were recognized and cited by the founder of psychoanalysis, Sigmund Freud, who in 1911-1913 discussed Wundt's extensive treatment of totemism, taboos and exogamy in his own book Totem and Taboo in the Standard Edition of Sigmund Freud's Complete Psychological Works, volume 13, (London, Hogarth Press, 1955): 1-161. Despite the recent repudiation of Titchener's alleged one-sided interpretation of Wundt's contribution to psychology. Titchener himself in a generous tribute to his early mentor, published as an obituary that included the Völkerpsychologie, came to the prophetic conclusion: ". . . If a man is to gain his niche in history he must have the total vision, the generative idea. . . . In this sense I am prepared to say that Wundt is the founder, not of experimental psychology alone, but of psychology. . . . But the dominant idea of Wundt's life, the idea upon which his reputation is most solidly based, the idea that persisted with him to the very end of his university activity, is the idea of an experimental psychology." See American Journal of Psychology 32 (1921): 161-178.
6. This statement regarding Wundt's orientation refers primarily to his earlier contributions and to the influence he exerted in America through the rather selective emphasis of Edward B. Titchener who received his Ph.D. under Wundt at Leipzig in 1892. It was through Titchener that most American psychologists of that generation knew about Wundt and believed him to be a "structuralist" like Titchener who limited scientific psychology to facts acquired by observers trained in introspection. In fact, Wundt in the totality of his career had a broad purview which included what is today called social psychology. To that scientific area he contributed his Völkerpsychologie: Eine Untersuchung der Entwicklungsgesetze von Sprache, Mythus, und Sitte (Leipzig: Engelmann) which appeared in ten volumes over a period of twenty years (1900-1920). The year 1920 was the year of his death. An abridged English translation of the first five volumes was published under the title Elements of Folk Psychology: Outlines of a Psychological History of the Development of Mankind (New York: Macmillan, 1916). The biased and partial nature of Wundt's reputation has recently been strenuously corrected by psychologists like Arthur L. Blumenthal. For example, see Arthur Blumenthal, "A Reappraisal of Wilhelm Wundt," American Psychologist 30 (1975): 1081-1088. See also the collective volume Wilhelm Wundt and the Making of a Scientific Psychology R. W. Rieber, Ed. (New York: Plenum Press, 1980); and Wundt Studies: A Centennial Collection Wolfgang G. Bringmann and Ryan D. Tweney, Eds. (Toronto: C. J. Hogrefe, 1980). In this context it has not been sufficiently stressed that the extra-physiological (experimental) work of Wundt was done in the last fourth of his life, long after his more influential American students, like G. S. Hall and Titchener had known him in Leipzig. Oddly enough, and unlike Wundt's American students, his contributions to folk psychology were recognized and cited by the founder of psychoanalysis, Sigmund Freud, who in 1911-1913 discussed Wundt's extensive treatment of totemism, taboos and exogamy in his own book Totem and Taboo in the Standard Edition of Sigmund Freud's Complete Psychological Works, volume 13, (London, Hogarth Press, 1955): 1-161. Despite the recent repudiation of Titchener's alleged one-sided interpretation of Wundt's contribution to psychology. Titchener himself in a generous tribute to his early mentor, published as an obituary that included the Völkerpsychologie, came to the prophetic conclusion: ". . . If a man is to gain his niche in history he must have the total vision, the generative idea. . . . In this sense I am prepared to say that Wundt is the founder, not of experimental psychology alone, but of psychology. . . . But the dominant idea of Wundt's life, the idea upon which his reputation is most solidly based, the idea that persisted with him to the very end of his university activity, is the idea of an experimental psychology." See American Journal of Psychology 32 (1921): 161-178.
7. This statement regarding Wundt's orientation refers primarily to his earlier contributions and to the influence he exerted in America through the rather selective emphasis of Edward B. Titchener who received his Ph.D. under Wundt at Leipzig in 1892. It was through Titchener that most American psychologists of that generation knew about Wundt and believed him to be a "structuralist" like Titchener who limited scientific psychology to facts acquired by observers trained in introspection. In fact, Wundt in the totality of his career had a broad purview which included what is today called social psychology. To that scientific area he contributed his Völkerpsychologie: Eine Untersuchung der Entwicklungsgesetze von Sprache, Mythus, und Sitte (Leipzig: Engelmann) which appeared in ten volumes over a period of twenty years (1900-1920). The year 1920 was the year of his death. An abridged English translation of the first five volumes was published under the title Elements of Folk Psychology: Outlines of a Psychological History of the Development of Mankind (New York: Macmillan, 1916). The biased and partial nature of Wundt's reputation has recently been strenuously corrected by psychologists like Arthur L. Blumenthal. For example, see Arthur Blumenthal, "A Reappraisal of Wilhelm Wundt," American Psychologist 30 (1975): 1081-1088. See also the collective volume Wilhelm Wundt and the Making of a Scientific Psychology R. W. Rieber, Ed. (New York: Plenum Press, 1980); and Wundt Studies: A Centennial Collection Wolfgang G. Bringmann and Ryan D. Tweney, Eds. (Toronto: C. J. Hogrefe, 1980). In this context it has not been sufficiently stressed that the extra-physiological (experimental) work of Wundt was done in the last fourth of his life, long after his more influential American students, like G. S. Hall and Titchener had known him in Leipzig. Oddly enough, and unlike Wundt's American students, his contributions to folk psychology were recognized and cited by the founder of psychoanalysis, Sigmund Freud, who in 1911-1913 discussed Wundt's extensive treatment of totemism, taboos and exogamy in his own book Totem and Taboo in the Standard Edition of Sigmund Freud's Complete Psychological Works, volume 13, (London, Hogarth Press, 1955): 1-161. Despite the recent repudiation of Titchener's alleged one-sided interpretation of Wundt's contribution to psychology. Titchener himself in a generous tribute to his early mentor, published as an obituary that included the Völkerpsychologie, came to the prophetic conclusion: ". . . If a man is to gain his niche in history he must have the total vision, the generative idea. . . . In this sense I am prepared to say that Wundt is the founder, not of experimental psychology alone, but of psychology. . . . But the dominant idea of Wundt's life, the idea upon which his reputation is most solidly based, the idea that persisted with him to the very end of his university activity, is the idea of an experimental psychology." See American Journal of Psychology 32 (1921): 161-178.
8. This statement regarding Wundt's orientation refers primarily to his earlier contributions and to the influence he exerted in America through the rather selective emphasis of Edward B. Titchener who received his Ph.D. under Wundt at Leipzig in 1892. It was through Titchener that most American psychologists of that generation knew about Wundt and believed him to be a "structuralist" like Titchener who limited scientific psychology to facts acquired by observers trained in introspection. In fact, Wundt in the totality of his career had a broad purview which included what is today called social psychology. To that scientific area he contributed his Völkerpsychologie: Eine Untersuchung der Entwicklungsgesetze von Sprache, Mythus, und Sitte (Leipzig: Engelmann) which appeared in ten volumes over a period of twenty years (1900-1920). The year 1920 was the year of his death. An abridged English translation of the first five volumes was published under the title Elements of Folk Psychology: Outlines of a Psychological History of the Development of Mankind (New York: Macmillan, 1916). The biased and partial nature of Wundt's reputation has recently been strenuously corrected by psychologists like Arthur L. Blumenthal. For example, see Arthur Blumenthal, "A Reappraisal of Wilhelm Wundt," American Psychologist 30 (1975): 1081-1088. See also the collective volume Wilhelm Wundt and the Making of a Scientific Psychology R. W. Rieber, Ed. (New York: Plenum Press, 1980); and Wundt Studies: A Centennial Collection Wolfgang G. Bringmann and Ryan D. Tweney, Eds. (Toronto: C. J. Hogrefe, 1980). In this context it has not been sufficiently stressed that the extra-physiological (experimental) work of Wundt was done in the last fourth of his life, long after his more influential American students, like G. S. Hall and Titchener had known him in Leipzig. Oddly enough, and unlike Wundt's American students, his contributions to folk psychology were recognized and cited by the founder of psychoanalysis, Sigmund Freud, who in 1911-1913 discussed Wundt's extensive treatment of totemism, taboos and exogamy in his own book Totem and Taboo in the Standard Edition of Sigmund Freud's Complete Psychological Works, volume 13, (London, Hogarth Press, 1955): 1-161. Despite the recent repudiation of Titchener's alleged one-sided interpretation of Wundt's contribution to psychology. Titchener himself in a generous tribute to his early mentor, published as an obituary that included the Völkerpsychologie, came to the prophetic conclusion: ". . . If a man is to gain his niche in history he must have the total vision, the generative idea. . . . In this sense I am prepared to say that Wundt is the founder, not of experimental psychology alone, but of psychology. . . . But the dominant idea of Wundt's life, the idea upon which his reputation is most solidly based, the idea that persisted with him to the very end of his university activity, is the idea of an experimental psychology." See American Journal of Psychology 32 (1921): 161-178.
9. This statement regarding Wundt's orientation refers primarily to his earlier contributions and to the influence he exerted in America through the rather selective emphasis of Edward B. Titchener who received his Ph.D. under Wundt at Leipzig in 1892. It was through Titchener that most American psychologists of that generation knew about Wundt and believed him to be a "structuralist" like Titchener who limited scientific psychology to facts acquired by observers trained in introspection. In fact, Wundt in the totality of his career had a broad purview which included what is today called social psychology. To that scientific area he contributed his Völkerpsychologie: Eine Untersuchung der Entwicklungsgesetze von Sprache, Mythus, und Sitte (Leipzig: Engelmann) which appeared in ten volumes over a period of twenty years (1900-1920). The year 1920 was the year of his death. An abridged English translation of the first five volumes was published under the title Elements of Folk Psychology: Outlines of a Psychological History of the Development of Mankind (New York: Macmillan, 1916). The biased and partial nature of Wundt's reputation has recently been strenuously corrected by psychologists like Arthur L. Blumenthal. For example, see Arthur Blumenthal, "A Reappraisal of Wilhelm Wundt," American Psychologist 30 (1975): 1081-1088. See also the collective volume Wilhelm Wundt and the Making of a Scientific Psychology R. W. Rieber, Ed. (New York: Plenum Press, 1980); and Wundt Studies: A Centennial Collection Wolfgang G. Bringmann and Ryan D. Tweney, Eds. (Toronto: C. J. Hogrefe, 1980). In this context it has not been sufficiently stressed that the extra-physiological (experimental) work of Wundt was done in the last fourth of his life, long after his more influential American students, like G. S. Hall and Titchener had known him in Leipzig. Oddly enough, and unlike Wundt's American students, his contributions to folk psychology were recognized and cited by the founder of psychoanalysis, Sigmund Freud, who in 1911-1913 discussed Wundt's extensive treatment of totemism, taboos and exogamy in his own book Totem and Taboo in the Standard Edition of Sigmund Freud's Complete Psychological Works, volume 13, (London, Hogarth Press, 1955): 1-161. Despite the recent repudiation of Titchener's alleged one-sided interpretation of Wundt's contribution to psychology. Titchener himself in a generous tribute to his early mentor, published as an obituary that included the Völkerpsychologie, came to the prophetic conclusion: ". . . If a man is to gain his niche in history he must have the total vision, the generative idea. . . . In this sense I am prepared to say that Wundt is the founder, not of experimental psychology alone, but of psychology. . . . But the dominant idea of Wundt's life, the idea upon which his reputation is most solidly based, the idea that persisted with him to the very end of his university activity, is the idea of an experimental psychology." See American Journal of Psychology 32 (1921): 161-178.
10. This statement regarding Wundt's orientation refers primarily to his earlier contributions and to the influence he exerted in America through the rather selective emphasis of Edward B. Titchener who received his Ph.D. under Wundt at Leipzig in 1892. It was through Titchener that most American psychologists of that generation knew about Wundt and believed him to be a "structuralist" like Titchener who limited scientific psychology to facts acquired by observers trained in introspection. In fact, Wundt in the totality of his career had a broad purview which included what is today called social psychology. To that scientific area he contributed his Völkerpsychologie: Eine Untersuchung der Entwicklungsgesetze von Sprache, Mythus, und Sitte (Leipzig: Engelmann) which appeared in ten volumes over a period of twenty years (1900-1920). The year 1920 was the year of his death. An abridged English translation of the first five volumes was published under the title Elements of Folk Psychology: Outlines of a Psychological History of the Development of Mankind (New York: Macmillan, 1916). The biased and partial nature of Wundt's reputation has recently been strenuously corrected by psychologists like Arthur L. Blumenthal. For example, see Arthur Blumenthal, "A Reappraisal of Wilhelm Wundt," American Psychologist 30 (1975): 1081-1088. See also the collective volume Wilhelm Wundt and the Making of a Scientific Psychology R. W. Rieber, Ed. (New York: Plenum Press, 1980); and Wundt Studies: A Centennial Collection Wolfgang G. Bringmann and Ryan D. Tweney, Eds. (Toronto: C. J. Hogrefe, 1980). In this context it has not been sufficiently stressed that the extra-physiological (experimental) work of Wundt was done in the last fourth of his life, long after his more influential American students, like G. S. Hall and Titchener had known him in Leipzig. Oddly enough, and unlike Wundt's American students, his contributions to folk psychology were recognized and cited by the founder of psychoanalysis, Sigmund Freud, who in 1911-1913 discussed Wundt's extensive treatment of totemism, taboos and exogamy in his own book Totem and Taboo in the Standard Edition of Sigmund Freud's Complete Psychological Works, volume 13, (London, Hogarth Press, 1955): 1-161. Despite the recent repudiation of Titchener's alleged one-sided interpretation of Wundt's contribution to psychology. Titchener himself in a generous tribute to his early mentor, published as an obituary that included the Völkerpsychologie, came to the prophetic conclusion: ". . . If a man is to gain his niche in history he must have the total vision, the generative idea. . . . In this sense I am prepared to say that Wundt is the founder, not of experimental psychology alone, but of psychology. . . . But the dominant idea of Wundt's life, the idea upon which his reputation is most solidly based, the idea that persisted with him to the very end of his university activity, is the idea of an experimental psychology." See American Journal of Psychology 32 (1921): 161-178.
11. This statement regarding Wundt's orientation refers primarily to his earlier contributions and to the influence he exerted in America through the rather selective emphasis of Edward B. Titchener who received his Ph.D. under Wundt at Leipzig in 1892. It was through Titchener that most American psychologists of that generation knew about Wundt and believed him to be a "structuralist" like Titchener who limited scientific psychology to facts acquired by observers trained in introspection. In fact, Wundt in the totality of his career had a broad purview which included what is today called social psychology. To that scientific area he contributed his Völkerpsychologie: Eine Untersuchung der Entwicklungsgesetze von Sprache, Mythus, und Sitte (Leipzig: Engelmann) which appeared in ten volumes over a period of twenty years (1900-1920). The year 1920 was the year of his death. An abridged English translation of the first five volumes was published under the title Elements of Folk Psychology: Outlines of a Psychological History of the Development of Mankind (New York: Macmillan, 1916). The biased and partial nature of Wundt's reputation has recently been strenuously corrected by psychologists like Arthur L. Blumenthal. For example, see Arthur Blumenthal, "A Reappraisal of Wilhelm Wundt," American Psychologist 30 (1975): 1081-1088. See also the collective volume Wilhelm Wundt and the Making of a Scientific Psychology R. W. Rieber, Ed. (New York: Plenum Press, 1980); and Wundt Studies: A Centennial Collection Wolfgang G. Bringmann and Ryan D. Tweney, Eds. (Toronto: C. J. Hogrefe, 1980). In this context it has not been sufficiently stressed that the extra-physiological (experimental) work of Wundt was done in the last fourth of his life, long after his more influential American students, like G. S. Hall and Titchener had known him in Leipzig. Oddly enough, and unlike Wundt's American students, his contributions to folk psychology were recognized and cited by the founder of psychoanalysis, Sigmund Freud, who in 1911-1913 discussed Wundt's extensive treatment of totemism, taboos and exogamy in his own book Totem and Taboo in the Standard Edition of Sigmund Freud's Complete Psychological Works, volume 13, (London, Hogarth Press, 1955): 1-161. Despite the recent repudiation of Titchener's alleged one-sided interpretation of Wundt's contribution to psychology. Titchener himself in a generous tribute to his early mentor, published as an obituary that included the Völkerpsychologie, came to the prophetic conclusion: ". . . If a man is to gain his niche in history he must have the total vision, the generative idea. . . . In this sense I am prepared to say that Wundt is the founder, not of experimental psychology alone, but of psychology. . . . But the dominant idea of Wundt's life, the idea upon which his reputation is most solidly based, the idea that persisted with him to the very end of his university activity, is the idea of an experimental psychology." See American Journal of Psychology 32 (1921): 161-178.
12. Francis Galton, Inquiries into Human Faculty and its Development (London: Macmillan, 1883).
13. Cf. Sigmund Freud, Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works (London: Hogarth Press, 1962), volume 3, passim.
14. Wilhelm Dilthey, "Ideen über eine beschreibende und zergliedernde Psychologie," Sitzungsberichten der Königl Preussiskchen Akademie der Wissenschaften (Berlin, 1894).
15. Eduard Spranger, Lebensforemen: Geisteswissenschaftliche Psychologie und Ethik der Persönlichkeit, 1st edition (Halle: Verlag von Max Niemeyer, 1921). Eduard Spranger, Types of Men: The Psychology and Ethics of Personality, 5th ed., P. J. W. Pigors, Trans. (Halle: Max Niemeyer Verlag, 1928).
16. Eduard Spranger, Lebensforemen: Geisteswissenschaftliche Psychologie und Ethik der Persönlichkeit, 1st edition (Halle: Verlag von Max Niemeyer, 1921). Eduard Spranger, Types of Men: The Psychology and Ethics of Personality, 5th ed., P. J. W. Pigors, Trans. (Halle: Max Niemeyer Verlag, 1928).
17. Wilhelm Windelband, Geschichte und Naturwissenschaft, 3rd ed. (Strassburg: Heitz, 1894).
18. It is not strictly true that the classification of the Geisteswissenschaften necessarily implies an idiographic orientation. The point is more correctly conceptualized in the formulation of three types of norms called for in the idiodynamic purview, in which demographic norms, along with the nomothetic and idiodynamic, allow for what is collectively embraced under Geisteswissenschaften.
19. See William Stern, Person und Sache: System des Kritischen Personalismus (Leipzig: Barth, 1923) 3 volumes; and William Stern, General Psychology from the Personalistic Standpoint, H. D. Spoerl, Trans. (New York: Macmillan, 1938).
20. See William Stern, Person und Sache: System des Kritischen Personalismus (Leipzig: Barth, 1923) 3 volumes; and William Stern, General Psychology from the Personalistic Standpoint, H. D. Spoerl, Trans. (New York: Macmillan, 1938).
21. See Gordon W. Allport, Personality: A Psychological Interpretation (New York: Henry Holt and Company, 1937).
22. Ibid., pp. 22-23.
23. Saul Rosenzweig, "The Place of the Individual and of Idiodynamics in Psychology: A Dialogue," Journal of Individual Psychology 14 (1958): 3-20.
24. Cf. Saul Rosenzweig, "Idiodynamics in Personality Theory with Special Reference to Projective Methods," Psychological Review 58 (1951): 213-223; Rosenzweig, "Freud and Experimental Psychology: The Emergence of Idiodynamics," in A Century of Psychology as Science, Sigmund Koch and David E. Leary, eds. (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1985); 135-207; Rosenzweig, Freud, Jung, and Hall the King-Maker: The Historic Expedition to America (1909) (Seattle: Hogrefe & Huber and St. Louis: Rana House, 1992); Rosenzweig, The Historic Expedition to America (1909): Freud, Jung, and Hall the King-Maker, 2nd edition (St. Louis: Rana House, 1994); Rosenzweig, "Idiodynamics," in Encyclopedia of Psychology, Vol.2, 2nd ed. (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1994): 205-208.
25. Cf. Saul Rosenzweig, "Idiodynamics in Personality Theory with Special Reference to Projective Methods," Psychological Review 58 (1951): 213-223; Rosenzweig, "Freud and Experimental Psychology: The Emergence of Idiodynamics," in A Century of Psychology as Science, Sigmund Koch and David E. Leary, eds. (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1985); 135-207; Rosenzweig, Freud, Jung, and Hall the King-Maker: The Historic Expedition to America (1909) (Seattle: Hogrefe & Huber and St. Louis: Rana House, 1992); Rosenzweig, The Historic Expedition to America (1909): Freud, Jung, and Hall the King-Maker, 2nd edition (St. Louis: Rana House, 1994); Rosenzweig, "Idiodynamics," in Encyclopedia of Psychology, Vol.2, 2nd ed. (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1994): 205-208.
26. Cf. Saul Rosenzweig, "Idiodynamics in Personality Theory with Special Reference to Projective Methods," Psychological Review 58 (1951): 213-223; Rosenzweig, "Freud and Experimental Psychology: The Emergence of Idiodynamics," in A Century of Psychology as Science, Sigmund Koch and David E. Leary, eds. (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1985); 135-207; Rosenzweig, Freud, Jung, and Hall the King-Maker: The Historic Expedition to America (1909) (Seattle: Hogrefe & Huber and St. Louis: Rana House, 1992); Rosenzweig, The Historic Expedition to America (1909): Freud, Jung, and Hall the King-Maker, 2nd edition (St. Louis: Rana House, 1994); Rosenzweig, "Idiodynamics," in Encyclopedia of Psychology, Vol.2, 2nd ed. (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1994): 205-208.
27. Cf. Saul Rosenzweig, "Idiodynamics in Personality Theory with Special Reference to Projective Methods," Psychological Review 58 (1951): 213-223; Rosenzweig, "Freud and Experimental Psychology: The Emergence of Idiodynamics," in A Century of Psychology as Science, Sigmund Koch and David E. Leary, eds. (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1985); 135-207; Rosenzweig, Freud, Jung, and Hall the King-Maker: The Historic Expedition to America (1909) (Seattle: Hogrefe & Huber and St. Louis: Rana House, 1992); Rosenzweig, The Historic Expedition to America (1909): Freud, Jung, and Hall the King-Maker, 2nd edition (St. Louis: Rana House, 1994); Rosenzweig, "Idiodynamics," in Encyclopedia of Psychology, Vol.2, 2nd ed. (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1994): 205-208.
28. Cf. Saul Rosenzweig, "Idiodynamics in Personality Theory with Special Reference to Projective Methods," Psychological Review 58 (1951): 213-223; Rosenzweig, "Freud and Experimental Psychology: The Emergence of Idiodynamics," in A Century of Psychology as Science, Sigmund Koch and David E. Leary, eds. (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1985); 135-207; Rosenzweig, Freud, Jung, and Hall the King-Maker: The Historic Expedition to America (1909) (Seattle: Hogrefe & Huber and St. Louis: Rana House, 1992); Rosenzweig, The Historic Expedition to America (1909): Freud, Jung, and Hall the King-Maker, 2nd edition (St. Louis: Rana House, 1994); Rosenzweig, "Idiodynamics," in Encyclopedia of Psychology, Vol.2, 2nd ed. (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1994): 205-208.
29. See Francis Galton, Inquiries into Human Faculty, 182-203. For a comprehensive review of the literature on word association and the related "complexes," see Samuel C. Kohs, "The Association Method in its Relation to the Complex and Complex Indicators," American Journal of Psychology 25 (1914): 544-594. This survey begins with Martin Trautscholdt (1883) and continues through Emil Kraepelin (1892), Gustav Aschaffenburg (1896), Max Wertheimer and Julius Klein (1904), and C. G. Jung (1904-1910).
30. See Francis Galton, Inquiries into Human Faculty, 182-203. For a comprehensive review of the literature on word association and the related "complexes," see Samuel C. Kohs, "The Association Method in its Relation to the Complex and Complex Indicators," American Journal of Psychology 25 (1914): 544-594. This survey begins with Martin Trautscholdt (1883) and continues through Emil Kraepelin (1892), Gustav Aschaffenburg (1896), Max Wertheimer and Julius Klein (1904), and C. G. Jung (1904-1910).
31. An excellent survey is available in C. G. Jung, Studies in Word-Association (London: Heinemann, 1918).
32. Rosenzweig, "The Place of the Individual," 8.
33. Gordon W. Allport to Saul Rosenzweig, 30 June 1958.
34. Raymond B. Cattell, Personality: A Systematic Theoretical and Factual Study (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1950).
35. Saul Rosenzweig to Gordon W. Allport 7 October 1958.
36. R. M. Martin, Events, Reference, and Logical Form (Washington: The Catholic University of America Press, 1978). A generation earlier, there were the pioneering efforts of the theoretical biologist, J. H. Woodger, Biology and Language: An Introduction to the Methodology of the Biological Sciences Including Medicine (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1952), and J. H. Woodger, Physics, Psychology and Medicine: A Methodological Essay (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1956). In neurology, the methods and discoveries of Wilder Penfield pointed to some of the organic correlates of the registration, retention, and apperceptive recall of individual experiences; see Wilder Penfield, The Excitable Cortex in Conscious Man (Springfield, Illinois: Thomas, 1958), and Wilder Penfield, The Mystery of Mind (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1975). Related developments in cognitive psychology are exemplified by the innovative investigations in H. F. Crovitz, Galton's Walk: Methods for the Analysis of Thinking, Intelligence, and Creativity (New York: Harper & Rowe, 1970), H. F. Crovitz and H. Schiffman, "Frequency of Episodic Memories as a Function of Their Age," Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society 4 (1974): 517-518, and D. C. Rubin, "On the Retention Function for Autobiographical Memory," Journal of Verbal Learning & Verbal Behavior 21 (1982): 21-38, on memory for autobiographical incidents.
37. R. M. Martin, Events, Reference, and Logical Form (Washington: The Catholic University of America Press, 1978). A generation earlier, there were the pioneering efforts of the theoretical biologist, J. H. Woodger, Biology and Language: An Introduction to the Methodology of the Biological Sciences Including Medicine (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1952), and J. H. Woodger, Physics, Psychology and Medicine: A Methodological Essay (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1956). In neurology, the methods and discoveries of Wilder Penfield pointed to some of the organic correlates of the registration, retention, and apperceptive recall of individual experiences; see Wilder Penfield, The Excitable Cortex in Conscious Man (Springfield, Illinois: Thomas, 1958), and Wilder Penfield, The Mystery of Mind (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1975). Related developments in cognitive psychology are exemplified by the innovative investigations in H. F. Crovitz, Galton's Walk: Methods for the Analysis of Thinking, Intelligence, and Creativity (New York: Harper & Rowe, 1970), H. F. Crovitz and H. Schiffman, "Frequency of Episodic Memories as a Function of Their Age," Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society 4 (1974): 517-518, and D. C. Rubin, "On the Retention Function for Autobiographical Memory," Journal of Verbal Learning & Verbal Behavior 21 (1982): 21-38, on memory for autobiographical incidents.
38. R. M. Martin, Events, Reference, and Logical Form (Washington: The Catholic University of America Press, 1978). A generation earlier, there were the pioneering efforts of the theoretical biologist, J. H. Woodger, Biology and Language: An Introduction to the Methodology of the Biological Sciences Including Medicine (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1952), and J. H. Woodger, Physics, Psychology and Medicine: A Methodological Essay (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1956). In neurology, the methods and discoveries of Wilder Penfield pointed to some of the organic correlates of the registration, retention, and apperceptive recall of individual experiences; see Wilder Penfield, The Excitable Cortex in Conscious Man (Springfield, Illinois: Thomas, 1958), and Wilder Penfield, The Mystery of Mind (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1975). Related developments in cognitive psychology are exemplified by the innovative investigations in H. F. Crovitz, Galton's Walk: Methods for the Analysis of Thinking, Intelligence, and Creativity (New York: Harper & Rowe, 1970), H. F. Crovitz and H. Schiffman, "Frequency of Episodic Memories as a Function of Their Age," Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society 4 (1974): 517-518, and D. C. Rubin, "On the Retention Function for Autobiographical Memory," Journal of Verbal Learning & Verbal Behavior 21 (1982): 21-38, on memory for autobiographical incidents.
39. R. M. Martin, Events, Reference, and Logical Form (Washington: The Catholic University of America Press, 1978). A generation earlier, there were the pioneering efforts of the theoretical biologist, J. H. Woodger, Biology and Language: An Introduction to the Methodology of the Biological Sciences Including Medicine (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1952), and J. H. Woodger, Physics, Psychology and Medicine: A Methodological Essay (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1956). In neurology, the methods and discoveries of Wilder Penfield pointed to some of the organic correlates of the registration, retention, and apperceptive recall of individual experiences; see Wilder Penfield, The Excitable Cortex in Conscious Man (Springfield, Illinois: Thomas, 1958), and Wilder Penfield, The Mystery of Mind (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1975). Related developments in cognitive psychology are exemplified by the innovative investigations in H. F. Crovitz, Galton's Walk: Methods for the Analysis of Thinking, Intelligence, and Creativity (New York: Harper & Rowe, 1970), H. F. Crovitz and H. Schiffman, "Frequency of Episodic Memories as a Function of Their Age," Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society 4 (1974): 517-518, and D. C. Rubin, "On the Retention Function for Autobiographical Memory," Journal of Verbal Learning & Verbal Behavior 21 (1982): 21-38, on memory for autobiographical incidents.
40. R. M. Martin, Events, Reference, and Logical Form (Washington: The Catholic University of America Press, 1978). A generation earlier, there were the pioneering efforts of the theoretical biologist, J. H. Woodger, Biology and Language: An Introduction to the Methodology of the Biological Sciences Including Medicine (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1952), and J. H. Woodger, Physics, Psychology and Medicine: A Methodological Essay (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1956). In neurology, the methods and discoveries of Wilder Penfield pointed to some of the organic correlates of the registration, retention, and apperceptive recall of individual experiences; see Wilder Penfield, The Excitable Cortex in Conscious Man (Springfield, Illinois: Thomas, 1958), and Wilder Penfield, The Mystery of Mind (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1975). Related developments in cognitive psychology are exemplified by the innovative investigations in H. F. Crovitz, Galton's Walk: Methods for the Analysis of Thinking, Intelligence, and Creativity (New York: Harper & Rowe, 1970), H. F. Crovitz and H. Schiffman, "Frequency of Episodic Memories as a Function of Their Age," Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society 4 (1974): 517-518, and D. C. Rubin, "On the Retention Function for Autobiographical Memory," Journal of Verbal Learning & Verbal Behavior 21 (1982): 21-38, on memory for autobiographical incidents.
41. R. M. Martin, Events, Reference, and Logical Form (Washington: The Catholic University of America Press, 1978). A generation earlier, there were the pioneering efforts of the theoretical biologist, J. H. Woodger, Biology and Language: An Introduction to the Methodology of the Biological Sciences Including Medicine (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1952), and J. H. Woodger, Physics, Psychology and Medicine: A Methodological Essay (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1956). In neurology, the methods and discoveries of Wilder Penfield pointed to some of the organic correlates of the registration, retention, and apperceptive recall of individual experiences; see Wilder Penfield, The Excitable Cortex in Conscious Man (Springfield, Illinois: Thomas, 1958), and Wilder Penfield, The Mystery of Mind (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1975). Related developments in cognitive psychology are exemplified by the innovative investigations in H. F. Crovitz, Galton's Walk: Methods for the Analysis of Thinking, Intelligence, and Creativity (New York: Harper & Rowe, 1970), H. F. Crovitz and H. Schiffman, "Frequency of Episodic Memories as a Function of Their Age," Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society 4 (1974): 517-518, and D. C. Rubin, "On the Retention Function for Autobiographical Memory," Journal of Verbal Learning & Verbal Behavior 21 (1982): 21-38, on memory for autobiographical incidents.
42. R. M. Martin, Events, Reference, and Logical Form (Washington: The Catholic University of America Press, 1978). A generation earlier, there were the pioneering efforts of the theoretical biologist, J. H. Woodger, Biology and Language: An Introduction to the Methodology of the Biological Sciences Including Medicine (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1952), and J. H. Woodger, Physics, Psychology and Medicine: A Methodological Essay (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1956). In neurology, the methods and discoveries of Wilder Penfield pointed to some of the organic correlates of the registration, retention, and apperceptive recall of individual experiences; see Wilder Penfield, The Excitable Cortex in Conscious Man (Springfield, Illinois: Thomas, 1958), and Wilder Penfield, The Mystery of Mind (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1975). Related developments in cognitive psychology are exemplified by the innovative investigations in H. F. Crovitz, Galton's Walk: Methods for the Analysis of Thinking, Intelligence, and Creativity (New York: Harper & Rowe, 1970), H. F. Crovitz and H. Schiffman, "Frequency of Episodic Memories as a Function of Their Age," Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society 4 (1974): 517-518, and D. C. Rubin, "On the Retention Function for Autobiographical Memory," Journal of Verbal Learning & Verbal Behavior 21 (1982): 21-38, on memory for autobiographical incidents.
43. R. M. Martin, Events, Reference, and Logical Form (Washington: The Catholic University of America Press, 1978). A generation earlier, there were the pioneering efforts of the theoretical biologist, J. H. Woodger, Biology and Language: An Introduction to the Methodology of the Biological Sciences Including Medicine (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1952), and J. H. Woodger, Physics, Psychology and Medicine: A Methodological Essay (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1956). In neurology, the methods and discoveries of Wilder Penfield pointed to some of the organic correlates of the registration, retention, and apperceptive recall of individual experiences; see Wilder Penfield, The Excitable Cortex in Conscious Man (Springfield, Illinois: Thomas, 1958), and Wilder Penfield, The Mystery of Mind (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1975). Related developments in cognitive psychology are exemplified by the innovative investigations in H. F. Crovitz, Galton's Walk: Methods for the Analysis of Thinking, Intelligence, and Creativity (New York: Harper & Rowe, 1970), H. F. Crovitz and H. Schiffman, "Frequency of Episodic Memories as a Function of Their Age," Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society 4 (1974): 517-518, and D. C. Rubin, "On the Retention Function for Autobiographical Memory," Journal of Verbal Learning & Verbal Behavior 21 (1982): 21-38, on memory for autobiographical incidents.
44. See Organization of Memory, Endel Tulving and W. Donaldson, eds. (New York: Academic Press, 1972, Part 3).
45. Thus in Endel Tulving's book, Elements of Episodic Memory (New York: Oxford University Press, 1983): 142-149, the author considers the definition of "Original events" and their basic role in memory as a process.
46. See Varieties of Memory and Consciousness: Essays Presented in Honor of Endel Tulving, Henry L. Roediger, III and Fergus I. Craik, Eds., (Hillsdale: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1989), chap. 2. The event continues to be of focal interest in Memory Systems 1994, Daniel R. Schacter and Endel Tulving, Eds. (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1994). See especially the section, "Defining Memory Systems," 13f.
47. See Varieties of Memory and Consciousness: Essays Presented in Honor of Endel Tulving, Henry L. Roediger, III and Fergus I. Craik, Eds., (Hillsdale: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1989), chap. 2. The event continues to be of focal interest in Memory Systems 1994, Daniel R. Schacter and Endel Tulving, Eds. (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1994). See especially the section, "Defining Memory Systems," 13f.
48. See Varieties of Memory and Consciousness: Essays Presented in Honor of Endel Tulving, Henry L. Roediger, III and Fergus I. Craik, Eds., (Hillsdale: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1989), chap. 2. The event continues to be of focal interest in Memory Systems 1994, Daniel R. Schacter and Endel Tulving, Eds. (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1994). See especially the section, "Defining Memory Systems," 13f.
49. See the following publications by S. Rosenzweig: "Norms" in Feelings and Emotions, Reymert, Ed. (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1950) 327-335; Rosenzweig, "Idiodynamics in Personality Theory." 213-223; "Background to Idiodynamics," The Clinical Psychologist 39 (1986): 83-89; Freud and Experimental Psychology: The Emergence of Idiodynamics, 2nd rev. ed. (Rana House: St. Louis and New York: McGraw-Hill, 1986); Freud, Jung and Hall; and "Idiodynamics," in Encyclopedia of Psychology: 205-208.
50. See the following publications by S. Rosenzweig: "Norms" in Feelings and Emotions, Reymert, Ed. (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1950) 327-335; Rosenzweig, "Idiodynamics in Personality Theory." 213-223; "Background to Idiodynamics," The Clinical Psychologist 39 (1986): 83-89; Freud and Experimental Psychology: The Emergence of Idiodynamics, 2nd rev. ed. (Rana House: St. Louis and New York: McGraw-Hill, 1986); Freud, Jung and Hall; and "Idiodynamics," in Encyclopedia of Psychology: 205-208.
51. See the following publications by S. Rosenzweig: "Norms" in Feelings and Emotions, Reymert, Ed. (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1950) 327-335; Rosenzweig, "Idiodynamics in Personality Theory." 213-223; "Background to Idiodynamics," The Clinical Psychologist 39 (1986): 83-89; Freud and Experimental Psychology: The Emergence of Idiodynamics, 2nd rev. ed. (Rana House: St. Louis and New York: McGraw-Hill, 1986); Freud, Jung and Hall; and "Idiodynamics," in Encyclopedia of Psychology: 205-208.
52. See the following publications by S. Rosenzweig: "Norms" in Feelings and Emotions, Reymert, Ed. (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1950) 327-335; Rosenzweig, "Idiodynamics in Personality Theory." 213-223; "Background to Idiodynamics," The Clinical Psychologist 39 (1986): 83-89; Freud and Experimental Psychology: The Emergence of Idiodynamics, 2nd rev. ed. (Rana House: St. Louis and New York: McGraw-Hill, 1986); Freud, Jung and Hall; and "Idiodynamics," in Encyclopedia of Psychology: 205-208.
53. See the following publications by S. Rosenzweig: "Norms" in Feelings and Emotions, Reymert, Ed. (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1950) 327-335; Rosenzweig, "Idiodynamics in Personality Theory." 213-223; "Background to Idiodynamics," The Clinical Psychologist 39 (1986): 83-89; Freud and Experimental Psychology: The Emergence of Idiodynamics, 2nd rev. ed. (Rana House: St. Louis and New York: McGraw-Hill, 1986); Freud, Jung and Hall; and "Idiodynamics," in Encyclopedia of Psychology: 205-208.
54. See the following publications by S. Rosenzweig: "Norms" in Feelings and Emotions, Reymert, Ed. (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1950) 327-335; Rosenzweig, "Idiodynamics in Personality Theory." 213-223; "Background to Idiodynamics," The Clinical Psychologist 39 (1986): 83-89; Freud and Experimental Psychology: The Emergence of Idiodynamics, 2nd rev. ed. (Rana House: St. Louis and New York: McGraw-Hill, 1986); Freud, Jung and Hall; and "Idiodynamics," in Encyclopedia of Psychology: 205-208.
55. G. W. Allport, Pattern and Growth in Personality (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1961): 13-15.
56. Allport, Pattern and Growth, 13. Allport's original source (without the parenthetical statements) is Personality in Nature, Society and Culture, Clyde Kluckhohn, Henry A. Murray, and David Scheider, Eds. (New York: Alfred Knopf, 1953): 53.
57. Allport, Pattern and Growth, 13. Allport's original source (without the parenthetical statements) is Personality in Nature, Society and Culture, Clyde Kluckhohn, Henry A. Murray, and David Scheider, Eds. (New York: Alfred Knopf, 1953): 53.
58. G. W. Allport, Pattern and Growth.
59. Ibid, 14-15.
60. G. W. Allport, "The General and the Unique in Psychological Science," Journal of Personality 30 (1962): 405-422.
61. Ibid., 421.
62. "Gordon W. Allport," in A History of Psychology in Autobiography, Edwin G. Boring and Gardner Lindzey, eds. (New York: Appleton-Century Crofts, 1967): vol. 5, 3-25. One could argue that a reference in Gordon W. Allport, The Person in Psychology: Selected Essays (Boston: Beacon Press, 1968), 395, to an "on-moving structure of personality" still smacked of the idiodynamic.
63. "Gordon W. Allport," in A History of Psychology in Autobiography, Edwin G. Boring and Gardner Lindzey, eds. (New York: Appleton-Century Crofts, 1967): vol. 5, 3-25. One could argue that a reference in Gordon W. Allport, The Person in Psychology: Selected Essays (Boston: Beacon Press, 1968), 395, to an "on-moving structure of personality" still smacked of the idiodynamic.
64. See, for example, David G. Winter, "Gordon Allport and 'Letters from Jenny,'" in Fifty Years of Personality Psychology, Kenneth H. Craik, Robert Hogan, and Raymond N. Wolfe, eds. (New York: Plenum Press, 1993): 153.
65. G. W. Allport, "Traits Revisited," American Psychologist 21 (1966): 1-10. Reprinted in G. W. Allport, The Person in Psychology: Selected Essays (Boston: Beacon Press, 1968): 43-66.
66. G. W. Allport, "Traits Revisited," American Psychologist 21 (1966): 1-10. Reprinted in G. W. Allport, The Person in Psychology: Selected Essays (Boston: Beacon Press, 1968): 43-66.
67. Ibid., 49f.
68. Ibid., 62.
69. Ibid., 64.
70. G. W. Allport, Becoming: Basic Considerations for a Psychology of Personality (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1955): 44.
71. Allport, Pattern and Growth, 1961.
72. Duane Schultz, Theories of Personality (Monterey, Cal.: Brooks/Cole, 1976): 197.
73. Allport, Pattern and Growth, p. 229.
74. Bem P. Allen, Personality Theories (Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 1994): 645.
75. Allport, "My Encounters with Personality Theory," unpublished manuscript, W. G. T. Douglas, Recorded by and Ed. Boston University School of Theology, 1962. Cited in Alan C. Elms "Allport's Personality and Allport's Personality," in Fifty Years, Craik, Hogan, and Wolfe, eds. 39-55.
76. Allport, "My Encounters with Personality Theory," unpublished manuscript, W. G. T. Douglas, Recorded by and Ed. Boston University School of Theology, 1962. Cited in Alan C. Elms "Allport's Personality and Allport's Personality," in Fifty Years, Craik, Hogan, and Wolfe, eds. 39-55.
77. Peter A. Bertocci, The Person God Is (London: George Allen & Unwin Ltd., 1970): 67.
78. G. W. Allport, Waiting for the Lord: 33 Meditations on God and Man, Peter A. Bertocci, Ed. (New York: Macmillan, 1978).
79. G. W. Allport, The Individual and His Religion: A Psychological Interpretation (New York: Macmillan, 1950): 15.
80. Jerome Bruner, "Gordon Willard Allport: 1897-1967," American Journal of Psychology 81 (1968): 279-284.
81. "Gordon W. Allport" in History of Psychology, vol. 5. Boring and Lindzey, eds., 4.
82. G. W. Allport, The Quest of Nellie Wise Allport (Boston: Published by author, 1944). Allport papers, Harvard University Archives.
83. "Letters from Jenny," (Anon). Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology 41 (1946): 315-350; 449-480. A later more complete edition appeared as a separate monograph with G. W. Allport as the acknowledged editor.
84. Winter, "Gordon Allport and 'Letters from Jenny,'" 147-163.
85. Cf. Allport, The Quest, 15.
86. Ibid., 15-16.
87. Ibid.
88. Cf. Ian A. M. Nicholson, "Moral Projects and Disciplinary Practices: Gordon Allport and the Development of American Personality Psychology." Ph.D. diss., York University, North York, Ontario, Canada, 1996, 146.
89. See Richard Cabot, Social Work: Essays on the Meeting-ground of Doctor and Social Worker (Boston: Houghton-Mifflin, 1919); and Richard Cabot, Adventures on the Borderlands of Ethics (New York: Harper & Row, 1926).
90. See Richard Cabot, Social Work: Essays on the Meeting-ground of Doctor and Social Worker (Boston: Houghton-Mifflin, 1919); and Richard Cabot, Adventures on the Borderlands of Ethics (New York: Harper & Row, 1926).
91. Anne Roe, "A Psychological Study of Eminent Psychologists and Anthropologists, and a Comparison with Biological and Physical Scientists," Psychological Monographs: General and Applied 67 (1953): 1-55.
92. Ian A. M. Nicholson, "Gordon Allport and His Religion," paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Cheiron Society, June 1994, p. 1. (unpublished, quoted by permission). The quoted letter from Allport to Anne Roe is dated March 29, 1951.
93. Allport, The Individual and His Religion, 15.
94. G. W. Allport, "The Problem, the Mystery: Some Reflections on Theological Education," (Matriculation Dinner Address) Bulletin of the Episcopal Theological School 59 (1967): 15-18. Allport's brother, Floyd Allport, did not share Gordon's viewpoint; in his autobiography, "Floyd H. Allport," in A History of Psychology, vol. 6, Lindzey, Ed., 3, Floyd noted that "I must have reacted differently from Gordon to what I felt to be the rather heavy religious influence in our early life. . . . Later when I went to college, we would have long and friendly arguments concerning science and religion." Another comparison (and rivalry) that is not pursued in the present article concerns Gordon Allport's relationship with Henry Murray.
95. G. W. Allport, "The Problem, the Mystery: Some Reflections on Theological Education," (Matriculation Dinner Address) Bulletin of the Episcopal Theological School 59 (1967): 15-18. Allport's brother, Floyd Allport, did not share Gordon's viewpoint; in his autobiography, "Floyd H. Allport," in A History of Psychology, vol. 6, Lindzey, Ed., 3, Floyd noted that "I must have reacted differently from Gordon to what I felt to be the rather heavy religious influence in our early life. . . . Later when I went to college, we would have long and friendly arguments concerning science and religion." Another comparison (and rivalry) that is not pursued in the present article concerns Gordon Allport's relationship with Henry Murray.