Family Metaphors and the Nation: Promoting a Politics of Care through the Million Mom March

Quarterly Journal of Speech

Volumn 89, Issue 3, 2003, Pages 196-215

  Hayden, Sara ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MONTANA   (United States)

Author keywords

Feminine style; Metaphor; Million Mom March; Motherhood; Nation as family

Indexed keywords

EID: 0242641172     PISSN: 00335630     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/0033563032000125313     Document Type: Review

References (158)

1. The crowd estimate was provided by the Million Mom March organization. Journalists are typically wary of organizations' tendencies to inflate such figures; however, because the U.S. Park Police no longer provide crowd estimates, this figure was commonly cited in news accounts. Susan Levine, "Many Moms' Voices Heard on Mall Mall," Washington Post, 15 May 2000, sec. A, p. 1.
2. Wendy Koch, "Leaders of Mom March Call it a Starting Step," USA Today, 24 April 2000, sec. A, p. 9.
3. See Harriet Alanso, Peace as a Women's Issue: A History of the U.S. Movement for World Peace and Women's Rights (Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 1993); Seth Koven and Sonya Michel, Mothers of a New World: Maternalist Politics and the Origns of Welfare States (Routledge: New York, 1993); Amy Swerdlow, Women Strike for Place: Traditional Motherhood and Radical Politics in the 1960s (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1993); Mari Boor Tonn, "Militant Motherhood: Labor's Mary Harris 'Mother' Jones," Quarterly Journal of Speech 82 (1996): 1-21.
4. See Harriet Alanso, Peace as a Women's Issue: A History of the U.S. Movement for World Peace and Women's Rights (Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 1993); Seth Koven and Sonya Michel, Mothers of a New World: Maternalist Politics and the Origns of Welfare States (Routledge: New York, 1993); Amy Swerdlow, Women Strike for Place: Traditional Motherhood and Radical Politics in the 1960s (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1993); Mari Boor Tonn, "Militant Motherhood: Labor's Mary Harris 'Mother' Jones," Quarterly Journal of Speech 82 (1996): 1-21.
5. See Harriet Alanso, Peace as a Women's Issue: A History of the U.S. Movement for World Peace and Women's Rights (Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 1993); Seth Koven and Sonya Michel, Mothers of a New World: Maternalist Politics and the Origns of Welfare States (Routledge: New York, 1993); Amy Swerdlow, Women Strike for Place: Traditional Motherhood and Radical Politics in the 1960s (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1993); Mari Boor Tonn, "Militant Motherhood: Labor's Mary Harris 'Mother' Jones," Quarterly Journal of Speech 82 (1996): 1-21.
6. See Harriet Alanso, Peace as a Women's Issue: A History of the U.S. Movement for World Peace and Women's Rights (Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 1993); Seth Koven and Sonya Michel, Mothers of a New World: Maternalist Politics and the Origns of Welfare States (Routledge: New York, 1993); Amy Swerdlow, Women Strike for Place: Traditional Motherhood and Radical Politics in the 1960s (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1993); Mari Boor Tonn, "Militant Motherhood: Labor's Mary Harris 'Mother' Jones," Quarterly Journal of Speech 82 (1996): 1-21.
7. Valeria Fabj, "Motherhood as Political Voice: The Rhetoric of the Mothers of Plaza de Mayo," Communication Studies 44 (1993): 1-18; Alexis Jetter, Annelise Orleck, and Diana Taylor, eds., The Politics of Motherhood: Activist Voices from Left to Right (Hanover: University Press of New England, 1997); Sara Ruddick, Maternal Thinking: Toward a Politics of Peace, 2nd edition (Boston: Beacon Press, 1995); Sara Ruddick, "From Maternal Thinking to Peace Politics" in Explorations in Feminist Ethics: Theory and Practice, eds. Eve Browning Cole and Susan Coultrap-McQuin (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1992), 141-55; Sara Ruddick, "Rethinking 'Maternal' Politics" in The Politics of Motherhood: Activist Voices from Left to Right, 369-82; Sara Ruddick, "'Woman of Peace': A Feminist Construction," in The Women and War Reader, ed. Lois Ann Loremzen and Jennifer Turpin (New York: New York University Press, 1998), 213-26; Lynn M. Stearney, "Feminism, Ecofeminism, and the Maternal Archetype: Motherhood as a Feminine Universal," Communication Quarterly 42 (1994): 145-59; Jennifer Turpin, "Many Faces: Women Confronting War" in The Women and War Reader, 3-18.
8. Valeria Fabj, "Motherhood as Political Voice: The Rhetoric of the Mothers of Plaza de Mayo," Communication Studies 44 (1993): 1-18; Alexis Jetter, Annelise Orleck, and Diana Taylor, eds., The Politics of Motherhood: Activist Voices from Left to Right (Hanover: University Press of New England, 1997); Sara Ruddick, Maternal Thinking: Toward a Politics of Peace, 2nd edition (Boston: Beacon Press, 1995); Sara Ruddick, "From Maternal Thinking to Peace Politics" in Explorations in Feminist Ethics: Theory and Practice, eds. Eve Browning Cole and Susan Coultrap-McQuin (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1992), 141-55; Sara Ruddick, "Rethinking 'Maternal' Politics" in The Politics of Motherhood: Activist Voices from Left to Right, 369-82; Sara Ruddick, "'Woman of Peace': A Feminist Construction," in The Women and War Reader, ed. Lois Ann Loremzen and Jennifer Turpin (New York: New York University Press, 1998), 213-26; Lynn M. Stearney, "Feminism, Ecofeminism, and the Maternal Archetype: Motherhood as a Feminine Universal," Communication Quarterly 42 (1994): 145-59; Jennifer Turpin, "Many Faces: Women Confronting War" in The Women and War Reader, 3-18.
9. Valeria Fabj, "Motherhood as Political Voice: The Rhetoric of the Mothers of Plaza de Mayo," Communication Studies 44 (1993): 1-18; Alexis Jetter, Annelise Orleck, and Diana Taylor, eds., The Politics of Motherhood: Activist Voices from Left to Right (Hanover: University Press of New England, 1997); Sara Ruddick, Maternal Thinking: Toward a Politics of Peace, 2nd edition (Boston: Beacon Press, 1995); Sara Ruddick, "From Maternal Thinking to Peace Politics" in Explorations in Feminist Ethics: Theory and Practice, eds. Eve Browning Cole and Susan Coultrap-McQuin (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1992), 141-55; Sara Ruddick, "Rethinking 'Maternal' Politics" in The Politics of Motherhood: Activist Voices from Left to Right, 369-82; Sara Ruddick, "'Woman of Peace': A Feminist Construction," in The Women and War Reader, ed. Lois Ann Loremzen and Jennifer Turpin (New York: New York University Press, 1998), 213-26; Lynn M. Stearney, "Feminism, Ecofeminism, and the Maternal Archetype: Motherhood as a Feminine Universal," Communication Quarterly 42 (1994): 145-59; Jennifer Turpin, "Many Faces: Women Confronting War" in The Women and War Reader, 3-18.
10. Valeria Fabj, "Motherhood as Political Voice: The Rhetoric of the Mothers of Plaza de Mayo," Communication Studies 44 (1993): 1-18; Alexis Jetter, Annelise Orleck, and Diana Taylor, eds., The Politics of Motherhood: Activist Voices from Left to Right (Hanover: University Press of New England, 1997); Sara Ruddick, Maternal Thinking: Toward a Politics of Peace, 2nd edition (Boston: Beacon Press, 1995); Sara Ruddick, "From Maternal Thinking to Peace Politics" in Explorations in Feminist Ethics: Theory and Practice, eds. Eve Browning Cole and Susan Coultrap-McQuin (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1992), 141-55; Sara Ruddick, "Rethinking 'Maternal' Politics" in The Politics of Motherhood: Activist Voices from Left to Right, 369-82; Sara Ruddick, "'Woman of Peace': A Feminist Construction," in The Women and War Reader, ed. Lois Ann Loremzen and Jennifer Turpin (New York: New York University Press, 1998), 213-26; Lynn M. Stearney, "Feminism, Ecofeminism, and the Maternal Archetype: Motherhood as a Feminine Universal," Communication Quarterly 42 (1994): 145-59; Jennifer Turpin, "Many Faces: Women Confronting War" in The Women and War Reader, 3-18.
11. Valeria Fabj, "Motherhood as Political Voice: The Rhetoric of the Mothers of Plaza de Mayo," Communication Studies 44 (1993): 1-18; Alexis Jetter, Annelise Orleck, and Diana Taylor, eds., The Politics of Motherhood: Activist Voices from Left to Right (Hanover: University Press of New England, 1997); Sara Ruddick, Maternal Thinking: Toward a Politics of Peace, 2nd edition (Boston: Beacon Press, 1995); Sara Ruddick, "From Maternal Thinking to Peace Politics" in Explorations in Feminist Ethics: Theory and Practice, eds. Eve Browning Cole and Susan Coultrap-McQuin (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1992), 141-55; Sara Ruddick, "Rethinking 'Maternal' Politics" in The Politics of Motherhood: Activist Voices from Left to Right, 369-82; Sara Ruddick, "'Woman of Peace': A Feminist Construction," in The Women and War Reader, ed. Lois Ann Loremzen and Jennifer Turpin (New York: New York University Press, 1998), 213-26; Lynn M. Stearney, "Feminism, Ecofeminism, and the Maternal Archetype: Motherhood as a Feminine Universal," Communication Quarterly 42 (1994): 145-59; Jennifer Turpin, "Many Faces: Women Confronting War" in The Women and War Reader, 3-18.
12. Valeria Fabj, "Motherhood as Political Voice: The Rhetoric of the Mothers of Plaza de Mayo," Communication Studies 44 (1993): 1-18; Alexis Jetter, Annelise Orleck, and Diana Taylor, eds., The Politics of Motherhood: Activist Voices from Left to Right (Hanover: University Press of New England, 1997); Sara Ruddick, Maternal Thinking: Toward a Politics of Peace, 2nd edition (Boston: Beacon Press, 1995); Sara Ruddick, "From Maternal Thinking to Peace Politics" in Explorations in Feminist Ethics: Theory and Practice, eds. Eve Browning Cole and Susan Coultrap-McQuin (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1992), 141-55; Sara Ruddick, "Rethinking 'Maternal' Politics" in The Politics of Motherhood: Activist Voices from Left to Right, 369-82; Sara Ruddick, "'Woman of Peace': A Feminist Construction," in The Women and War Reader, ed. Lois Ann Loremzen and Jennifer Turpin (New York: New York University Press, 1998), 213-26; Lynn M. Stearney, "Feminism, Ecofeminism, and the Maternal Archetype: Motherhood as a Feminine Universal," Communication Quarterly 42 (1994): 145-59; Jennifer Turpin, "Many Faces: Women Confronting War" in The Women and War Reader, 3-18.
13. Valeria Fabj, "Motherhood as Political Voice: The Rhetoric of the Mothers of Plaza de Mayo," Communication Studies 44 (1993): 1-18; Alexis Jetter, Annelise Orleck, and Diana Taylor, eds., The Politics of Motherhood: Activist Voices from Left to Right (Hanover: University Press of New England, 1997); Sara Ruddick, Maternal Thinking: Toward a Politics of Peace, 2nd edition (Boston: Beacon Press, 1995); Sara Ruddick, "From Maternal Thinking to Peace Politics" in Explorations in Feminist Ethics: Theory and Practice, eds. Eve Browning Cole and Susan Coultrap-McQuin (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1992), 141-55; Sara Ruddick, "Rethinking 'Maternal' Politics" in The Politics of Motherhood: Activist Voices from Left to Right, 369-82; Sara Ruddick, "'Woman of Peace': A Feminist Construction," in The Women and War Reader, ed. Lois Ann Loremzen and Jennifer Turpin (New York: New York University Press, 1998), 213-26; Lynn M. Stearney, "Feminism, Ecofeminism, and the Maternal Archetype: Motherhood as a Feminine Universal," Communication Quarterly 42 (1994): 145-59; Jennifer Turpin, "Many Faces: Women Confronting War" in The Women and War Reader, 3-18.
14. Valeria Fabj, "Motherhood as Political Voice: The Rhetoric of the Mothers of Plaza de Mayo," Communication Studies 44 (1993): 1-18; Alexis Jetter, Annelise Orleck, and Diana Taylor, eds., The Politics of Motherhood: Activist Voices from Left to Right (Hanover: University Press of New England, 1997); Sara Ruddick, Maternal Thinking: Toward a Politics of Peace, 2nd edition (Boston: Beacon Press, 1995); Sara Ruddick, "From Maternal Thinking to Peace Politics" in Explorations in Feminist Ethics: Theory and Practice, eds. Eve Browning Cole and Susan Coultrap-McQuin (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1992), 141-55; Sara Ruddick, "Rethinking 'Maternal' Politics" in The Politics of Motherhood: Activist Voices from Left to Right, 369-82; Sara Ruddick, "'Woman of Peace': A Feminist Construction," in The Women and War Reader, ed. Lois Ann Loremzen and Jennifer Turpin (New York: New York University Press, 1998), 213-26; Lynn M. Stearney, "Feminism, Ecofeminism, and the Maternal Archetype: Motherhood as a Feminine Universal," Communication Quarterly 42 (1994): 145-59; Jennifer Turpin, "Many Faces: Women Confronting War" in The Women and War Reader, 3-18.
15. George Lakoff, Moral Politics: What Conservatives Know that Liberals Don'T (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1996).
16. Tonn, "Militant Motherhood," 17.
17. Tonn, 2.
18. Seth Koven and Sonya Michel, "Womanly Duties: Maternalist Politics and the Origins of Welfare States in France, Germany, Great Britain, and the United States, 1880-1920," The American Historical Review 95 (1990): 1076-80; Koven and Michel, Mothers of a New World.
19. Seth Koven and Sonya Michel, "Womanly Duties: Maternalist Politics and the Origins of Welfare States in France, Germany, Great Britain, and the United States, 1880-1920," The American Historical Review 95 (1990): 1076-80; Koven and Michel, Mothers of a New World.
20. See Malathi de Alwis, "Moral Mothers as Stalwart Sons: Reading Binaries in a Time of War," in The Women and War Reader, 254-71; Lorraine Bayard de Volo, "Drafting Motherhood: Maternal Imagery and Organizations in the United States and Nicaragua," in The Women and War Reader, 240-52; Rema Hammami, "Palestinian Motherhood and Political Activism on the West Bank and Gaza Strip," in The Politics of Motherhood: Activist Voices from Left to Right, 161-68; Vesna Nikolić-Ristanović, "War, Nationalism, and Mothers in the Former Yugoslavia," in The Women and War Reader, 234-39; Diana Taylor, "Making a Spectacle: The Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo," in The Politics of Motherhood: Activist Voices from Left to Right, 182-97.
21. See Malathi de Alwis, "Moral Mothers as Stalwart Sons: Reading Binaries in a Time of War," in The Women and War Reader, 254-71; Lorraine Bayard de Volo, "Drafting Motherhood: Maternal Imagery and Organizations in the United States and Nicaragua," in The Women and War Reader, 240-52; Rema Hammami, "Palestinian Motherhood and Political Activism on the West Bank and Gaza Strip," in The Politics of Motherhood: Activist Voices from Left to Right, 161-68; Vesna Nikolić-Ristanović, "War, Nationalism, and Mothers in the Former Yugoslavia," in The Women and War Reader, 234-39; Diana Taylor, "Making a Spectacle: The Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo," in The Politics of Motherhood: Activist Voices from Left to Right, 182-97.
22. See Malathi de Alwis, "Moral Mothers as Stalwart Sons: Reading Binaries in a Time of War," in The Women and War Reader, 254-71; Lorraine Bayard de Volo, "Drafting Motherhood: Maternal Imagery and Organizations in the United States and Nicaragua," in The Women and War Reader, 240-52; Rema Hammami, "Palestinian Motherhood and Political Activism on the West Bank and Gaza Strip," in The Politics of Motherhood: Activist Voices from Left to Right, 161-68; Vesna Nikolić-Ristanović, "War, Nationalism, and Mothers in the Former Yugoslavia," in The Women and War Reader, 234-39; Diana Taylor, "Making a Spectacle: The Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo," in The Politics of Motherhood: Activist Voices from Left to Right, 182-97.
23. See Malathi de Alwis, "Moral Mothers as Stalwart Sons: Reading Binaries in a Time of War," in The Women and War Reader, 254-71; Lorraine Bayard de Volo, "Drafting Motherhood: Maternal Imagery and Organizations in the United States and Nicaragua," in The Women and War Reader, 240-52; Rema Hammami, "Palestinian Motherhood and Political Activism on the West Bank and Gaza Strip," in The Politics of Motherhood: Activist Voices from Left to Right, 161-68; Vesna Nikolić-Ristanović, "War, Nationalism, and Mothers in the Former Yugoslavia," in The Women and War Reader, 234-39; Diana Taylor, "Making a Spectacle: The Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo," in The Politics of Motherhood: Activist Voices from Left to Right, 182-97.
24. See Malathi de Alwis, "Moral Mothers as Stalwart Sons: Reading Binaries in a Time of War," in The Women and War Reader, 254-71; Lorraine Bayard de Volo, "Drafting Motherhood: Maternal Imagery and Organizations in the United States and Nicaragua," in The Women and War Reader, 240-52; Rema Hammami, "Palestinian Motherhood and Political Activism on the West Bank and Gaza Strip," in The Politics of Motherhood: Activist Voices from Left to Right, 161-68; Vesna Nikolić-Ristanović, "War, Nationalism, and Mothers in the Former Yugoslavia," in The Women and War Reader, 234-39; Diana Taylor, "Making a Spectacle: The Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo," in The Politics of Motherhood: Activist Voices from Left to Right, 182-97.
25. Fabj, "Motherhood as Political Voice."
26. Karen A. Foss and Kathy L. Domenici, "Haunting Argentina: Synecdoche in the Protests of the Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo," Quarterly Journal of Speech 87 (2001): 240; see also Ruddick, "Women of Peace"; Nancy Scheper-Hughs, "Maternal Thinking and the Politics of War," in The Women and War Reader, 227-33; Taylor, "Malting a Spectacle"; Joan Tronto, Moral Boundaries: A Political Argument for an Ethic of Care (New York: Routledge, 1993).
27. Karen A. Foss and Kathy L. Domenici, "Haunting Argentina: Synecdoche in the Protests of the Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo," Quarterly Journal of Speech 87 (2001): 240; see also Ruddick, "Women of Peace"; Nancy Scheper-Hughs, "Maternal Thinking and the Politics of War," in The Women and War Reader, 227-33; Taylor, "Malting a Spectacle"; Joan Tronto, Moral Boundaries: A Political Argument for an Ethic of Care (New York: Routledge, 1993).
28. Karen A. Foss and Kathy L. Domenici, "Haunting Argentina: Synecdoche in the Protests of the Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo," Quarterly Journal of Speech 87 (2001): 240; see also Ruddick, "Women of Peace"; Nancy Scheper-Hughs, "Maternal Thinking and the Politics of War," in The Women and War Reader, 227-33; Taylor, "Malting a Spectacle"; Joan Tronto, Moral Boundaries: A Political Argument for an Ethic of Care (New York: Routledge, 1993).
29. Karen A. Foss and Kathy L. Domenici, "Haunting Argentina: Synecdoche in the Protests of the Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo," Quarterly Journal of Speech 87 (2001): 240; see also Ruddick, "Women of Peace"; Nancy Scheper-Hughs, "Maternal Thinking and the Politics of War," in The Women and War Reader, 227-33; Taylor, "Malting a Spectacle"; Joan Tronto, Moral Boundaries: A Political Argument for an Ethic of Care (New York: Routledge, 1993).
30. Karen A. Foss and Kathy L. Domenici, "Haunting Argentina: Synecdoche in the Protests of the Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo," Quarterly Journal of Speech 87 (2001): 240; see also Ruddick, "Women of Peace"; Nancy Scheper-Hughs, "Maternal Thinking and the Politics of War," in The Women and War Reader, 227-33; Taylor, "Malting a Spectacle"; Joan Tronto, Moral Boundaries: A Political Argument for an Ethic of Care (New York: Routledge, 1993).
31. Stearney, "Feminism, Ecofeminism, and the Maternal Archetype."
32. Hammami, "Palestinian Motherhood"; Annelise Orleck, "Housewives and Motherist Politics in the New Italy," in The Politics of Motherhood: Activist Voices from Left to Right, 268-84.
33. Hammami, "Palestinian Motherhood"; Annelise Orleck, "Housewives and Motherist Politics in the New Italy," in The Politics of Motherhood: Activist Voices from Left to Right, 268-84.
34. Swerdlow, Women Strike for Peace.
35. Swerdlow, 242; also see Ruddick, "Rethinking 'Maternal' Politics"; Taylor, "Making a Spectacle."
36. Swerdlow, 242; also see Ruddick, "Rethinking 'Maternal' Politics"; Taylor, "Making a Spectacle."
37. Swerdlow, 242; also see Ruddick, "Rethinking 'Maternal' Politics"; Taylor, "Making a Spectacle."
38. Koven and Michel, "Womanly Duties," 1077.
39. Eva Feder Kittay, Love's Labor: Essays on Women, Equality, and Dependency (New York: Routledge, 1999); Ruddick, Maternal Thinking.
40. Eva Feder Kittay, Love's Labor: Essays on Women, Equality, and Dependency (New York: Routledge, 1999); Ruddick, Maternal Thinking.
41. Tronto, Moral Boundaries, 2; see also Stearney, "Feminism, Ecofeminism, and the Maternal Archetype."
42. Tronto, Moral Boundaries, 2; see also Stearney, "Feminism, Ecofeminism, and the Maternal Archetype."
43. Lakoff, Moral Politics, 13.
44. Lakoff, 153.
45. Lakoff, 41.
46. Lakoff, 43.
47. Lakoff emphasizes that these models are prescriptive, not descriptive; also see Dana Cloud, "The Rhetoric of Family Values: Scapegoating, Utopia and the Privatization of Social Responsibility," Western Journal of Communication 62 (1998): 387-419.
48. Lakoff, 33.
49. Lakoff, 33.
50. Lakoff, 94.
51. Carol Gilligan, In a Different Voice: Psychological Theory and Women's Development (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1982).
52. Gilligan, 79.
53. Gilligan, 81.
54. Although most maternal appeals designed to challenge the father/government are unlikely to succeed, some maternal appeals may be effective within the context of Strict Father morality. In this model, the father/government is responsible for setting overall family/national policy within strict moral boundaries; the mother, in turn, is called upon to uphold the father's/government's authority. In this context, then, maternal appeals have the potential to be effective when they maintain the strict moral boundaries that the father/government articulates. Mothers Against Drunk Driving might be seen as functioning in this way. Similarly, there are times when adherents of Strict Father morality might view governmental action as deviating from moral boundaries. In such cases, the government is perceived as a negligent or abusive symbolic father, and it is citizens' responsibility to correct that symbolic father's behavior. Maternal appeals might be part of an overall campaign designed to challenge the abusive father/government. However, the challenge to the father/government originates in the authority of the activist father; the activist mother's role is to support the activist father's authority. Some pro-life activism might be seen in this light. Lakoff, 274-75.
55. Lakoff, 199.
56. Lakoff, 108.
57. Lakoff, 124.
58. Lakoff, 109.
59. Lakoff, 114.
60. Gilligan, In a Different Voice.
61. Gilligan, 179.
62. Gilligan, 210.
63. Annelise Orleck, "Tradition Unbound: Radical Mothers in International Perspective," in The Politics of Motherhood: Activist Voices from Left to Right, 3-22; Ruddick, Maternal Thinking.
64. Annelise Orleck, "Tradition Unbound: Radical Mothers in International Perspective," in The Politics of Motherhood: Activist Voices from Left to Right, 3-22; Ruddick, Maternal Thinking.
65. Orleck, "Tradition Unbound," 5.
66. Orleck, "Tradition Unbound," 5.
67. Ruddick, Maternal Thinking, 19.
68. "Million Mom March," n.d., 〈http://www.millionmommarch.com〉 (Retrieved June 6, 2001).
69. Gilligan, In a Different Voice, 8.
70. Ruddick, "From Maternal Thinking to Peace Politics"; Ruddick, Maternal Thinking.
71. Ruddick, "From Maternal Thinking to Peace Politics"; Ruddick, Maternal Thinking.
72. Roseanne Cash, "Million Mom March," West Lafayette, IN: C-SPAN (2000).
73. Virginia Williams, "Million Mom March," West Lafayette, IN: C-SPAN (2000).
74. Carol Price, Million Mom March, West Layfayette, IN, C-SPAN (2000); Reese Witherspoon, "Million Mom March," n.d., 〈http://www.millionmommarch.com//chapters/shared/printstory.cfm?story_id = 491〈 (Retrieved June 6, 2001).
75. Carol Price, Million Mom March, West Layfayette, IN, C-SPAN (2000); Reese Witherspoon, "Million Mom March," n.d., 〈http://www.millionmommarch.com//chapters/shared/printstory.cfm?story_id = 491〈 (Retrieved June 6, 2001).
76. Patricia Anderson, "Million Mom March," n.d., 〈http://www.millionmommarch.com//chapters/shared/printstory.cfm?story_id = 470〉 (Retrieved June 6, 2001).
77. Carolyn McCarthy, "Million Mom March," n.d., 〈http://www.millionmommarch.com//chapters/shared/printstory.cfm?story_id = 485〉 (Retrieved June 6, 2001).
78. Karen Scott, "Million Mom March," n.d., 〈http://www.millionmommarch.com//chapters/shared/printstory.cfm?story_id = 463〉 (Retrieved June 6, 2001).
79. Lakoff, 114.
80. Veronica McQueen, "Million Mom March," n.d., 〈http://www.millionmommarch.com//chapters/shared/printstory.cfm?story_id = 473〉 (Retrieved June 6, 2001).
81. Renee Marsh Williams, "Million Mom March," n.d., 〈http://www.millionmommarch.com//chapters/shared/printstory.cfm?story_id = 466〉 (Retrieved June 6, 2001).
82. Ruddick, "Rethinking 'Maternal' Politics," 376.
83. McQueen, "Million Mom March."
84. Williams, "Million Mom March."
85. Laura Wallace, "Million Mom March," n.d., 〈http://www.millionmommarch.com//chapters/shared/printstory.cfm?story_id = 466〉 (Retrieved June 6, 2001).
86. Lakoff, 120.
87. Ruddick, Maternal Politics, 95-96.
88. Ruddick, Maternal Politics, 95-96; also see Orleck, "Housewives and Motherist Politics in New Italy."
89. Ruddick, Maternal Politics, 95-96; also see Orleck, "Housewives and Motherist Politics in New Italy."
90. Ruddick, Maternal Politics, 98.
91. Karlyn Kohrs Campbell, Man Cannot Speak For Her: A Critical Study of Early Feminist Rhetoric, Volume I (New York: Praeger, 1989).
92. See Campbell, Man Cannot; Bonnie J. Dow and Mari Boor Tonn, "'Feminine Style' and Political Judgment in the Rhetoric of Ann Richards," Quarterly Journal of Speech 79 (1993): 286-382; Sara Hayden, "Re-Claiming Bodies of Knowledge: An Exploration of the Relationship between Feminist Theorizing and Feminine Style in the Rhetoric of the Boston Women's Health Book Collective," Western Journal of Communication 61 (1997): 127-63; Tonn, "Militant Motherhood."
93. See Campbell, Man Cannot; Bonnie J. Dow and Mari Boor Tonn, "'Feminine Style' and Political Judgment in the Rhetoric of Ann Richards," Quarterly Journal of Speech 79 (1993): 286-382; Sara Hayden, "Re-Claiming Bodies of Knowledge: An Exploration of the Relationship between Feminist Theorizing and Feminine Style in the Rhetoric of the Boston Women's Health Book Collective," Western Journal of Communication 61 (1997): 127-63; Tonn, "Militant Motherhood."
94. See Campbell, Man Cannot; Bonnie J. Dow and Mari Boor Tonn, "'Feminine Style' and Political Judgment in the Rhetoric of Ann Richards," Quarterly Journal of Speech 79 (1993): 286-382; Sara Hayden, "Re-Claiming Bodies of Knowledge: An Exploration of the Relationship between Feminist Theorizing and Feminine Style in the Rhetoric of the Boston Women's Health Book Collective," Western Journal of Communication 61 (1997): 127-63; Tonn, "Militant Motherhood."
95. See Campbell, Man Cannot; Bonnie J. Dow and Mari Boor Tonn, "'Feminine Style' and Political Judgment in the Rhetoric of Ann Richards," Quarterly Journal of Speech 79 (1993): 286-382; Sara Hayden, "Re-Claiming Bodies of Knowledge: An Exploration of the Relationship between Feminist Theorizing and Feminine Style in the Rhetoric of the Boston Women's Health Book Collective," Western Journal of Communication 61 (1997): 127-63; Tonn, "Militant Motherhood."
96. Sally Planalp, Communicating Emotion: Social, Moral, and Cultural Processes (Paris: Cambridge University Press, 1999), 139.
97. Planalp, 163.
98. Jamie Foster Brown, "Million Mom March," n.d., 〈http://www.millionmommarch.com//chapters/shared/printstory.cfm?story_id = 464〉 (Retrieved June 6, 2001).
99. Lakoff, 381-82.
100. Lakoff, 381-82.
101. Planalp, 158.
102. Ruddick, Maternal Thinking, 19.
103. Lakoff, 381.
104. Anna Quindlen, "Million Mom March," n.d., 〈http://www.millionmommarch.com//chapters/shared/printstory.cfm?story_id = 482〉 (Retrieved June 6, 2001).
105. Campbell, Man Cannot.
106. Julie Cypher, "Million Mom March," n.d., 〈http://www.millionmommarch.com//chapters/shared/printstory.cfm?story_id = 486〉 (retrieved June 6, 2001).
107. Patty Neilson, "Million Mom March, n.d., 〈http://www.millionmommarch.com//chapters/shared/printstory.cfm?story_id = 478〉 (Retrieved June 6, 2001). In April of 1999 two high school boys, Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold, went on a shooting rampage at Columbine High School in Jefferson County, Colorado - 15 people, including the two gunmen, died in the massacre; 21 others were injured.
108. Quindlen, "Million Mom March."
109. Planalp, 160.
110. Planalp, 163.
111. Tonn, "Militant Motherhood," 3; also see Patricia Hill Collins, Black Feminist Thought: Knowledge, Consciousness, and the Politics of Empowerment (New York: Routledge, 1991); Ruddick, Maternal Thinking.
112. Tonn, "Militant Motherhood," 3; also see Patricia Hill Collins, Black Feminist Thought: Knowledge, Consciousness, and the Politics of Empowerment (New York: Routledge, 1991); Ruddick, Maternal Thinking.
113. Tonn, "Militant Motherhood," 3; also see Patricia Hill Collins, Black Feminist Thought: Knowledge, Consciousness, and the Politics of Empowerment (New York: Routledge, 1991); Ruddick, Maternal Thinking.
114. McCarthy, "Million Mom March."
115. Dawn Anna, "Million Mom March," n.d., 〈http://www.millionmommarch.com//chapters/shared/printstory.cfm?story_id = 467〉 (Retrieved June 6, 2001).
116. Adrienne Rich, Of Woman Born: Motherhood as Experience and Institution (New York: Bantam, 1976), 52.
117. Quindlen, "Million Mom March."
118. Price, "Million Mom March."
119. Price, "Million Mom March."
120. Quindlen, "Million Mom March."
121. See Alisa L. Carse, "Facing Up to Moral Perils: The Virtues of Care in Bioethics," in Caregiving: Readings in Knowledge, Practice, Ethics, and Politics, ed. Suzanne Gordon, Patricia Benner, and Nel Noddings (Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Press, 1996).
122. Lakoff, 169-70.
123. Gail Thorson, "Million Mom March," n.d., 〈http://www.millionmommarch.com//chapters/shared/printstory.cfm?story_id = 483〉 (Retrieved June 6, 2001).
124. Kathleen Kennedy Townsend, "Million Mom March," n.d., 〈http://www.millionmommarch.com//chapters/shared/printstory.cfm?story_id = 483〉 (Retrieved June 6, 2001).
125. Rosie O'Donnell, "Million Mom March," West Layfayette, IN, C-SPAN (2000).
126. Kerry Kennedy Cuomo, "Million Mom March," 〈http://www.millionmommarch.com//chapters/shared/printstory.cfm?story_id = 462〉 (Retrieved June 6, 2001).
127. Townsend, "Million Mom March."
128. McCarthy, "Million Mom March."
129. Tronto, Moral Boundaries, 170.
130. Kathleen Blee, "Mothers in Race-Hate Movements," in The Politics of Motherhood: Activist Voices from Left to Right, 247-56.
131. Taylor, "Making a Spectacle," 192.
132. Susan Sarandon, "Million Mom March," n.d., 〈http://www.millionmommarch.com//chapters/shared/printstory.cfm?story_id = 488〉 (Retrieved June 6, 2001).
133. Virginia Williams, "Million Mom March."
134. Ruddick, "Rethinking 'Maternal' Politics," 377.
135. Taylor, "Making a Spectacle," 194.
136. Cypher, "Million Mom March."
137. O'Donnell, "Million Mom March."
138. O'Donnell, "Million Mom March."
139. Bobby Rush, "Million Mom March," n.d., 〈http://www.millionmommarch.com//chapters/shared/printstory.cfm?story_id = 484〉 (Retrieved June 6, 2001).
140. Sarandon, "Million Mom March."
141. Collins, Black Feminist Thought, 129.
142. Scott, "Million Mom March."
143. McCarthy, "Million Mom March."
144. Thorson, "Million Mom March."
145. Neilson, "Million Mom March."
146. See Hammami, "Palestinian Motherhood"; Orleck, "Housewives and Motherist Politics in the New Italy."
147. See Hammami, "Palestinian Motherhood"; Orleck, "Housewives and Motherist Politics in the New Italy."
148. Yvonne Pope, "Million Mom March," n.d., 〈http://www.millionmommarch.com//chapters/shared/printstory.cfm?story_id = 468〉 (Retrieved June 6, 2001).
149. Planalp, 169.
150. Sarah Brady, "Million Mom March," n.d., 〈http://www.millionmommarch.com//chapters/shared/printstory.cfm?story_id = 480〉 (Retrieved June 6, 2001).
151. Wallace, "Million Mom March."
152. Price, "Million Mom March."
153. Lakoff, 119.
154. In the latter years of the woman suffrage movement, for example, activists frequently turned to maternal and "social housekeeping" arguments to promote their cause. Although these arguments undoubtedly contributed to women's enfranchisement, several scholars have discussed the limitations of these appeals, including the ways in which they restricted women's efforts to advocate for their own needs. For example, see Campbell, Man Cannot; Bonnie J. Dow, "The 'Womanhood' Rationale in the Woman Suffrage Rhetoric of Francis E. Willard," Southern Journal of Communication 56 (1991): 298-307; Aileen S. Kraditor, The Ideas of the Woman Suffrage Movement, 1890-1920 (Garden City, NY: Anchor Books, 1971).
155. In the latter years of the woman suffrage movement, for example, activists frequently turned to maternal and "social housekeeping" arguments to promote their cause. Although these arguments undoubtedly contributed to women's enfranchisement, several scholars have discussed the limitations of these appeals, including the ways in which they restricted women's efforts to advocate for their own needs. For example, see Campbell, Man Cannot; Bonnie J. Dow, "The 'Womanhood' Rationale in the Woman Suffrage Rhetoric of Francis E. Willard," Southern Journal of Communication 56 (1991): 298-307; Aileen S. Kraditor, The Ideas of the Woman Suffrage Movement, 1890-1920 (Garden City, NY: Anchor Books, 1971).
156. In the latter years of the woman suffrage movement, for example, activists frequently turned to maternal and "social housekeeping" arguments to promote their cause. Although these arguments undoubtedly contributed to women's enfranchisement, several scholars have discussed the limitations of these appeals, including the ways in which they restricted women's efforts to advocate for their own needs. For example, see Campbell, Man Cannot; Bonnie J. Dow, "The 'Womanhood' Rationale in the Woman Suffrage Rhetoric of Francis E. Willard," Southern Journal of Communication 56 (1991): 298-307; Aileen S. Kraditor, The Ideas of the Woman Suffrage Movement, 1890-1920 (Garden City, NY: Anchor Books, 1971).
157. Although the Million Moms do not directly address domestic violence as it is experienced by women, the model of the family they promote clearly stands in opposition to those in which fathers and husbands have power over mothers and wives or in which family members are violent toward one another.
158. Ruddick, "Rethinking 'Maternal' Politics," 371.