Antifungal susceptibility of emerging yeast pathogens;Sensibilidad a antifúngicos de levaduras patógenas emergentes

Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiologia Clinica

Volumn 19, Issue 6, 2001, Pages 249-256

  García Martos, Pedro ^a,b   Domínguez, Inmaculada ^a   Marín, Pilar ^a   García Agudo, Rebeca ^a   Aoufi, Sami ^a   Maria, José ^a  

^a HOSPITAL UNIVERSITARIO PUERTA DEL MAR   (Spain)

^b NONE   (Spain)

Author keywords

Antifungal agents; Candida; Fluconazole; Yeasts

Indexed keywords

AMPHOTERICIN B; ANTIFUNGAL AGENT; FLUCONAZOLE; FLUCYTOSINE; ITRACONAZOLE; KETOCONAZOLE;

ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITY; ARTICLE; CANDIDA; CANDIDA FAMATA; CANDIDA GUILLIERMONDII; CANDIDA HOLMII; CANDIDA KEFYR; CANDIDA PELLICULOSA; CANDIDA RUGOSA; CANDIDA UTILIS; CONTROLLED STUDY; DRUG SENSITIVITY; MINIMUM INHIBITORY CONCENTRATION; NONHUMAN; PICHIA; RHODOTORULA; TRICHOSPORON; YEAST;

EID: 0242638640     PISSN: 0213005X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/s0213-005x(01)72630-4     Document Type: Article

References (110)

1. Wingard JR. Importance of Candida species other than C. albicans as pathogens in oncology patients. Clin Infect Dis 1995; 20: 115-125.
2. Vartivarian SE, Anaissie EJ, Bodey GP. Emerging fungal pathogens in immunocompromised patients: clasification, diagnosis and management. Clin Infect Dis 1993; 17: 5.487-5.491.
3. Hazen KC. New and emerging yeast pathogens. Clin Microbiol Rev 1995; 8: 462-478.
4. Coleman DC, Rinaldei MG, Havnes KA, Rex JH, Summerbell RC, Anaissie EJ, et al. Importance of Candida species other than Candida albicans as opportunistic pathogens. Med Mycol 1998; 36 (Suppl 1): 156-165.
5. Merz WG. Candida lusitaniae: frequency of recovery, colonization, infection, and amphotericin B resistance. J Clin Microbiol 1984; 20: 1.194-1.195.
6. Ryley JF, Wilson RG, Barrett-Bee KJ. Azole resistance in Candida albicans. J Med Vet Mycol 1984; 22: 53-63.
7. Powderly WG, Kobayashi GS, Herzig GP, Medoff G. Amphothericin B-resistant yeast infection in severely immunocompromised patients. Am J Med 1988; 84: 826-832.
8. Warnock DW, Burke J, Cope NJ, Johnson EM, von Fraunhofer NA, Williams EW. Fluconazole resistance in Candida glabrata. Lancet 1988; 2: 1.310.
9. Dupouy-Camet J, Paugam A, De Donato C, Viguie C, Vicens I, Volle PJ, et al. Résistance au fluconazole en milieu hospitalier. Concordance entre la résistance de Candida albicans in vitro et l'échec thérapeutique. Presse Med 1991; 20: 1.341.
10. Roder BL, Sonnenschein C, Hartzen SH. Failure of fluconazole therapy in Candida krusei fungemia. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 1991; 10: 173.
11. Kitchen VS, Savage M, Harris JR. Candida albicans resistance in AIDS. J Infect 1991; 22: 204-205.
12. Dube MP, Heseltine PN, Rinaldi MG, Evans S, Zawacki B. Fungemia and colonization with nystatin-resistant Candida rugosa in a burn unit. Clin Infect Dis 1994; 18: 77-82.
13. Sandven P, Nilsen K, Digranes A, Tjade T, Lassen J. Candida norvegensis: fluconazole-resistant species. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1997; 41: 1.375-1.376.
14. National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards. Reference method for broth dilution antifungal susceptibility testing of yeasts, M27-A. National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standars, Villanova PA 1997.
15. To WK, Fothergill AW, Rinaldi MG. Comparative evaluation of macrodilution and Alamar colorimetric microdilution broth methods for antifungal susceptibility testing of yeast isolates. J Clin Microbiol 1995; 33: 2.660-2.664.
16. Arikan S, Gur D, Akova M. Comparison of E-test, microdilution and colorimetric dilution with reference broth macrodilution method for antifungal susceptibility testing of clinical significant Candida species isolated from immunocompromised patients. Mycoses 1997; 40: 291-296.
17. Pfaller MA, Messer SA, Hollis RJ, Espinel-Ingroff A, Ghannoum MA, Plavan H, et al. Multisite reproductibility of MIC by Sensititre YeastOne colorimetric antifungal susceptibility panel. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 1998; 31: 543-547.
18. Espinel-Ingroff A, Pfaller M, Messer SA, Knapp CC, Killian S, Norris HA, et al. Multicenter comparison of the Sensititre YeastOne colorimetric antifungal panel with the National Commitee for Clinical Laboratory Standards M27-A reference method for testing clinical isolates of common and emerging Candida spp., Cryptococcus spp., and other yeasts and yeast-like organisms. J Clin Microbiol 1999; 37: 591-595.
19. Torres-Rodríguez JM, Madrenys N, Jiménez T, Saballs P. Concentraciones mínimas inhibitorias de levaduras a cinco antifúngicos utilizando un micrométodo de dilución estandarizado y E-test. Rev Iberoam Micol 1997; 14: 115-118.
20. Linares MJ, Muñoz JF, Solis F, Rodríguez FC, Valero A, Casal M. Study of susceptibility of yeast isolates of clinical interest to five antifungal agents using the E-test. Rev Esp Quimioterapia 1998; 11: 64-69.
21. Carrillo-Muñoz AJ, Quindós G, Gasser I, Tur-Tur C, Ruesga MT, Alonso-Vargas R, et al. Determinación mediante el sistema Sensititre de la sensibilidad in vitro a los antifúngicos de levaduras de interés médico. Rev Esp Quimioterapia 1999; 12: 126-135.
22. Rex JH, Pfaller MA, Galgiani JN, Barlett MS, Espinel-Ingroff A, Ghannoum MA, et al. Development of interpretative breakpoints for antifungal susceptibility testing: Conceptual framework and analysis in vitro-in vivo correlation data for fluconazole, itraconazole, and candida infection. Clin Infect Dis 1997; 24: 235-247.
23. Girmenia C, Micozi A, Venditti M, Meloni G, Iori AP, Bastianello S, et al. Fluconazole treatment of Blastoschizomyces capitatus meningitis in an allo bone marrow recipient. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 1991; 10: 752-756.
24. Polacheck I, Salkin IF, Kitzes-Cohen R, Raz R. Endocarditis caused by Blastoschizomyces capitatus and taxonomic review genus. J Clin Microbiol 1992; 30: 2.318-2.322.
25. D'Antonio D, Piccolomini R, Fioritoni G, Iacome A, Betti S, Fazzi P, et al. Osteomyelitis and invertebral discitis caused by Blastoschizomyces capitatus a patient with acute leukemia. J Clin Microbiol 1994; 32: 224-247.
26. Sanz MA, López F, Martínez ML, Sanz GF, Martínez JA, Martín G, et al. Disseminated Blastoschizomyces capitatus infection in acute myeloblastic leukaemia. Report of three cases. Support Care Cancer 1996; 4: 291-293.
27. Ortiz AM, Sanz-Rodríguez C, Culebras J, Buendia B, González-Alvaro I, Ocón E, et al. Multiple spondylodiscitis caused by Blastoschizomyces capitatus in an allo bone marrow transplantation recipient. J Rheumatol 1998; 25: 2.276-2.278.
28. Krcmery S, Dubrava M, Krcmery V. Fungal urinary tract infections in patient at risk. Int J Antimicrob Agents 1999; 11: 289-291.
29. Cheung MY, Chiu NC, Chen SH, Liu HC, Ou CT, Liang DC. Mandibular osteomyelitis caused by Blastoschizomyces capitatus in a child acute myelogenous leukemia. J Formos Med Assoc 1999; 98: 787-789.
30. Pérez-Sánchez I, Anguita J, Martín-Rabadán P, Muñoz P, Serrano D, Escudero A, et al. Blastoschizomyces capitatus infection in acute leukemia patients. Leuk Lymphoma 2000; 39: 209-212.
31. Rao NA, Nerenberg AV, Forster DJ. Torulopsis Candida (Candida famata) endophthalmitis simulating Propionibacterium acnes syndrome. Arch Ophthalmol 1991; 109: 1.718-1.721.
32. Quindós G, Cabrera F, Arilla MC, Burgos A, Ortiz-Vingon R, Canon JL, et al. Fatal Candida famata peritonitis in a patient undergoing continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis who was treated with fluconazole. Clin Infect Dis 1994; 18: 658-660.
33. Carrega G, Riccio G, Santoriello L, Pasqualini M, Pellicci R. Candida famata fungemia in a surgical patient successfully treated with fluconazole. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 1997; 16: 698-699.
34. Krcmery V, Kunova A. Candida famata fungemia in a cancer patient: case report. J Chemother 2000; 12: 189-190.
35. Vázquez JA, Lundstrom T, Dembry L, Chandrasekar P, Boikov D, Parri MB, et al. Invasive Candida guillermondii infection: in vitro susceptibility studies and molecular analysis. Bone Marrow Transplant 1995; 16: 849-853.
36. Ainbinder DJ, Parmley VC, Mader TH, Nelson ML. Infectious crystalline keratopathy caused by Candida guillermondii. Am J Ophthalmol 1998; 125: 723-725.
37. Tietz HJ, Czaika V, Sterry W. Case report. Osteomyelitis caused by high resistant Candida guillermondii. Mycoses 1999; 42: 577-580.
38. Mardani M, Hanna HA, Girgawy E, Raad I. Nosocomial Candida guillermondii fungemia in cancer patients. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2000; 21: 336-337.
39. Gargeya IB, Pruitt WR, Meyer SA, Ahearn DG. Candida haemulonii from clinical specimens in the USA. J Med Vet Mycol 1991; 29: 335-338.
40. Murdock CB, Fisher JF, Loebl D, Chew WH. Osteomyelitis of the hand due Toluropsis holmii. South Med J 1983; 76:1.460-1.461.
41. Baily GG, Moore CB, Essayag SM, de Wit S, Burnie JP, Denning DW. Candida inconspicua, a fluconazol-resistant pathogen in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus. Clin Infect Dis 1997; 25: 161-163.
42. D'Antonio D, Violante B, Mazzoni A, Bonfini T, Capuani MA, Daloia F, et al. A nosocomial cluster of Candida inconspicua infections in patients with hematological malignancies. J Clin Microbiol 1998; 36: 792-795.
43. Morgan MA, Wilkowske CJ, Roberts GD. Candida pseudotropicalis fungemia and invasive disease in an immunocompromised patient. J Clin Microbiol 1984; 20: 1.006-1.007.
44. Listemann H, Schulz KD, Wasmuth R, Begemann F, Meigel W. Oesophagitis caused by Candida kefyr. Mycoses 1998; 41: 3.434-3.444.
45. Farina C, Cailiti F, Manisco A, Goglio A. Fuangaemia survey: a 10-year experience in Bergamo, Italy. Mycoses 1999; 42: 543-548.
46. Nitzulesco V, Niculescu M. Three cases of ocular candidiasis caused by Candida lipolytica. Arch Roum Pathol Exp Microbiol 1976; 35: 269-272.
47. García-Martos P, de la Rubia F, Palomo MJ, Álvarez MM, Marín P, Mira J. Candida lipolytica, un nuevo patógeno oportunista. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 1993; 11: 163-164.
48. Guinet R, Chanas J, Goullier A, Bonnefoy G, Ambroise-Thomas P. Fatal septicemia due to amphotericin B-resistant Candida lusitaniae. J Clin Microbiol 1983; 18: 443-444.
49. Baker JG, Nadler HL, Forgacs P, Kurtz SR. Candida lusitaniae: a new opportunistic pathogen of the urinary tract. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 1984; 2: 145-149.
50. Sánchez PJ, Cooper BH. Candida lusitaniae: sepsis and meningitis in a neonate. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1987; 6: 758-759.
51. García-Martos P, Díaz J, Castaño M, Pérez M, Marín P. Peritonitis caused by Candida lusitaniae in patient on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD). Clin Nephrol 1991; 36: 50-51.
52. Nielsen H, Stenderup J, Bruun B, Ladefoged J, Candida norvegensis peritonitis and invasive disease in a patient on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. J Clin Microbiol 1990; 28: 1.664-1.665.
53. Hood SV, Moore CB, Denning DW. Isolation of Candida norvegensis from clinical specimens: four case reports. Clin Infect Dis 1996; 23: 1.185-1.187.
54. Nielsen H, Stenderup J. Invasive Candida norvegensis infection in immunocompromised patients. Scand J Infect Dis 1996; 28: 311-312.
55. Klein AS, Tortora GT, Malowitz R, Greene WH. Hansenula anomala: a new fungal pathogen. Arch Intern Med 1988; 148: 1.210-1.213.
56. López F, Martín G, Paz ML, Danz MA. Hansenula anomala en fungemia aguda. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 1990; 8: 363-364.
57. Salesa R, Burgos A, Fernández-Mazarrasa C, Quindós G, Ponton J. Transient fungaemia due to Candida pelliculosa in a patient with AIDS. Mycoses 1991; 34: 327-329.
58. Moses A, Maayan S, Shvil Y, Dudin A, Ariel I, Thalji A, et al. Hansenula anomala intections in children: from asymptomatic colonization to tissue invasion. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1991; 10: 400-402.
59. Hirasaki S, Ijichi T, Fujita N, Araki S, Gotoh H, Nakagawa M. Fungemia caused by Hansenula anomala: sucessful treatment with fluconazole. Intern Med 1992; 31: 622-624.
60. Arisoy ES, Correa A, Seilheimer DK, Kaplan SL. Candida rugosa central catheter infection in a child. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1993; 12: 961-963.
61. Shenoy S, Samuga M, Urs S, Anuradha KM, Kurian MM, Augustine A, et al. Intravenous catheter-related Candida rugosa fungaemia. Trop Doct 1996; 26: 31-32.
62. Alsina A, Mason M, Uphoff RA, Riggsby WS, Becker JM, Murphy D. Catheter-associated Candida utilis fungemia in a patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: species verification with a molecular probe. J Clin Microbiol 1988; 26: 621-624.
63. Bougnoux ME, Gueho E, Potocka AC. Resolutive Candida utilis fungemia in a non neutropenic patient. J Clin Microbiol 1993; 31: 1.644-1.645.
64. Shih MH, Sheu MM, Chen HY, Lin SR. Fungal keratitis caused by Candida utilis case report. Kao Hsiung I Hsueh Ko Hsueh Tsa Chih 1999; 15: 171-174.
65. Hazen KC, Theisz GW, Howell SA. Chronic urinary tract infection due to Candida utilis. J Clin Microbiol 1999; 37: 824-827.
66. Levenson D, Pfaller MA, Smith MA, Hollis R, Gerarden T, Tucci CB. Candida zeylanoides: another opportunistic yeast. J Clin Microbiol 1991; 29: 1.689-1.692.
67. Bisbe J, Vilardell J, Valls M, Moreno A, Brancos M, Andreu J. Transient Candida fungemia and arthritis due to Candida zeylanoides. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 1987; 6: 668-669.
68. Paula CR, Sampaio MC, Birman EG, Siqueira AM. Oral yeast in patients with cancer of the mouth, before and during radiotherapy. Mycopathologia 1990; 112: 119-124.
69. Bergman MM, Gagnon D, Doern GV. Pichia ohmeri fungemia. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 1998; 30: 229-231.
70. Choy BY, Wong SS, Chan TM, Lai KN. Pichia ohmeri peritonitis in a patient on CAPD: response to treatment with amphotericin. Pent Dial Int 2000; 20: 91-92.
71. Naveh Y, Friedman A, Merzbach D, Hashman N. Endocarditis caused by Rhodotorula sucessfully treated with 5-fluorocytosine. Br Heart J 1975; 37: 100-104.
72. Pore RS, Chen J. Meningitis caused by Rhodotorula. Sabouradia 1976; 14: 331-335.
73. Wrong V, Ross L, Opas L, Lieberman E. Rhodotorula rubra peritonitis in a child undergoing intermittent cycling peritoneal dialysis. J Infect Dis 1988; 157: 393-394.
74. Kiehn E, Gorey E, Brown AE, Edwards FF, Armstrong D. Sepsis due to Rhodotorula related to use of indwelling central venous catheters. Clin Infect Dis 1992; 14: 841-846.
75. Jiménez-Mejías ME, Ortiz C, Jiménez-Gonzalo FJ, del Nozal M, Campos T, Jiménez FJ. Fungemia por Rhodotorula mucilaginosa en relación con nutrición parenteral total. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 1992; 10: 543-546.
76. Gregory JK, Haller JA. Chronic postoperative Rhodotorula endophtalmitis. Arch Ophthalmol 1992; 110: 1.686-1.687.
77. Dougherty SH, Simmons L. Postoperative peritonitis caused by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Arch Surg 1982; 117: 248-249.
78. Cimolai N, Gill MJ, Church D. Saccharomyces cerevisiae fungemia: case report and review of the literature. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 1987; 8: 113-117.
79. Tawfik OW, Papasian CJ, Dixon AY, Potter LM. Saccharomyces cerevisiae pneumonia in a patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. J Clin Microbiol 1989; 27: 1.689-1.691.
80. Doyle MG, Pickering LK, O'Brien N, Hoots K, Benson JE. Saccharomyces cerevisiae infection in a patient with acquired inmunodeficiency syndrome. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1990; 9: 850-851.
81. Aucott JN, Fayen J, Grossnicklas H, Morrisey A, Lederman MM, Salata RA. Invasive infection with Saccharomyces cerevisiae: report of three cases and review. Rev Infect Dis 1990; 12: 406-411.
82. Chertow GM, Mareantonio ER, Wells RG. Saccharomyces cerevisiae empyema in a patient with esophago-pleural fistula complicating variceal sclerotherapy. Chest 1991; 99: 1.518-1.519.
83. Sobel JD, Vázquez J, Lynch M, Meriwether C, Zervos MJ. Vaginitis due to Saccharomyces cerevisiae: Epidemiology, clinical aspects, and therapy. Clin Infect Dis 1993; 16: 93-99.
84. Walling DM, McGraw DJ, Merz WG, Karp JE, Hutchins GM. Disseminated infection with Trichosporon beigelii. Rev Infect Dis 1987; 9: 1.013-1.019.
85. Walsh TJ, Melcher GP, Rinaldi MC, Lecciones J, McGough DA, Kelly P, et al. Trichosporon beigelii, an emerging pathogen resistant to amphotericin B. J Clin Microbiol 1990; 28: 1.616-1.622.
86. Sidarous MG, O'Reilly MV, Cherubin CE. A case of Trichosporon beigelii endocarditis 8 years after aortic valve replacement. Infect Dis Newsletter 1992; 11: 60-61.
87. García-Martos P, Mira-Gutiérrez J. Trichosporon y tricosporonosis: a propósito de 13 casos. Rev Iberoam Micol 1995; 12: 111-113.
88. Davey KG, Szekely A, Johnson EM, Warnock DW. Comparison of a new commercial colorimetric microdilution method with a standard method for in vitro susceptibility testing of Candida spp. and Cryptococcus neoformans. J Antimicrob Chemother 1998; 42: 439-444.
89. Torres-Rodríguez JM, Sabaté M, Gallach C, Carrillo A, Madrenys N. Sensibilidad in vitro a la 5-fiuorodtosina y anfotericina B de levaduras del género Candida aisladas en Barcelona. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 1990; 8: 91-93.
90. Carceller A, Torres-Rodríguez JM, Nicolás MC, Madrenys N. Sensibilidad de 210 cepas de Candida sp. a 6 antifüngicos utilizando un media sólido en microplaca. Rev Iberoam Micol 1991; 8: 70-74.
91. Arévalo P, Arias A, Anfreu A, Sierra A. Sensibilidad de 278 aislados de Candida albicans frente a anfotericina B, fluconazol e itraconazol. Rev Iberoam Micol 1992; 9: 94-96.
92. Burgos A, Bikandi J, Fernández-Rodríguez M, Ponton J, Cisterna R, Quindós G. Correlación entre los serotipos A y B de Candida albicans y su sensibilidad a anfotericina B y 5-fuorocitosina. Rev Esp Quimioterapia 1992; 5: 79-85.
93. Drutz DJ, Lehrer RI. Development of amphotericin B-resistant Candida tropicalis in a patient with defective leukocyte function. Am J Med Sci 1978; 276: 77-92.
94. Scidenfeld SM, Cooper BH, Smith JW, Luby JP, Mackowiak PA. Amphotericin B tolerance: a characteristic of Candida parapsilosis not shared by other Candida species. J Infect Dis 1983; 147: 116-119.
95. Merz WG. Candida lusitaniae: frequency of recovery, colonization, infection, and amphotericin B resistance. J Clin Microbiol 1984; 20: 1.194-1.195.
96. Dick JD, Rosengard BR, Merz WG, Stuart RK, Hutchins GM, Saral R. Fatal disseminated candidiasis due to amphotericin B-resistant Candida guilliermondii. Ann Intern Med 1985; 102: 67-68.
97. Merz WG, Karp JE, Schron D, Saral R. Increased incidence of fungemia caused by Candida krusei. J Clin Microbiol 1986; 24: 581-584.
98. Bryce EA, Roberts FJ, Sekhon AS, Coldman AJ. Yeast in blood cultures. Evaluation of factors influencing outcome. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 1992; 15: 233-237.
99. Sterling TR, Gasser RB, Ziegler A. Emergence of resistance to amphotericin B during therapy for Candida glabrata infection in an immunocompetent host. Clin Infect Dis 1996; 23: 187-188.
100. Lozano-Chiu M, Lancaster MU, Rex JH. Evaluation of a colorimetric method for detecting amphotericin B-resistant Candida isolates. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 1998; 31: 417-424.
101. Wingard JR, Merz WG, Rinaldi MG, Johnson TR, Karp JE, Saral R. Increase in Candida krusei infection among patients with bone marrow transplantation and neutropenia treated prophylactically with fluconazole. N Engl J Med 1991; 325: 1.274-1.277.
102. Fox R, Neal KR, Leen CL, Ellis ME, Mandai BK. Fluconazole resistant Candida in AIDS. J Infect 1991; 22: 201-204.
103. Rex JH, Rinaldi MG, Pfaller MA. Resistance of Candida species to fluconazole. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1995; 39: 1-8.
104. Barchiesi F, Colombo AL, McGrough DA, Fothergill AW, Rinaldi MG. In vitro activity of itraconazole against fluconazole-susceptible and resistant Candida albicans isolates from oral cavities of patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1994; 38: 1.530-1.533.
105. Martínez-Suárez JV, Rodríguez-Tudela JL. Patterns of in vitro activity of itraconazole and imidazole antifungal agents against Candida albicans with decreased susceptibility to fluconazole from Spain. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1995; 39: 1.512-1.516.
106. Galán-Sánchez F, García-Martos P, Rodríguez-Ramos C, Marín-Casanova P, Mira-Gutiérrez J. Microbiological characteristics and susceptibility patterns of strains of Rhodotorula isolated from clinical samples. Mycopathologia 1999; 145: 109-112.
107. Arzeni D, Del Poeta M, Simonetti O, Offidami AM, Lamura L, Balducci M, et al. Prevalence and antifungal susceptibility of vaginal yeasts in patients attending a gynecological center in Ancona, Italy. Eur J Epidemiol 1997; 13: 447-450.
108. D'Antonio D, Mazzoni A, Iacome A, Violante B, Capuani MA, Schioppa F, et al. Emergence of fluconazole-resistant strains of Blastoschizomyces capitatus causing nosocomial infections in cancer patients. J Clin Microbiol 1996; 34: 753-755.
109. Walsh TJ, Viviani MA, Arathoon E, Chiou C, Ghannoum M, Groll AH, et al. New targets and delivery sustems for antifungal therapy. Med Mycol 2000; 38 (Suppl 1): 335-347.
110. De Pauw BE. New antifungal agents and preparations. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2000; 16: 147-150.