Depression and cardiovascular morbidity and mortality: Cause or consequence?

European Heart Journal

Volumn 24, Issue 22, 2003, Pages 2027-2037

  Stewart, Ralph A H ^a,f   North, Fiona M ^b   West, Teena M ^a   Sharples, Katrina J ^b   Simes, R John ^c   Colquhoun, David M ^d,e   White, Harvey D ^a,e   Tonkin, Andrew M ^g,h,i  

^a GREEN LANE HOSPITAL   (New Zealand)

^b UNIVERSITY OF OTAGO   (New Zealand)

^c UNIVERSITY OF SYDNEY   (Australia)

^d WESLEY HOSPITAL   (Australia)

^e UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND   (Australia)

^f UNIVERSITY OF AUCKLAND   (New Zealand)

^g AUSTIN HEALTH   (Australia)

^h MONASH UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

ⁱ NATIONAL HEART FOUNDATION OF AUSTRALIA   (Australia)

Author keywords

Cardiovascular disease; Depression; General Health Questionnaire; Mortality; Myocardial infarction

Indexed keywords

PLACEBO;

ADULT; AGED; ARTICLE; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; CLINICAL TRIAL; CONTROLLED CLINICAL TRIAL; CONTROLLED STUDY; DEPRESSION; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DISEASE SEVERITY; FEMALE; FOLLOW UP; HUMAN; LIFE EVENT; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MORBIDITY; MORTALITY; MULTICENTER STUDY; OUTCOMES RESEARCH; PRIORITY JOURNAL; QUESTIONNAIRE; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL; RISK ASSESSMENT; SOCIAL SUPPORT; SOCIOECONOMICS;

ADULT; AGED; AUSTRALIA; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; CONFOUNDING FACTORS (EPIDEMIOLOGY); DEPRESSION; DISEASE-FREE SURVIVAL; FEMALE; FOLLOW-UP STUDIES; HUMANS; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; NEW ZEALAND; PROGNOSIS; PROPORTIONAL HAZARDS MODELS; RISK FACTORS; SEVERITY OF ILLNESS INDEX; SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS;

EID: 0242629012     PISSN: 0195668X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.ehj.2003.08.017     Document Type: Article

References (43)

1. Hemingway H, Marmot M. Evidence based cardiology: psychosocial factors in the aetiology and prognosis of coronary heart disease: systematic review of prospective cohort studies. Br Med J 1999;318:1460-7.
2. Frasure-Smith N, Lesperance F, Talajic MD. Depression and 18-month prognosis after myocardial infarction. Circulation 1995;91:999-1005.
3. Lesperance F, Frasure-Smith N, Talajic M et al. Five-year risk of cardiac mortality in relation to initial severity and one-year changes in depression symptoms after myocardial infarction. Circulation 2002;105:1049-53.
4. Bush DE, Zigelstein RC, Tayback M et al. Even minimal symptoms of depression increase mortality risk after acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 2001;88:337-41.
5. Lesperance F, Frasure-Smith N, Juneau M et al. Depression and 1-year prognosis in unstable angina. Arch Intern Med 2000;160:1354-60.
6. Vaccarino V, Kasl SV, Abramson J et al. Depressive symptoms and risk of functional decline and death in patients with heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 2001;38:199-205.
7. Jiang W, Alexander J, Christopher E et al. Relationship of depression to increased risk of mortality and rehospitalisation in patients with congestive heart failure. Arch Intern Med 2001;161:1849-56.
8. Denollet J, Brutsaert DL. Personality, disease severity, and the risk of long-term cardiac events in patients with a decreased ejection fraction after myocardial infarction. Circulation 1998;97:167-73.
9. Barefoot JC, Helms MJ, Mark DB. Depression and long-term mortality risk in patients with coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol 1996;78:613-7.
10. Connerney I, Shapiro PA, McLaughlin JS et al. Relation between depression after coronary artery bypass surgery and 12-month outcome: a prospective study. Lancet 2001;358:1766-71.
11. Ford DE, Mead LA, Chang PP et al. Depression is a risk factor for coronary artery disease in men: the Precursors Study. Arch Intern Med 1998;158:1422-6.
12. Glassman AH, O'Connor CM, Califf RM et al. Sertraline treatment of major depression in patients with acute MI or unstable angina [published erratum appears in JAMA 2002; 14: 1720]. JAMA 2002;288:701-9.
13. Glassman AH, O'Connor CM, Califf RM et al. Sertraline treatment of major depression in patients with acute MI or unstable angina [published erratum appears in JAMA 2002; 14: 1720]. JAMA 2002;288:701-9.
14. The Long-Term Intervention with Pravastatin in Ischaemic Disease (LIPID) Study Group. Prevention of cardiovascular events and death with pravastatin in patients with coronary heart disease and a broad range of initial cholesterol levels. N Engl J Med 1998;339:1349-57.
15. The LIPID Study Group. Long-term effectiveness and safety of pravastatin in 9014 patients with coronary heart disease and average cholesterol concentrations: the LIPID Trial follow-up. Lancet 2002;359:1379-87.
16. Stewart RA, Sharples KJ, North FM et al. Long-term assessment of psychological well-being in a randomized placebo-controlled trial of cholesterol reduction with pravastatin. Arch Intern Med 2000;160:3144-52.
17. Goldberg D, Williams P. A user's guide to the General Health Questionnaire. Windsor, Berkshire, UK: NFER-Nelson Publishing Company Limited, 1988.
18. Huppert FA, Walters DE, Day NE et al. The factor structure of the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-30): a reliability study on 6317 community residents. Br J Psych 1989;155:178-85.
19. Rahe RH, Ryman DH, Ward HW. Simplified scaling for life change events. J Human Stress 1980;6:22-7.
20. Berkman LF. Assessing the physical health effects of social networks and social support. Annu Rev Public Health 1984;5:413-32.
21. Schoenfeld D. Partial residuals for the proportional hazards model. Biometrika 1982;69:239-41.
22. Jenkinson CM, Madeley RJ, Mitchell JR. The influence of psychosocial factors on survival after myocardial infarction. Public Health 1993;107:305-17.
23. Berkman LF, Leo-Summers L, Horwitz RI. Emotional support and survival after myocardial infarction: a prospective, population-based study of the elderly. Ann Intern Med 1992;117:1003-9.
24. Carinci F, Nicolucci A, Ciampi A et al. Role of interactions between psychological and clinical factors in determining 6-month mortality among patients with acute myocardial infarction. Application of recursive partitioning techniques to the GISSI-2 database. Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio della Sopravvivenza nell'Infarto Miocardico. Eur Heart J 1997;18:835-45.
25. Welin C, Lappas G, Wilheimsen L. Independent importance of psycho-social factors for prognosis after myocardial infarction. J Intern Med 2000;247:629-39.
26. Denollet J, Sys SU, Stroobant N et al. Personality as independent predictor of long-term mortality in patients with coronary heart disease. Lancet 1996;347:417-21.
27. Irvine J, Basinski A, Baker B et al. Depression and risk of sudden cardiac death after acute myocardial infarction: testing for the confounding effects of fatigue. Psychosom Med 1999;61:729-37.
28. Lane D, Carroll D, Ring C et al. In-hospital symptoms of depression do not predict mortality 3 years after myocardial infarction. Int J Epidemiol 2002;31:1179-82.
29. Kaufmann MW, Fitzgibbons JP, Sussman EJ et al. Relation between myocardial infarction, depression, hostility, and death. Am Heart J 1999;138:549-54.
30. Hemingway H, Kuper H, Marmot M. Psychosocial factors in the primary and secondary prevention of coronary heart disease: an updated systematic review of prospective cohort studies. In: Yusuf S, Cairns JA, Camm AJ et al., editors. Evidence-based cardiology. 2nd edn. London: BMJ Books; 2003, p. 181-218.
31. Barefoot J, Larsen S, Lieth L et al. Hostility, incidence of acute myocardial infarction, and mortality in a sample of older men and women. Am J Epidemiol 1995;142:477-84.
32. Goldberg D. Identifying psychiatric illness among general medical patients. Br Med J 1985;291;161-2.
33. Mulrow CD, Williams JW, Gerety MB et al. Case-finding instruments for depression in primary care settings. Ann Intern Med 1995;122:913-21.
34. Diez Roux AV, Merkin SS, Arnett D et al. Neighborhood of residence and incidence of coronary heart disease. N Engl J Med 2001;345:99-106.
35. Barefoot J, Schroll M. Symptoms of depression, acute myocardial infarction, and total mortality in a community sample. Circulation 1996;93:1976-80.
36. Penninx BWJH, Beekman ATF, Honig A et al. Depression and cardiac mortality: results from a community-based longitudinal study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2001;58:221-7.
37. Pratt LA, Ford DE, Crum RM et al. Depression, psychotropic medication, and risk of myocardial infarction. Circulation 1996;94:3123-9.
38. Ferketich AK, Schwartzbaum JA, Frid DJ et al. Depression as an antecedent to heart disease among women and men in the NHANES I Study. Arch Intern Med 2000;160:1261-8.
39. Vogt T, Pope C, Mullooly J et al. Mental health status as a predictor of morbidity and mortality: a 15-year follow-up of members of a health maintenance organization. Am J Public Health 1994;84:227-31.
40. Wassertheil-Smoller S, Applegate WB, Berge K et al. Changes in depression as a precursor of cardiovascular events. Arch Intern Med 1996;156:553-61.
41. Ariyo AA, Haan M, Tangen CM et al. Depressive symptoms and risks of coronary artery disease and mortality in elderly Americans. Circulation 2000;102:1773-9.
42. O'Malley PG, Jones DL, Feuerstein IM et al. Lack of correlation between psychological factors and subclinical coronary artery disease. N Engl J Med 2000;343:1298-304.
43. Writing Committee for the ENRICHED Investigators. Effects of treating depression and low perceived social support on clinical events after myocardial infarction: the Enhancing Recovery in Coronary Heart Disease Patients (ENRICHD) randomized trial. JAMA 2003;289:3106-16.